The Betula aphids of Turkey

To date, about 400 aphid species have been recorded in Turkey (see References). However, this is the first paper which 3 aphid species determined in 3 genera on Betula spp. in Turkey. These species, namely Calaphis flava Mordvilko, Callipterinella calliptera (Hartig) and Euceraphis punctipennis (Zetterstedt) all belong to the family: Aphididae, subfamily: Myzocallinae, tribe: Calaphini and none of the species has previously been recorded in aphid fauna lists on Betula spp. in Turkey. Their synonyms, morphological characteristics and biological data, supported by literature, were also considered.     

茶足柄瘤蚜茧蜂的滞育诱导及其寄生苜蓿蚜僵蚜的低温贮藏

为明确茶足柄瘤蚜茧蜂Lysiphlebus testaceipes人工诱导滞育的最佳条件,于室内条件下测定不同温度和光周期处理对该蜂滞育诱导的影响,并通过测定不同温度条件下的滞育率来确定滞育僵蚜的最佳贮藏时间。结果显示：25℃下培养茶足柄瘤蚜茧蜂120 h达高龄幼虫时,对其进行滞育诱导,此时该蜂滞育率最高;表明高龄幼虫期是其感受滞育信号的敏感时期,蛹是该蜂的滞育虫态。在温度为8~16℃、光照时间为8~14 h的范围内,随着温度的降低和光照时间的缩短,茶足柄瘤蚜茧蜂的滞育率呈增加趋势,其中在8℃、光周期8 L：16 D条件下其滞育率最高,为73.58%;当温度为16℃时,光照时间处于8~14 h范围内,该蜂不能进入滞育状态。在8℃下持续诱导30、40 d,茶足柄瘤蚜茧蜂的滞育率分别为72.38%和67.54%。在4℃下将滞育僵蚜贮藏90 d,与非滞育僵蚜相比,滞育僵蚜的羽化率和子代蜂的寄生率均无显著差异;冷藏120 d,滞育僵蚜的羽化率仍能达到69.64%。表明茶足柄瘤蚜茧蜂属低温短日照滞育型昆虫,最佳滞育诱导条件为25℃培育120 h后,转入8℃、8 L：16 D环境中连续诱导30 d;滞育僵蚜在4℃下可储存90~120 d。     

N'-硝基缩氨基胍类化合物对蚜虫的室内毒力测定及相关酶活性的影响

Su50[N'-硝基-1-异丙基-2-(4-硝基苯亚甲基)氨基胍]和Su56(N'-硝基-1-烯丙基-2-正丙基氨基胍)是利用活性亚结构拼接原理合成的具有新烟碱类和缩氨基脲类杀虫剂共同结构特征的硝基缩氨基胍类化合物。为了解Su50和Su56对蚜虫的生物活性及作用机理,采用叶片浸渍法测定了其对多种蚜虫的杀虫活性,用棉叶涂抹药液后接入棉蚜Aphis gossypii Glover测定了其对棉蚜的拒食活性,并采用生化方法测定了不同亚致死浓度(LC_(10)、LC_(25))Su56对棉蚜羧酸酯酶(CarE)、乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GSTs)和多功能氧化酶(MFO)的酶活性的影响。结果表明:Su50和Su56对棉蚜A.gossypii/桃蚜Myzus persicae Sulzer,苹果黄蚜Aphis citricola van der Goot和梅大尾蚜Hyalopterus amygdali Blanchard均具有一定的杀虫活性,但毒力差异不显著,其中Su50对棉蚜、桃蚜、梅大尾蚜和苹果黄蚜的LC_(50)值分别为13.0、24.2、62.6和14.3mg/L,Su56的LC_(50)值则分别为30.3、30.2、101和3.23 mg/L;同时Su50和Su56对供试棉蚜均具有一定的拒食活性。生化试验结果表明,Su56在LC_(10)和LC_(25)浓度下对棉蚜的CarE、GSTs和MFO酶活性无显著影响,但在LC_(10)浓度下对棉蚜的ACNE酶活性却有显著抑制作用。     

异色瓢虫对苹果-蛇床草微景观中两种蚜虫的捕食功能反应及选择偏好性

为评估异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis对苹果-蛇床草微景观中2种寄主上绣线菊蚜Aphis spiraecola和胡萝卜微管蚜Semiaphis heraclei的生物防治潜能,在实验室条件下测定异色瓢虫1~4龄幼虫和雌、雄成虫对2种蚜虫3~4龄若蚜的捕食功能反应、寻找效应以及捕食偏好性。结果表明,异色瓢虫1~4龄幼虫和雌、雄成虫对绣线菊蚜和胡萝卜微管蚜的捕食功能反应均符合Holling Ⅱ型功能反应类型,其中,雌成虫对绣线菊蚜的捕食能力最强,为411.284,雄成虫对胡萝卜微管蚜的捕食能力最强,为356.403; 2龄幼虫对绣线菊蚜的瞬时攻击率最大,为1.231,3龄幼虫对胡萝卜微管蚜的瞬时攻击率最大,为1.277。异色瓢虫各虫态对绣线菊蚜和胡萝卜微管蚜的寻找效应均随着蚜虫密度的升高而降低。当2种蚜虫共存且总密度为60头/皿时,不同密度比例下异色瓢虫对2种蚜虫均无显著偏好性;当总密度为240头/皿,绣线菊蚜与胡萝卜微管蚜的密度比例为1:5、2:4、3:3和4:2时异色瓢虫对绣线菊蚜表现出显著的偏好性,而在密度比例为1:5、3:3和4:2时异色瓢虫对胡萝卜微管蚜表现出显著的负偏好性。表明异色瓢虫对苹果-蛇床草微景观中绣线菊蚜的防控潜能更好。     

蚜虫病原细菌的分离鉴定及其对褐飞虱的杀虫活性初探

为寻找有效防治褐飞虱的病原微生物,采用平板划线法和稀释涂布法,从感病死亡的蔷薇蚜虫体中分离筛选出一株对褐飞虱具有较高致病性的菌株JSA1;通过形态学特征、生理生化特性及16S r DNA序列分析,对菌株JSA1进行了初步鉴定;采用盆栽法和稻苗浸渍法,对其杀虫活性进行了测定。鉴定结果显示菌株JSA1为铜绿假单胞菌Pseudomonas aeruginosa。杀虫活性测定结果表明:菌株JSA1对褐飞虱具有杀虫作用,且致死率随菌液浓度的升高和作用时间的延长而提高,但致死率低于40%;菌株JSA1发酵液的上清液和沉淀破碎液对褐飞虱3龄若虫均具有致病力,72 h后的校正死亡率分别为30.72%和82.53%,表明铜绿假单胞菌JSA1在褐飞虱的生物防治方面具有一定的应用前景。     

欧亚种葡萄自交F1代对白粉病和霜霉病的抗性遗传

采用田间自然鉴定、田间接种鉴定及室内离体叶圆片接种鉴定三种方法,研究了10个欧亚种葡萄品种(系)、一个欧山杂种及其493株自交后代幼苗对葡萄霜霉病及白粉病的抗性及遗传关系,同时对其自交后代抗白粉病和霜霉病的遗传趋势进行了分析.结果表明,供试品种(系)及其自交后代对霜霉病与白粉病的抗性存在极显著相关,自交后代对两病表现伴随遗传现象,初步推断这可能是由葡萄抗病基因的多效性引起.在欧亚种葡萄品种自交后代群体中,虽然90%以上都是感病性中等或高的类型,但仍能够得到一定比例(10%以下)抗病性强的类型,这为利用欧亚种葡萄品种进行自交或品种间杂交选育优质抗病新品种提供了依据.     

巴氏钝绥螨对二斑叶螨的捕食功能反应

为明确巴氏钝绥螨Amblyseius barkeri(Hughes)对二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae(Koch)的潜在控制能力,采用功能反应方法,在温度为16、20、24、28、32℃,相对湿度(85±5)%条件下对巴氏钝绥螨捕食二斑叶螨的效应进行了研究。结果表明:巴氏钝绥螨对二斑叶螨的卵和若螨表现为嗜食性,对雌成螨表现为非嗜食性。巴氏钝绥螨对二斑叶螨雌成螨、若螨和卵均有较强的捕食作用,捕食功能反应均拟合HollingⅡ型方程,在相同温度下对各螨态的捕食量大小为:卵若螨雌成螨。在16~28℃,巴氏钝绥螨对各螨态的瞬间攻击系数(a)、捕食能力(a/Th)、最大日捕食量(1/Th)均随温度的升高而增加,处理时间则缩短,当温度高于32℃时捕食量开始减小。当二斑叶螨密度固定时,巴氏钝绥螨的日平均捕食量则随其自身密度的增加而逐渐降低,说明巴氏钝绥螨存在明显的竞争和自我干扰作用。     

The use of Verticillium dahliae and Diplodia scrobiculata to induce resistance in Pinus halepensis against Diplodia pinea infection

The pathogenic fungi Verticillium alboatrum and Diplodia scrobiculata were assayed for biological control of Diplodia pinea on Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis) in Catalonia (north-eastern Spain). Young shoots were pre-treated with inoculations of either V. dahliae or D. scrobiculata, by placing colonized agar plugs on wounds made by removing a single needle fascicle. An inoculation with D. pinea was performed 15 days later. Two months after the shoot inoculations, the canker length on the stems was measured and the percentage of shoot dieback calculated. Verticillium dahliae and D. scrobiculata were found to significantly reduce the canker length of D. pinea (P < 0.05) when compared with positive controls. Diplodia pinea was slightly more sensitive to V. dahliae than to D. scrobiculata, but no significant differences (P > 0.05) were observed in the mean canker length between the two treatments. Trees pre-inoculated with V. dahliae resulted in 31.12% shoot dieback, while those pre-inoculated with D. scrobiculata resulted in 32.18% shoot dieback, compared with positive controls (42.85%).     

麦蚜基因流地理信息系统的研制与开发

利用GIS技术和分子遗传标记对不同地理种群麦蚜的遗传结构、空间分布和发生动态等进行研究,以VC 为开发平台,以MapX控件作为图形平台,开发研制麦蚜基因流地理信息系统。本研究将微观的分子生态学和宏观的空间生态学有机地联系起来,为研究麦蚜的迁飞与预测预报提供了新的研究思路,这对于从理论上进一步揭示麦蚜的暴发机理和迁飞规律,从实践中有效地开展综合防治都具有重要的参考价值。     

基于EPG技术分析杭菊两主栽品种对三种菊蚜抗性及其相关抗性物质

为比较杭白菊主栽品种早、晚小洋菊对菊小长管蚜Macrosiphoniella sanborni、棉蚜Aphis gossypii、桃蚜Myzus persicae的抗性,通过刺吸电位技术(electrical penetration graph,EPG)研究菊蚜在菊顶叶上刺吸行为,并检测了菊顶叶主要化合物。结果表明:在晚小洋菊上,菊小长管蚜的E1、E2波平均持续时间4.31、3.47 min,分别短于在早小洋菊上的4.63、3.75 min;棉蚜、桃蚜的E1、E2波平均持续时间分别为4.32、4.72 min和4.92、4.64 min;3种蚜虫的平均刺探次数均大于在早小洋菊上的平均刺探次数。聚类分析结果显示,2个主栽品种之间抗性存在差异。早小洋菊顶叶平均可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量分别为2.71 mg/g和25.36 mg/g,均高于晚小洋菊;早小洋菊顶叶总酚含量为0.24 mg/g,显著低于晚小洋菊;早、晚小洋菊总黄酮含量分别为3.46 mg/g和3.37 mg/g。早小洋菊顶叶可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量基本上与每种菊蚜的E1、E2波持续时间显著正相关,总酚含量、总黄酮含量与每种菊蚜的E1或E2波持续时间显著负相关。推测早小洋菊对于菊长管蚜的抗性稍弱于晚小洋菊,2种杭白菊对棉蚜或桃蚜的抗性相当,且菊叶中的这4种物质含量与抗蚜性相关。     

水稻白叶枯病菌Hpa1Xoo蛋白的结构分析

 在大肠杆菌中表达了水稻白叶枯病菌JxoIII菌株的Hpa1_Xoo(harpin_Xoo)蛋白,通过生物物理和生物化学方法分析了Hpa1_Xoo的结构特征。Hpa1_Xoo粗蛋白能使烟草产生过敏性坏死反应(HR),以及圆二色(CD)光谱具有α-螺旋的典型特征。通过柱层析纯化发现Hpa1_Xoo蛋白存在2种洗脱峰组分A和B,B组分的含量远高于A组分,且二组分都具有HR活性。空间排阻色谱(SEC)和分析超速离心(AUC)结构分析表明组分A是Hpa1_Xoo的二聚体形式,而组分B是Hpa1_Xoo的单体形式。组分A与B均具有α-螺旋的特征CD谱,但存在含量和构象上的差异。生物信息学方法对Hpa1_Xoo二级结构和聚体结构的预测结果与实验测定和分析拟合的结果相一致。另外,预测也发现Hpa1_Xoo存在丰富的固有无序结构区域。     

Antagonismusin vivo vonBacillus spp. gegenüberRhizoctonia solani undPythium spp.

Es konntenBacillus-Isolate gefunden werden, die sich in Keimungsversuchen an Samen als antagonistisch gegenüberPythium aphanidermatum undRhizoctonia solani erwiesen. Die Versuche wurden mit Bohnen- und Gurkensamen durchgeführt. Die wirksamsten Antagonisten konnten in infizierter Erde Auflaufraten bei Gurken von 40–60% erzielen.Die Wirksamkeit der Antagonisten an Bohnen war niedriger, hier lagen die Keimraten kaum höher als 30%. Offenbar hängt die Wirksamkeit derBacillus-Antagonisten von der Fähigkeit ab Antibiotika zu produzieren und in Konkurrenz zu anderen Mikroorganismen zu treten.     

Antagonismusin vitro vonBacillus spp. gegenüberRhizoctonia solani undPythium spp.

Es konnten 132Bacillus-Stämme isoliert und gegenüber7 Rhizoctonia-solani- und 6Pythium-Stämmen auf Antagonismusin vitro untersucht werden. Die gefundenen Antagonisten hemmten die Pilzisolate unterschiedlich stark, so daß Gemische von Antagonisten für die Praxis zu empfehlen sind.There were 132Bacillus-strains isolated and tested for antagonism against 7 strains ofRhizoctonia solani and 6 strains ofPythium spp. The isolated antagonists didn't show a uniform effect against the tested strains ofRhizoctonia solani andPythium spp. For an application in practice it will be better to use a mixture of antagonists.

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Mit 4 Abbildungen und einer Tabelle     

The activity of some compounds extracts byAllium on stored-product insectsOryzaephilus surinamensis (L.),Sitophilus oryzae (L.) andTribolium castaneum (Herbst)

The bioactive metabolites of someAllium plants, all exhibiting interesting pharmacological activities, were tested for their attractive/repellent activity against saw-toothed grain beetle,Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.), rice weevil,Sitophilus oryzae (L.), and rust-red flour beetle,Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), insects infesting the stored-products. The data obtained showed significant repellent effect of the thiosulfinates againstS. oryzae. Part 6 in the series “Chemistry of the genus Allium”.     

The haustorial interface in a resistant interaction of Erysiphe pisi with Pisum sativum

The interface between Erysiphe pisi and pea cv. JI 1049 was studied at the ultrastructural and cytochemical levels and compared with those in two susceptible cultivars. Haustorial efficiencies, as indexed by the length of mycelium associated with each haustorium, and growth rates on the resistant and one susceptible cultivar were also compared.The interaction in the resistant cultivar differed from those in the susceptible cultivars in the following ways: (i) there was no contact between the host plasmalemma and the A neckband region; (ii) papillae were contiguous with the surface of the neck and thus were probably formed before haustoria and (iii) there appeared to be less polysaccharide in the extrahaustorial membrane. The extrahaustorial membrane in the resistant cultivar lacked ATPase activity, whereas the rest of the host plasmamembrane had normal activity.Each haustorium supported a significantly greater total hyphal length in the resistant than in the susceptible cultivars. Growth rates of superficial hyphae were very similar on the susceptible and resistant cultivars but there was a delay in the onset on hyphal growth on the resistant cultivar which correlated with the previously reported delay in formation of the first haustorium. In contrast to hyphal growth rates, the rate of haustorium production was significantly less in the resistant cultivar. It is proposed that resistance in cv. JI 1049 operates at the stages prior to haustorium formation, similarly to that in some non-host and partial resistance systems. Once formed, however, the function of the haustorium seems to be unimpaired, despite the observed interfacial differences.     

刺槐白粉病病原菌鉴定

<正>刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia L.)又名洋槐,属蝶形花科刺槐属的落叶乔木。原生于北美洲,现被广泛引种到亚洲、欧洲等地。刺槐白粉病是刺槐叶部、嫩枝病害,能降低叶片光合作用,严重的引起叶部畸形、茎尖和枝梢枯死。Braun最早记载中国刺槐白粉病病原菌为Microsphaera subtrichotoma~([1,2])。刺槐白粉病在日本也有报道,引起白粉病的病原菌为Erysiphe     

The influence of silicon on cytological interactions between Sphaerotheca fuliginea and Cucumis sativus

The response of epidermal cells of cucumber leaf tissue infected by Sphaerotheca fuliginea was examined by light microscopy to understand how silicon in infected host cells affects host defence mechanisms. Leaf pieces from plants treated with nutrient solutions containing 0·05, 0·50 or 2·3 mm of silicon (Si) were harvested at intervals of 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 h after inoculation with the pathogen and examined after staining with toluidine blue or aniline blue. Si treatments significantly reduced the time to initiation of production and/or accumulation of phenolic materials in infected host epidermal cells, and increased the number of infected cells that produced and/or accumulated phenolics. The number of haustoria produced per colony of S. fuliginea was significantly reduced over time, and conidiophore development was delayed on the leaves of cucumber treated with 2·3 mm Si nutrient solution.