丙酸钙对西门塔尔牛玉米秸秆瘤胃降解率的影响

选用4头体重500 kg,年龄3.5岁装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的中国西门塔尔牛阉牛,采用4×4拉丁方设计,以混合精料和玉米秸秆为基础日粮,研究丙酸钙(0、100、200 g/d和300 g/d)对玉米秸秆瘤胃降解率的影响.结果表明:200 g/d组玉米秸秆干物质(DM)瘤胃有效降解率较对照组提高,但差异不显著(P>0.05),有机物(OM)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)瘤胃有效降解率较对照组显著提高(P<0.05).本试验结果表明,日粮中丙酸钙的适宜添加水平为200 g/d.     

丙酸镁对西门塔尔牛玉米秸秆营养物质瘤胃降解率的影响

选用4头年龄3.5岁,体况良好,体重(500±20)kg的中国西门塔尔牛阉牛,采用4×4拉丁方设计,研究日粮添加丙酸镁(100 g/d)、丙酸(87 g/d)和氧化镁(24 g/d)对玉米秸秆干物质(DM)、有机物质(OM)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)瘤胃降解率的影响。结果表明:日粮添加丙酸镁、丙酸和氧化镁对玉米秸秆DM、OM瘤胃有效降解率(P)无显著影响(P>0.05);玉米秸秆NDF瘤胃慢速降解部分(b)和降解常数(c)及ADF降解常数(c)差异不显著(P>0.05),丙酸镁组ADF瘤胃慢速降解部分(b)较对照组显著降低(P<0.05),NDF和ADF瘤胃快速降解部分(a)和瘤胃有效降解率(P)较对照组显著提高(P<0.05)。日粮添加丙酸镁提高了玉米秸秆NDF和ADF瘤胃有效降解率(P)。     

活性干酵母对肉牛瘤胃纤维降解率的影响

验拟采用尼龙袋法研究日粮添加活性干酵母对青贮玉米秸秆、苜蓿颗粒和黑麦干草中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)瘤胃降解率的影响。结果表明:在高精料日粮条件下添加活性干酵母可显著提高粗饲料(苜蓿颗粒、玉米秸秆青贮、黑麦干草)NDF和ADF在肉牛瘤胃的快速降解比例(a),提高其有效降解率(ED)。     

不同水平DL-蛋氨酸铜对肉牛瘤胃纤维代谢的影响

选用4头平均体质量（420±20）kg,年龄2.5岁的中国西门塔尔阉牛,采用4×4拉丁方设计,以混合精料和风干玉米秸秆为基础日粮,研究1.3倍维持水平下,日粮中添加不同水平（0、8、16和24mg/kg干物质）铜（以DL-蛋氨酸螯合铜形式添加）对玉米秸瘤胃降解率的影响。结果表明,日粮中添加铜均降低了玉米秸干物质（DM）、中性洗涤纤维（NDF）和酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）的瘤胃降解率及动态降解率,并且都达到显著水平。研究结果表明,试验中添加任何剂量的铜都降低了玉米秸的瘤胃降解率。     

硫酸钠对奶牛瘤胃纤维物质降解的影响

本文旨在研究不同添加水平的硫酸钠对泌乳中期奶牛瘤胃纤维物质降解的影响。试验选用4头体重、胎次、产奶量均相近的荷斯坦奶牛,采用4×4拉丁方设计,分4个处理组,在基础日粮基础上分别添加0%(对照组)、0.4%(试验1组)、0.8%(试验2组)和1.2%硫酸钠(试验3组),试验分为4期,每期18 d(预试期14 d,正试期4 d)。结果表明:(1)饲粮中添加硫酸钠后,各试验组玉米秸秆DM的瘤胃有效降解率均显著提高(P<0.05);(2)饲粮中添加硫酸钠后,各试验组玉米秸秆中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)瘤胃有效降解率均有所提高,其中试验1组和试验2组显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。结果提示,日粮中添加0.4%和0.8%的硫酸钠可以显著提高玉米秸秆DM、NDF、ADF的瘤胃有效降解率。     

不同饲料铜源对西门塔尔牛瘤胃营养物质降解率的影响

选用5头体重420kg±15.2kg、年龄2.5岁、装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的中国西门塔尔牛阉牛,采用5×5拉丁方设计,以风干玉米秸秆和混合精料为基础日粮,分别在基础日粮风干物质基础上添加硫酸铜、富铜酵母、赖氨酸铜、蛋氨酸铜和包被铜（8mg铜／kg日粮）,研究不同铜源对瘤胃营芥物质降解率的影响,结果表明：富铜酵母组和蛋氨酸铜组玉米秸秆干物质和有机物质的瘤胃有效降解率显著高于硫酸铜组（P〈0.05）,但与赖氨酸铜组和包被铜组差异不显著（P〉0．05）。硫酸铜组中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维瘤胃有效降解率显著低于其他铜源组（P〈0.05）,赖氨酸铜组、蛋氨酸铜组和包被铜组干物质、有机物质及粗蛋白质有效降解率显著低于硫酸铜组（P〈0.05）,但与富铜酵母组差异不显著（P〉0.05）。综合比较,包被铜和蛋氨酸铜效果较好,其次为富铜酵母和赖氨酸铜,硫酸铜较差     

不同NDF与淀粉比例饲粮在奶牛瘤胃的降解特性

本研究旨在探讨不同中性洗涤纤维(NDF)与淀粉(Starch)比例饲粮在奶牛瘤胃的降解特性.选用青贮玉米(Zea mays)、燕麦(Avena sativa)干草和玉米籽粒调整饲粮中性洗涤纤维和淀粉比例,配制0.86(Ⅰ)、1.13(Ⅱ)、1.56(Ⅲ)和2.38(Ⅳ)4种全混合日粮,以体况良好、平均体重为(600±21) kg且安装永久性瘤胃瘘管的3头荷斯坦奶牛为试验动物,通过尼龙袋法对4种饲粮的干物质(DM)、有机物(OM)、粗蛋白质(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)瘤胃降解参数和有效降解率进行评定.饲料样品在瘤胃内的培养时间分别为2、4、8、16、24、36、48和72 h.结果表明,不同中性洗涤纤维与淀粉比例的日粮常规营养成分存在差异.4种日粮的DM、OM、CP、NDF和ADF瘤胃有效降解率之间存在差异,其高低顺序分别为Ⅰ组＞Ⅱ组＞Ⅲ组＞Ⅳ组、Ⅰ组＞Ⅱ组＞Ⅲ组＞Ⅳ组、Ⅱ组＞Ⅰ组＞Ⅳ组＞Ⅲ组、Ⅰ组＞Ⅱ组＞Ⅳ组＞Ⅲ组、Ⅰ组＞Ⅳ组＞Ⅲ组＞Ⅱ组.由此可见,从4组饲粮在奶牛瘤胃的消化特性来看,NDF与淀粉比例为0.86～1.13的营养价值较高,本研究结果为科学、合理地配制奶牛日粮从而有效利用饲料资源提供依据.     

不同比例的湿玉米纤维饲料对奶牛瘤胃降解规律与表观消化率的影响

采用尼龙袋试验和消化试验研究在日粮中添加不同比例的湿玉米纤维饲料对奶牛瘤胃降解规律和表观消化率的影响。选用体重为550 kg左右、装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的成年荷斯坦奶牛4头,采用4×4拉丁方试验设计,对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组湿玉米纤维饲料分别占基础饲粮干物质重的5%、10%和15%。结果表明:15%试验组干物质(DM)的有效降解率显著高于其他试验组(P0.05);10%和15%试验组的粗蛋白(CP)的有效降解率显著高于其他试验组(P0.05);饲喂湿玉米纤维饲料对瘤胃酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)降解率没有影响,但显著降低了瘤胃中性洗涤纤维(NDF)的有效降解率(P0.05),其中15%试验组最低。随着湿玉米纤维饲料饲喂比例的增加,对日粮表观消化率没有显著影响(P0.05)。综上所述,饲喂湿玉米纤维饲料虽一定程度上降低了瘤胃NDF的有效降解率,但有效提高了瘤胃DM和CP的有效降解率,维持了瘤胃ADF有效降解率和日粮表观消化率的稳定,因此本试验中15%试验组是最适组。     

沙棘果渣营养成分及其肉羊瘤胃降解率的研究

本试验旨在比较沙棘果渣与谷草秸、燕麦草和青贮玉米秸秆的营养价值及瘤胃降解特性的差异。选取3只安装永久性瘤胃瘘管的杜×寒杂交F1代成年肉用绵羊,采用尼龙袋法评定4种粗饲料的干物质(DM)、粗蛋白质(CP)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)和中性洗涤纤维(NDF)的瘤胃降解特性。结果表明:4种样品的DM含量差异不大,沙棘果渣的CP含量(16.70%)和粗脂肪(EE)含量(8.20%)均最高,青贮玉米秸秆和谷草秸含NDF、ADF较高;4种样品的DM、有机物(OM)、CP、NDF、ADF瘤胃降解率均随时间的延长而逐渐增大,最终趋于稳定;4种样品的DM瘤胃有效降解率由高到低依次为燕麦草>沙棘果渣>青贮玉米秸秆>谷草秸(P<0.05),OM有效降解率由高到低依次为沙棘果渣>燕麦草>青贮玉米秸秆>谷草秸(P<0.05),CP有效降解率由高到低依次为燕麦草>沙棘果渣>青贮玉米秸秆>谷草秸(P<0.05),NDF和ADF有效降解率由高到低依次为沙棘果渣>青贮玉米秸秆>谷草秸>燕麦草(P<0.05)。综上所述,4种粗饲料营养成分含量丰富且差异较大;从瘤胃降解特性来看,沙棘果渣饲用价值最高,可作为动物的饲料原料,综合利用开发前景广阔。     

异戊酸对西门塔尔牛瘤胃营养物质有效降解率的影响

选用4头体重420kg,年龄2.5岁装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的中国西门塔尔牛阉牛,采用4×4拉丁方设计,以混合精料和玉米秸秆为基础日粮,研究异戊酸(0、0.02、0.04和0.06g/kgW)对瘤胃营养物质有效降解率的影响。结果表明:0.04g/kgW组和0.06g/kgW组豆粕干物质、有机物质和粗蛋白质有效降解率显著低于对照组(P<0.05);0.04g/kgW组玉米秸秆干物质、有机物质、中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维的有效降解率显著提高(P<0.05)。异戊酸的适宜添加水平为0.04g/kgW。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.