基于CFD的多级离心式森林消防泵的流场模拟

以BJL5两级离心式轻型森林消防泵为研究对象,基于CFD（计算流体力学）建立适合其计算的分析模型。对不同工况下泵体内部的三维湍流流场进行模拟,得出泵体内部复杂流场中基本物理量的分布情况,对高扬程森林消防泵的性能进行分析和预测,并与实验结果进行对照,探索出适合多级离心泵的模拟方法和性能预测方法。     

旋转修正的k-ε湍流模型在转子发动机三维流场模拟中的应用

以商业软件FLUENT为平台,采用考虑转子发动机旋转修正的k-ε湍流模型,编制并加入自定义UDF程序.通过对FLUENT软件进行二次开发,实现转子发动机工作区域网格的动态更新.考虑转子与缸体间漏气,对冷拖动工况下转子发动机内部三维湍流流动进行了数值模拟.计算结果揭示了转子发动机内部流场的分布特征和规律,为转子发动机的性能预测及优化设计提供了技术依据.     

基于CFX的森林消防泵内部流场模拟分析

应用Solidworks对三级离心泵内部流道进行建模,利用ANSYS CFX软件对内部流场进行模拟仿真计算,得出三级离心泵内部流场的压力分布规律,提出了改进建议,以提高零部件的使用寿命。     

桉木高温热处理传热过程的数值模拟与验证

以一步升温、分段升温两种升温方式对20 mm厚巨尾桉（Eucalyptus grandis×E.urophylla）板材分别进行140、160和180℃的高温热处理,分析升温条件对木材温度变化的影响;并采用数值模拟方法求解桉木高温热处理升温过程的三维传热模型,研究其瞬态传热特性,同时对桉木内部温度分布进行预测。结果表明：在高温热处理升温过程中,较低目标温度以及分段升温方式更有助于缩小木材内部的温度梯度。试验验证了数值模拟结果的准确性（误差小于3.0%）,构建的传热模型可用来预测试验条件下任意时刻桉木的中心层温度,为高温热处理工艺的优化提供依据。     

林分直径结构模拟与预测研究概述

从林分直径结构模拟预测模型的选择以及模型参数的求解方法2个方面,对林分直径结构模拟与预测模型的国内外研究现状进行了较为详细的论述,总结指出林分直径结构模型的研究正围绕参数法和非参数法2种方法展开,重点归纳总结了理论方程法、最相似回归法等几种主要模拟预测方法以及百分位法、回归法等常用的模型参数求解和预测方法,分别指出了各种模型及参数求解方法的优劣,并对当前研究工作存在的问题及今后研究的重点进行了讨论。本项研究着眼于实际应用的层面,旨在为今后的研究提供阶梯,以有助于该项研究工作的展开。     

离心泵叶轮叶片安放角变化规律对性能的影响

为研究离心泵叶轮叶片的安放角变化规律对性能的影响,以某离心泵为对象,采用数值模拟方法分析了不同工况下不同叶片安放角分布规律的离心泵对性能、内流场和叶片表面静压力的影响。结果表明：当从叶片安放角自进口至出口为线性分布规律时,离心泵整体性能较优;当叶片安放角的最大位置由叶片进口往出口移动时,扬程不断增大。并且在叶片前半部分安放角和叶片做功能力呈正相关性,叶片后半部分的做功能力对叶片性能起主导作用。     

林分三维模型实时生成方法

针对现有林分可视化方法表现林木多样性不足的问题,以林分调查数据为基础,提出多样性林木三维模型构建方法,实现林分三维模型实时建立,对可视化直观反映林分三维结构状况具有重要意义。提出林木树干三维模拟方法,建立10参数的幂函数冠形控制曲线,形成林木多方向冠形控制模型,基于贝塞尔曲线构建10种形态类型的枝干模型,提出冠形控制下的林木枝干生成算法以及树叶模拟方法,实现了林木多样性三维模型实时构建。以每木调查数据为基础,根据林木形态数据,实时建立了林分三维模型。结果表明:林木冠形多样性模型得到有效构建,林分调查数据可直接为林分三维建模提供数据支持。该方法可实现林木多样性形态与林分特征因子的直观三维模拟。     

杉木单木生长可视化模拟系统设计与实现

以杉木为例,采用从可视化模拟角度设计的调查参数调查杉木形态结构,根据实际调查数据对杉木形态结构特征进行了分析。结合生长曲线控制下的迭代函数系统方法,采用面向对象的设计方法,根据DIRECTX9.0提供的API及模型渲染技术,在.NET和DIRECTX9.0平台上,使用C#语言建立了杉木单木生长可视化模拟系统,实现了单株杉木静态和动态的三维可视化模拟。     

多级离心泵性能的探讨

综合考虑了离心水泵的水力损失、容积损失和机械损失,通过实验提出了影响多级离心泵性能的因素,揭示了离心泵使用效率与各因素的关系,为高效使用多级离心水泵提供了理论依据和方法。     

基于LS-DYNA的汽车正面碰撞仿真分析

应用三维建模软件CATIA建立了汽车的三维模型,并采用LS-DYNA对汽车正面碰撞安全性能进行分析,通过对某汽车正面碰撞仿真计算,分析了汽车前保险杠和前纵梁总成等在碰撞中起主要作用部分的结构耐撞性,为前保险杠和前纵梁的改进提供了依据.     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.