植物激活蛋白对番茄抗病性的诱导作用

用2μg.ml-1植物激活蛋白处理番茄植株,测定了番茄叶片过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶活性和过氧化氢的含量。处理番茄4d后,过氧化物酶活性比对照增加117.14%;10min过氧化氢酶活性即迅速上升为对照的2.5倍,12h其活性显著低于对照;过氧化氢含量随过氧化氢酶活性的降低逐渐增加,在36h达最大值134.67μmol.g-1,比对照提高27.5%。通过半定量RT-PCR方法测定了参与蜡质合成基因Cer1表达水平,结果表明,处理番茄2d后Cer1表达量约为对照的2倍。植物激活蛋白处理番茄植株,对灰霉病的防治效果21d时达71.30%。     

壳聚糖对水稻恶苗病菌和油菜菌核病菌的作用

用平板含毒介质法测定了壳聚糖对水稻恶苗病菌(Fusarium moniliforme)和油菜菌核病菌(Sclerotinia sclerotiorum)的影响。结果表明,壳聚糖对F.moniliforme抑制作用相对较强,EC_(50)低于1000mg/L,而对S.sclerotiorum的作用较弱,EC_(50)高于3000mg/L。壳聚糖抑制F.moniliforme菌丝生长,导致菌丝畸形肿胀,产生不正常分支,并且抑制其分生孢子的萌发和芽管伸长。壳聚糖处理后F.moniliforme菌丝细胞膜的透性增加,导致蛋白质渗漏,但对其细胞膜的主要结构成分麦角甾醇的含量影响不明显。在离体培养时,壳聚糖对S.sclerotiorum产草酸毒素无明显影响,但预先经壳聚糖处理后,再接种S.sclerotiorum的油菜叶片中草酸含量显著减少。     

枯萎病菌对不同抗性黄瓜品种几种酶活性的影响

用枯萎病菌接种不同抗性黄瓜品种,研究不同抗性黄瓜品种的过氧化物酶（POD）、多酚氧化酶（PPO）和几丁质酶的活性变化。结果表明,接种后抗感品种POD、PPO和几丁质酶活性基本都呈现先升后降再升（再降）的趋势。抗感品种均在接种后12 h时出现第1次POD活性峰值,抗病品种中农13号、津优3号分别在接种后60、72 h、感病品种在84 h出现第2次POD活性峰值;接种后24 h时抗感品种均达到第1次PPO活性峰值,抗病品种在48 h、感病品种在60 h时达到第2次PPO活性峰值;接种后抗病品种在48 h时达到第1次几丁质酶活性峰值,72 h时达到第2次峰值,而感病品种只在60 h时出现1次几丁质酶活性峰值。抗感品种的POD、PPO、几丁质酶活性的2次峰值都显著或极显著地高于各自的对照,在接种后的早期阶段,感病品种的POD、几丁质酶活性的第1次峰值都显著或极显著地高于抗病品种,PPO活性的第1次峰值极显著地低于抗病品种。     

枯萎病菌对不同抗性黄瓜品种几憾活性的影响

用枯萎病菌接种不同抗性黄瓜品种,研究不同抗性黄瓜品种的过氧化物酶（POD）、多酚氧化酶（PPO）和几丁质酶的活性变化。结果表明,接种后抗感品种POD、PPO和几丁质酶活性基本都呈现先升后降再升（再降）的趋势。抗感品种均在接种后12h时出现第1次POD活性峰值,抗病品种中农13号、津优3号分别在接种后60、72h、感病品种在84h出现第2次POD活性峰值;接种后24h时抗感品种均达到第1次PPO活性峰值,抗病品种在48h、感病品种在60h时达到第2次PPO活性峰值;接种后抗病品种在48h时达到第1次几丁质酶活性峰值,72h时达到第2次峰值,而感病品种只在60h时出现1次几丁质酶活性峰值。抗感品种的POD、PPO、几丁质酶活性的2次培值都显著或极显著地高于各自的对照,在接种后的早期阶段,感病品种的POD、几丁质酶活性的第1次峰值都显著或极显著地高于抗病品种,PPO活性的第1次峰值极显著地低于抗病品种。     

木霉对烟草黑胫病菌的拮抗机制

采用平板对峙法、水解酶平板活性测定、圆孔滤液法与游动孢子萌发检测、挥发性抑菌物检测等方法探讨木霉生防菌株对烟草疫霉Phytophthora nicotianae Brada de Hann的拮抗作用机制。结果表明,TR13、TR14、TR17对烟草疫霉有竞争、重寄生和抗生作用,但不同木霉菌株对烟草疫霉的拮抗作用有所不同,TR13、TR14的竞争作用较强;水解酶平板活性测定表明,3个木霉菌株均产生β-1,3-葡聚糖酶、纤维素酶,两种酶均参与烟草疫霉细胞壁的消解,以TR13与TR14酶的活性较高;3个菌株均产生非挥发性抗生素抑制烟草疫霉菌孢子萌发,但对疫霉菌菌丝的生长影响不大;TR13、TR14几乎不产生挥发性抗生素,TR17则产生挥发性抗生素,明显抑制疫霉菌生长。     

低浓度玉米小斑病菌C小种毒素培养滤液对玉米叶片过氧化物酶活性的诱导作用

分别用不同低浓度玉米小斑病菌C小种毒素培养滤液处理两种基因型(C103和B37)的同核异质系的玉米叶片,以提高玉米叶片内过氧化物酶(POD)的活性;结果说明:过氧化物酶的活性变化与植物抗病性呈正相关,低浓度C毒素培养滤液本身能够作为激发子来诱导玉米获得抗性,故低浓度C毒素培养滤液作为激发子来诱导玉米的系统获得性抗性具有一定的广适性。对CB37和CC103的处理中,1∶60处理组效果均表现为较好,POD酶活性最高。     

木霉几丁质酶及其对植物病原真菌的拮抗作用

 木霉(Trichoderma spp.)作为重要的植病生防因子(biocontrol agents)一直受到普遍关注。木霉菌株产生的包括几丁质酶在内的细胞壁降解酶,在木霉重寄生中起重要作用。本文论述木霉几丁质酶的种类、诱导产生、理化特性及其对植物病原真菌的拮抗作用,并对木霉几丁质酶及其基因的生防应用进行讨论。     

灰霉菌激活蛋白诱导抗病相关的酶活性提高番茄抗病性

灰霉菌中提取纯化16 k D的激活蛋白。番茄种子以20 mmol/L的HEPES缓冲液(p H 8.0)为对照,用2.5、5、10和20μg/m L的灰霉菌激活蛋白处理36 h,播种第45 d接种灰霉病,接种第7、14和21 d观察发病率;并用10μg/m L的激活蛋白溶液喷洒番茄幼苗第6、12、24、48、72和120 h取样测定苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、过氧化物酶(POD)和多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性。结果显示,10μg/m L激活蛋白处理番茄种子时,番茄抗病性最强,诱抗效果为48%~54%;番茄幼苗喷洒激活蛋白处理第24 h,PAL活性达峰值、比对照组提高54%,处理第72 h,POD和PPO活性达峰值、分别比对照组提高106%、122%。灰霉菌激活蛋白通过诱导抗病性相关酶的活性,提高番茄的抗病性,并且在最适浓度下诱导效果最佳。     

小麦与白粉病菌互作中β-1,3-葡聚糖的细胞定位

 利用免疫胶体金方法对小麦与白粉病菌互作过程中β-1,3-葡聚糖酶底物,即β-1,3-葡聚糖的合成与分布情况进行了研究。结果发现,白粉病菌的所有器官包括分生孢子、附着胞、入侵栓、吸器和菌丝中均未发现β-1,3-葡聚糖存在;相反,β-1,3-葡聚糖是小麦各种细胞壁的正常组分,在气孔保卫细胞、纤维细胞、导管分子等的细胞壁中含量非常丰富。病原菌的侵染导致植物细胞中β-1,3-葡聚糖的合成增加,但在乳突结构中不含β-1,3-葡聚糖。以上结果说明,往小麦中导入外源β-1,3-葡聚糖酶基因并高效表达,不会对病原菌结构产生直接的破坏和抑制作用;相反,有时可能会影响到某些植物细胞的正常发育。     

β-葡寡糖诱导植物抗病性的研究进展

β-葡寡糖作为一种植物激发子,可高效诱导植物产生抗病性,因此被普遍认为是一种病原物相关的分子模式.其作用的发挥主要是通过与细胞膜上的受体相互识别,引起受体构象改变产生跨膜信号,再经过一系列的胞内信号传导,调控防卫基因的表达,积累次生代谢产物,诱导植物抗性来实现.诱抗活性不仅受到寡糖聚合度和化学修饰基团的影响,而且植物对于结构上有差异的β-葡寡糖激发子的识别也是大相径庭.本文就β-葡寡糖诱导植物产生抗病性的研究进展进行了综述.     

植物病原真菌寄生性与分泌蛋白组CAZymes的比较分析

 通过信息学方法对植物病原真菌分泌蛋白组进行预测以及对碳水化合物酶类ＣＡＺｙｍｅｓ 注释和比较?分析病原真菌寄 生性与ＣＡＺｙｍｅｓ 家族功能的关系? 结果显示非专性寄生(半活体营养型和死体营养型)真菌编码的分泌蛋白占基因组编码 基因的比例较专性寄生真菌(活体营养型)的偏高?ＣＡＺｙｍｅｓ 家族中?非专性寄生真菌的糖基水解酶家族ＧＨ 和多糖裂解酶家 族ＰＬ 较专性寄生真菌显著扩增?功能聚类分析发现?非专性寄生真菌参与纤维素、果胶、木聚糖等植物细胞壁组分降解相关 的基因较专性寄生真菌明显增多? 结果表明了ＣＡＺｙｍｅｓ 与寄生类型的高度关联性?揭示了其在非专性寄生真菌致病过程中 可能的关键作用?     

斑蝥素及去甲斑蝥素对七种植物病原真菌的抑制作用

采用菌丝生长速率法研究斑蝥素和去甲斑蝥素对苹果树腐烂病菌等7种植物病原真菌的抑菌活性.斑蝥素25～200mg/L对7种病原真菌的菌丝生长均有抑制作用,对苹果树腐烂病菌和苹果轮纹病菌EC50分别为0.1 mg/L和8.2 ms/L.去甲斑蝥素50～200 ms/L对苹果树腐烂病菌、苹果轮纹病菌、白菜黑斑病菌、黄瓜菌核病菌的菌丝生长有明显的抑制作用,对苹果树腐烂病菌和苹果轮纹病菌菌丝生长EC50分别为13.6mg/L和80.2mg/L.两种药剂EC卯处理5天后,在扫描电镜中发现两种供试菌菌丝加粗、皱缩,在透射电镜下观察到细胞膜畸形、细胞内空腔增多,出现电子致密物、囊泡等亚细胞结构变化.     

The interaction of some phytopathogenic fungi with plant tissue

The phytoalexin test of Müller was applied to various host/parasite combinations. The highest production was obtained when spores ofSclerotinia fructicola were on slices of potato tuber, and spores ofColletotrichum lindemuthianum in contact with bean pod tissue. During the period of incubation of the fungus on the host plant tissue substances were formed or excreted by the plant tissue. Several amino acids and carbohydrates (saccharose, glucose and fructose) could be demonstrated by paper chromatography. Most of these substances were found at much higher concentrations in the controls (i.e. drops of double distilled water incubated upon host tissue), than in the supernatant of the spore suspension after the incubation period. Drops of spore suspension and drops of double distilled water on glass cavity slides never contained these substances, or they were in such low concentrations as to be undetectable by paper chromatography. Inhibition of spore germination by a phenolic compound was not confirmed in the used test objects and host/parasite combinations.     

Proteomic studies of phytopathogenic fungi,oomycetes and their interactions with hosts

Proteomics, the systematic analysis of the proteome, is a powerful tool in the post-genomic era. Proteomics studies have examined global changes in proteomes of phytopathogenic fungi, oomycetes and their hosts during compatible or incompatible interactions. This article compiles proteomics reports in order to decipher the molecular mechanisms underlying fungal development (infection-related morphogenesis), fungal or oomycete—host plant interactions, and phytopathogenesis.     

白藜芦醇及其衍生物对植物病原真菌的抑菌活性

为了明确植物源活性成分芪类化合物在农业病害防治中的前景,在离体条件下分别测定了白藜芦醇(Ⅰ)及其衍生物(Ⅱ~Ⅴ)对植物病原真菌菌丝生长的抑制作用以及对菌丝形态和孢子萌发的影响,采用叶片法和温室盆栽法研究了白藜芦醇的防病作用原理。结果表明:5个供试化合物对6种供试病原菌的菌丝生长均有不同程度的抑制作用,但均对番茄早疫病菌 Alternaria solani 的抑制活性最高,其中又以3,5-二羟基-4'-甲氧基二苯乙烯(Ⅲ)的抑制活性最高;白藜芦醇可造成番茄早疫病菌菌丝体畸形,并可抑制该病菌孢子的萌发,但未引起孢子形态改变。叶片法和温室盆栽法试验的结论一致,即白藜芦醇能够抑制病原菌的侵染,对植株起到一定的保护作用。     

Antifungal activity and mode of action of Galla rhois-derived phenolics against phytopathogenic fungi

Antifungal activity and target sites of methanolic extract and its constituents from the gall (Galla rhois) caused by the Chinese sumac aphid, Schlechtendalia chinensis, on the nutgall sumac tree, Rhus javanica, were examined. In tests with six phytopathogenic fungi using a whole plant bioassay, the gall extract exhibited good antifungal activity. The biologically active constituents isolated from Galla rhois were characterized as the phenolics methyl gallate and gallic acid by spectroscopic analyses. Methyl gallate was highly suppressive to Magnaporthe grisea, Botrytis cinerea, and Puccinia recondita, whereas gallic acid exhibited good antifungal activity against M. grisea and Erysiphe graminis. These two compounds were ineffective against rice sheath blight caused by Rhizoctonia solani. Methyl gallate did not adversely affect conidial germination (94%) but significantly inhibited appressorium formation (7%) of M. grisea. Moderate and significant inhibition of conidial germination (64%) and appressorium formation (5%) of M. grisea, respectively, were observed with gallic acid. In complementation tests with M. grisea, cAMP and 1,16-hexadecanediol restored significantly and slightly appressorium formation inhibited by methyl gallate and gallic acid, respectively. These results indicate that methyl gallate and gallic acid acted on a cAMP-related signaling pathway regulating appressorium formation in M. grisea.     

Antifungal activity and release of compounds on Rhizopus stolonifer (Ehrenb.:Fr.) Vuill. by effect of chitosan with different molecular weights

The effect of chitosan on mycelial growth, protein release, glucose consumption, hexokinase activity and the release of compounds was studied in three isolates of Rhizopus stolonifer. The chitosan of low, medium and high molecular weight at all evaluated concentrations inhibited the mycelial growth in the three isolates of R. stolonifer. In presence of any type of chitosan the release of proteins was notably increased. Medium molecular weight chitosan showed a major effect on the release of proteins when compared with the other two types of chitosan. The glucose consumption in presence of chitosan with different molecular weight was increased significantly in the three isolates of R. stolonifer. The highest glucose consumption was induced with chitosan of low molecular weight. Hexokinase activity was stimulated at least 2-fold in presence of any types of chitosan. The three isolates showed an increased release of compounds at 260 and 280 nm with chitosan of different molecular weight. These results suggest that all types of chitosan showed antifungal activity and increased significantly the glucose consumption and the release of compounds in the three isolates of R. stolonifer.