不同放牧制度和强度下多年生黑麦草／白三叶人工草地种群密度研究

本文作者在南山牧场研究了在不同放牧制度和强度下奶牛对多年生黑麦草／白三叶人工草地植物种群密度的影响。结果表明，轮牧草地中多年生黑麦草、白三叶及杂类草的密度均比连续放牧高；随放牧强度增加和放牧时间延长，多年生黑麦草分蘖密度呈增加趋势，但株体变小，重量减轻；白三叶匍匐茎数以中等放牧强度最高，轻牧最低；杂类草的密度随放牧强度增加而减少。     

放牧强度对当年生混播草地和绵羊生产性能的影响

为探讨贵州岩溶山区人工草地不同放牧强度与草地植物产量和放牧家畜生产性能之间的关系,研究了贵州喀斯特高寒山区混播草地建植4个月后,不同放牧强度对植物高度、盖度、频度、密度、生物量和绵羊生产性能的影响.结果表明:放牧明显抑制禾本科杂草马唐及多年生草黑麦草和鸭茅的生长,但对白三叶和草地有毒有害植物西伯利亚蓼的生长有促进作用.放牧强度为中牧有利于改善草地比例,草地单位面积畜产品产出率高,兼顾了畜产品和草地的生态平衡.     

苜蓿+无芒雀麦混播草地株高、产草量动态研究

通过对苜蓿 无芒雀麦混播人工草地进行了株高动态、产草量动态研究,结果表明:从整个生长季采看,混播降低了苜蓿的草层高度,增加了无芒雀麦株高.播种当年混播草层产草量高于单播草层,第二年,混播草层产草量低于单播苜蓿产草量,混播草层最高产草量到达时间晚于单播草层.     

黑麦草田间管理及利用技术

黑麦草是优质的栽培牧草,其产草量高、适口性好、营养价值高,具有很强的再生性和耐刈性,分为多年生黑麦草和多花黑麦草两类,前者为长期多年生,后者为1年生或越年生。多花黑麦草原产于欧洲南部、地中海沿岸、非洲北部及小亚细亚,在我国适生于长江流域以南地区,现将其田间管理及利用技术介绍如下。一、田间管理黑麦草播种后往往很快出苗、分蘖,在苗期即将开始分蘖时应施用一定量的氮肥促使其分蘖,刈割利用的     

放牧和围封条件下草地土壤种子库特征研究

通过对比研究放牧草地、围封5年和10年草地.分析土壤种子库的种类组成、多样性特征以及种子库物种与地上植被的关系,揭示辽宁彰武地区草地围封后的土壤种子库特征.结果表明:放牧草地土壤种子库植物种数为9种,密度为(6573.15±210.14)粒·m-2:围封5年和10年草地种子库植物种数分别为9种和6种,密度分别为(9987.25±255.01)粒·m-2和(14675.16±535.72)粒·m-2.放牧草地土壤种子库群落中以1年生杂类草居多,围封草地则以多年生禾本科牧草和豆科牧草为优势种.放牧和围封5年、10年草地土壤种子库的丰富度指数分别为0.91.0.87和0.52.物种多样性指数呈现相同的变化趋势.3个样地土壤种子库与其地上植被之间相关性较低.     

青海天然草地分类及草地类特点

根据中国南、北草地资源调查办公室公布的草地分类法，对青海天然草地进行分类，并对各草地类的植物组成，草层高度、植被盖度、产草量、着生土壤、面积及分布等进行了阐述。     

伊犁绢蒿在放牧干扰下再生性的变化

伊犁绢蒿荒漠草地既是新疆天山北坡重要的春秋牧场,又是新疆草地退化最严重的一类草地.通过在乌鲁木齐市东山区设置的轻度放牧(LG)、中度放牧(MG)、重度放牧(HG)和极度放牧(EG)四个水平模拟放牧的测定,对伊犁绢蒿的再生高度、再生速度、再生密度的变化进行了研究.研究结果表明:4月15日～5月15日,中度放牧(MG)下伊犁绢蒿再生速度最快;5月1日和5月15日,中度放牧(MG)伊犁绢蒿再生草的高度最高;中度放牧(MG)有利于增加伊犁绢蒿的再生密度.因此,中度放牧(MG)有利于伊犁绢蒿的再生.     

刈割与放牧交替利用方式对草地植被主要数量性状的影响

[目的]以新疆伊犁昭苏马场禾草+杂类草草甸草地为研究对象,研究利用方式对草地植被主要数量性状的影响.[方法]采用放牧+刈割+放牧、放牧+刈割、刈割+放牧、刈割交替等处理.[结果](1)不同利用方式对植物的重要值影响不同,刈割+放牧(C)、刈割处理样地内的禾草比例高于其他两种利用方式;(2)在高度变化上,各利用方式之间差异性不显著(P＞0.05);刈割+放牧(C)、刈割(D)草地群落由于春季均未放牧利用,草地的高度均表现出略高于其他两种方式;(3)在盖度变化上,从三季利用上可以看出刈割(D)优于其他三种利用方式;(4)5 ～8月四种利用方式在密度变化上差异性不显著(P＞0.05),9月,由于放牧与不放牧的差别,刈割(D)利用方式草地群落密度高于其他三种方式(P＜0.05);(5)地上生物量变化方面刈割和刈割+放牧利用方式在草地群落地生物量上表现出一定的优势.[结论]初步确定刈割+放牧和刈割利用方式较好,但需要长期的动态监测,方能得到科学结论.     

西藏退化天然草地改良效果研究

[目的]选择拉萨市纯牧业当雄县重度退化天然草地进行补播和围栏封育效果研究,为西藏退化草地的改良与治理提供科学的依据。[方法]在补播围封点和实施围栏封育的退化沼泽化草甸草地,均以围栏外为对照,进行围栏封育区、补播区和对照区植物群落盖度、密度、高度、物种数以及地上生物量的测定与比较。[结果]结果表明,在补播围栏封育区,除毒草之外的其他草种高度都有所增加,植被总盖度、密度、地上生物量较补播之前分别增加33．00％,101．42％,16．10％（P〈0．05）;退化沼泽化草句草地实施围栏封育的藏嵩草产草量明显高于围栏外对照,围栏内8月份出现藏嵩草最高产量,围栏封育最高产草量可达围栏外自由放牧对照区最高产草量的4—5倍,围栏内最低产量也是围栏外自由放牧区最高产量的4倍。[结论]补播和围栏封育见效快、效果好、简便易行,对于西藏特殊环境条件下的退化天然草地恢复改良最容易实施,值得推广应用。     

新疆褐牛放牧饲养条件下放牧强度对草地及家畜的影响

[目的]研究针对新疆褐牛草原放牧饲养,分析不同放牧强度对草地群落高度、盖度、密度、地上生物量、重要值和家畜体增重等的影响.[方法]试验设围栏小区控制放牧.[结果]不同放牧强度下草地群落的高度随放牧时间的延长,呈现显著性的变化,密度随放牧强度的增加,差异不显著,短时间放牧对群落密度影响不大.草地群落盖度处于逐渐降低趋势,总体表现为CK＞轻度放牧(LG)＞中度放牧(MG)＞重度放牧(HG).随牧草生育期的推进,草地群落地上生物量呈现逐渐下降趋势.草地群落物种重要值表明,优良牧草比例下降,而亚洲百里香(Thymus asiaticus)、草原苔草(Carex liparocarpos)及杂类草比例上升.牛体增重的影响表现在中牧条件下单位面积草地上新疆褐牛的增重效果最好.[结论]确定适宜放牧强度与载畜量,为合理利用草地提供了科学依据.     

非破坏性牧草产量测定法在天然草地中的应用研究

采用落盘式测草盘在休闲草地、轮牧草地和连续放牧草地进行了测产试验.结果表明,在天然草地中使用非破坏性的落盘式测草仪测定牧草产量是可行的,牧草压缩高度和牧草产量具有良好的回归关系(r2=0.64～0.90),平均每1 cm压缩高度相当于69～250 kg/hm2的牧草产量.     

Assessment of forage mass from grassland swards by height measurement using an ultrasonic sensor

The non-destructive assessment of forage mass in legume-grass mixtures as a tool for yield mapping in precision farming applications has been investigated in two field experiments. An ultrasonic sensor was used to determine sward heights. Forage mass-height relationships were evaluated by carrying out static measurements on binary legume-grass mixtures of white clover (Trifolium repens L.), red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), and lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) with perennial rye grass (Lolium perenne L.) across a wide range of sward heights (5.0-104.2 cm) and forage mass (0.15-11.25 t ha⁻¹). Mobile measurements, hereafter referred to as “on-the-go” were conducted by mounting the ultrasonic sensor in combination with a high-precision Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) on a vehicle. Data were recorded along experimental plots consisting of perennial rye grass and grass-clover mixtures similar to the mixtures that were used for the static experiment. The static experiment revealed a relationship between ultrasonic sward height and forage mass explaining 74.8% of the variance with a standard error (SE) of 1.05 t ha⁻¹ in a common dataset. The type of legume species, weed proportion, and growth period had a significant impact on the above mentioned relationship. Legume-specific regression functions had higher R²-values of up to 0.855 (white clover mixture). Datasets including legume-specific mixtures and pure swards of both components reached comparable R² values between 0.799 and 0.818 but exhibited higher SE values. The abundance of weeds resulted in increased ultrasonic sward heights for the same levels of forage mass. On-the-go measurements across experimental field plots yielded a sward height range of 1.4-70.4 cm. Abrupt forage mass changes at the transition from treatment plots to cut interspaces resulted in a significant deviation from stubble height within a distance of 50 cm to plot borders. When legume-specific equations derived from static measurements were applied to sward heights, forage mass was overestimated by 21.4% on average. Mean residuals from predicted forage mass ranged between 0.893 (pure grass) and 1.672 (red clover mixture) and increased significantly if the point sampling distance along the track was increased to more than 0.82 m on average across all plots. The prediction accuracy of forage mass from ultrasonic height measurements is promising; however, further modifications to the technique are necessary. One such improvement can be the use of spectral reflectance signatures in combination with the ultrasonic sensor.     

刈割与放牧结合对苜蓿型混播草地系统的影响

对以苜蓿为主的混播草地，在前期刈割的基础上采用低、中和高３种放牧率进行轮牧。结果表明：６０ｄ放牧后，在各放牧处理间的土壤水分和容重均无显著差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）；其牧草干物质含量和总产量均无显著影响（Ｐ＞０．０５），它们的主要影响因素是牧草生长阶段，利用时期和牧草种类。供试羔羊的个体增重和产肉量随放牧强度增加而减少，其单位草地面积的增重和产肉量，在一定范围内随放牧强度增加而提高。苜蓿草地的放牧利用以中等放牧强度为宜。     

渭北黄土高原旱地果园生草对土壤物理性质的影响

 【目的】研究旱地果园生草土壤物理性状的变化特征。【方法】在黄土高原旱地苹果园生草区及清耕区设立标准地,在60 cm土层内分层取样,测定土壤容重、孔隙度、水稳性团聚体的含量等土壤物理性状,分析果园生草土壤物理性质的变化特征。【结果】生草降低土壤容重,增加孔隙度,提高水稳性团聚体含量,其影响主要集中在0～40 cm土层;生草种类不同,对果园土壤物理性状影响存在差异,种植白三叶效果更佳;随着生草年限的增加,果园土壤物理性状愈趋改善,土壤的入渗性能和持水能力得到较大幅度的提高。【结论】长期生草有利于果园土壤物理性状的持续改善。     

刈割高度对禾草丛分蘖结构的影响

在温室条件下研究了刈割高度(3,6,10,14,18,24 cm)对生殖阶段黑麦草与营养阶段高羊茅的草丛分蘖结构的影响。黑麦草草丛中,无论是分蘖数目、叶面积或生物量,均以3~4叶蘖(Ⅱ级)的比例占绝对优势,为40%~65%,5叶以上蘖(Ⅲ级)、1~2叶蘖(I级)和生殖蘖的比例较小,死组织的生物量占第二位;高羊茅草丛中Ⅱ级蘖的上述参数之比例随高度上升而下降,约60%~25%,Ⅲ级分蘖变化趋势相反,为25%~60%,Ⅰ级分蘖的比例很小,死组织的生物量居第三位;黑麦草生殖蘖的叶茎比为0.23,远小于营养蘖(0.93~1.03),后者小于高羊茅(1.06~1.26);黑麦草生殖蘖的比叶重(3.3 mg/cm2)也小于营养蘖(4.1~4.3 mg/cm2),后者小于高羊茅(4.1~4.6 mg/cm2);除生殖阶段的黑麦草的分蘖数目以外,草丛的分蘖数目、叶面积和活生物量与刈割高度有极显著的线性关系。其中,分蘖数目与高度为负相关,其它参数为正相关。     

Evaluation of the precision of the rising plate meter for measuring compressed sward height on heterogeneous grassland swards

Accurate estimation of herbage mass (HM) is essential for optimising grass utilisation and increasing profit for pasture-based livestock agriculture. The rising plate meter (RPM) is used for predicting HM based on average compressed sward height (CSH). Sampling resolution and distribution are primary parameters in determining spatial heterogeneity of HM. There is no definitive sampling protocol for the RPM. The objectives of this study were to: investigate spatial variation of HM within pastures, determine the number of RPM measurements required to accurately predict mean HM, and assess the precision of the RPM in terms of measurement repeatability. Intensive CSH measurements and HM reference cuts were carried out on controlled plots and grazed paddocks over two grazing seasons. Sward heterogeneity was estimated as the coefficient of variation (CV) of CSH and compared to empirically derived ‘true’ sward heterogeneity in terms of HM CV. Retrospective analysis simulations were performed to identify the effect of various reduced measurement resolutions on estimated mean CSH error. Repeated measures analysis was performed on grass samples to determine RPM measurement system precision. Results indicated that pasture heterogeneity varied by 36% across the growing season and was affected by grazing, fertilisation, sward composition and seasonality. Mean CSH could be estimated to within 5% relative prediction error by recording 24 measurements per ha in a random stratified manner. The standard deviation of RPM measurement repeatability was calculated to be 4.34 mm. The findings of this study will be used to inform the implementation of a more optimum grass measurement protocol.

     

短花针茅草原划区牧试验研究

利用绵羊野外放牧试验，连续5a在内蒙古高原短花针茅草原研究划区轮牧和季节连续放牧对草地植被、土壤和家畜生产性能的影响，为草地合理利用提供理论依据。结果表明，划区轮牧有利于发挥绵羊的生产性能，在草地可利用牧草生物量供应短缺时，表现更为明显。在可利用牧草生物量供应十分充足的情况下，划区轮牧和季节连续放牧绵羊的生产性能比较接近。划区轮牧下绵羊发挥较高的生产性能是绵羊放牧行为、可利用牧草生物量、牧草营养物质含量、气象因子综合作用的结果，其中绵羊放牧行为格局的改变是最重要的。绵羊在轮牧小区内活动范围受到限制，游走时间大大减少，对牧草选择性采食明显降低，极大地提高了绵羊的采食效率和饲草的转化效率，并且绵羊消耗的能量也大为降低；草地可利用牧草生物量是草地放牧制度评价的可靠,当可利用牧草生物量低于24g/m^2时，划区轮牧优于季节连续放牧，而且绵羊的采食量受到明显影响，它能作为牧场确定绵羊冬季补饲育肥日期的有效参考指标，草地植被、土壤对放牧制度的反应不很敏感。划区轮牧和季节连续放牧区植被、土壤装况很接近，或轮牧稍好一些，在短期内变化不明显。     

不同钾钙水平对白三叶草和黑麦草产量与品质的影响

运用溶液培养方法研究了不同钾、钙营养水平对白三叶草和多年生黑麦草产量和品质的影响及钾、钙含量间的相互关系。这两种牧草在完全无钾溶液中不能正常生长,溶液钾浓度从0.375～3.0mmol/L,多年生黑麦草干物质产量略有上升,而白三叶草产量没有显著变化,对粗蛋白质含量影响也不明显。表明外液钾浓度达0.375mmol/L就已满足两种牧草生理上的要求。完全无钙时,两种牧草干物质产量很低,白三叶草表现更明显,比0.4mmol·Ca/L处理的低30和以上,说明白三叶草对缺钙更敏感。白三叶草产量在钙浓度为1.0 mmol/L时最高,钙浓度0.4～2.5mmol/L,对多年生黑麦草产量和品质影响不明显。地上部钾含量与钾供应水平呈正相关,与外界钙浓度相关性很小;而钙含量与钾供应水平呈负相关,与钙供应水平呈正相关。     

NEW ZEALAND DAIRY FARM SYSTEMS AND KEY ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS

• NZ dairy farming systems are based on year-round grazing of perennial pasture (ryegrass/white clover). • Milk production per hectare has increased by about 29% with increased use of externally-sourced feeds over the last two decades. • Externally-sourced feeds with a low protein concentration can potentially reduce N₂O emissions and N leaching per unit of production. • Systems analysis is important for evaluating mitigations to minimize trade-offs between environmental impacts. This paper provides an overview of the range of dairy pasture grazing systems used in New Zealand (NZ), the changes with increased inputs over time and associated key environmental effects including nitrogen (N) leaching and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. NZ dairy farming systems are based on year-round grazing and seasonal milk production on perennial ryegrass/clover pasture where cows are rotationally grazed in paddocks. There was an increase in stocking rate on NZ dairy farms from 2.62 cows ha⁻¹ in 2000/2001 to 2.84 cows ha⁻¹ in 2015/2016. During the same period annual milk solids production increased from 315 to 378 kg·yr⁻¹ per cow. This performance has coincided with an increase in N fertilizer use (by ~ 30%) and a twofold increase in externally-sourced feeds. Externally-sourced feeds with a low protein concentration (e.g., maize silage) can increase the efficiency of N utilization and potentially reduce N losses per unit of production. Off-paddock facilities (such as standoff or feed pads) are often used to restrict grazing during very wet winter conditions. A systems analysis of contrasting dairy farms in Waikato (largest NZ dairying region) indicates that the increased input would result in an increase in per-cow milk production but little change in efficiency of milk production from a total land use perspective. This analysis also shows that the increased inputs caused an 11% decrease in N footprint (i.e., N emissions per unit of milk production) and a 2% increase in C footprint (i.e., greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions per unit of milk production).     

Use of a pasture growth model to estimate herbage mass at a paddock scale and assist management on dairy farms

Knowing the amount of herbage mass available on the farm (ideally measured weekly) is an important step in achieving high pasture utilization on pastoral dairy farms in New Zealand, but the information must be used in a timely manner to make efficient management decisions. However, most New Zealand dairy farmers do not measure their pastures regularly. This project aimed to develop a simple alternative, in the form of a prototype software tool (Pasture Growth Simulation Using Smalltalk, PGSUS) to predict herbage mass at an individual paddock level, which reduces (not eliminates) the requirement for physical data collection and provides more information from the measurements taken. The main data requirements are pasture herbage mass for each paddock and grazing or cutting events. A climate-driven pasture simulation model is used to predict herbage mass between intermittent pasture measurements. The pasture model contains certain empirical parameters that are fitted to the observed data for each paddock individually, using all the previous data to “train” the model. PGSUS requires daily weather data, including mean, minimum and maximum air temperature, solar radiation, rain and potential evapotranspiration. Data from the Virtual Climate Station Network (VCSN) from NIWA (National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Ltd., New Zealand) are used to drive the model. Preliminary testing was done on two commercial dairy farms, one in the Waikato (North Island) and the other in the Canterbury (South Island) regions of New Zealand. Up to 28 days without measurements, PGSUS estimated herbage mass with correlation of approximately 0.9 and with small bias.