毒死蜱在灭菌和未灭菌土壤中的降解研究

研究了不同浓度毒死蜱在灭菌和未灭菌土壤中的降解规律。结果表明,不同浓度毒死蜱处理土壤,其降解速率不同。10 mg/kg处理未灭菌土壤时的半衰期为79.2 d,100 mg/kg和1 000 mg/kg处理土壤时,半衰期分别为91.8 d和278 d;而灭菌土壤中毒死蜱的半衰期分别为未灭菌土的3~4倍,1 000 mg/kg药液处理灭菌土时毒死蜱的半衰期长达672.3 d。     

0.9%联苯菊酯·呋虫胺颗粒剂防治甘蓝黄条跳甲田间药效试验

田间药效试验结果表明:在黄条跳甲初发期,用0.9%联苯菊酯·呋虫胺颗粒剂2 000g、3 000g、4 000g/667m~2剂量拌细土撒施防治,施药后第7d防治效果分别为74.34%、76.97%与77.05%;施药后第15d防治效果分别为76.27%、77.28%与77.84%,相当于对照药剂0.4%呋虫胺颗粒剂7000g/667m~2和常用药剂15%毒死蜱颗粒剂1 000g/667m~2,高于对照药剂0.2%联苯菊酯颗粒剂5000g/667m~2。从防治效果来看,建议使用0.9%联苯菊酯·呋虫胺颗粒剂2 000g~4 000g/667m~2、拌土量为15kg/667m~2为宜。     

48%毒死蜱乳油在杭白菊和土壤中的消解动态

通过田间植株直接施药-定期采样-样品提取净化-气相色谱分析的方法,研究了48%毒死蜱乳油中毒死蜱在杭白菊胎菊和土壤中的消解动态,并在室内探讨了不同温度对干胎菊中毒死蜱消解的影响。结果表明:在有效成分0.48和0.72 kg/hm22个施药剂量下,毒死蜱在杭白菊土壤和鲜胎菊中的消解半衰期分别为9.24~10.82 d和2.94~4.22 d;不同温度下,干胎菊中毒死蜱的半衰期在12.64~27.39 d之间,存在显著性差异(P0.05),其消解速率随温度升高而加快;在杭白菊上分别以有效成分0.48 kg/hm2(推荐高剂量)和0.72 kg/hm2(1.5倍推荐高剂量)的剂量喷雾施药2次,距末次施药后21 d时,毒死蜱在干胎菊中的残留量分别为0.58和0.89 mg/kg,均低于我国制定的毒死蜱在茶叶中的最大残留限量(MRL)标准(1 mg/kg)。     

15%毒死蜱颗粒剂(乐斯本)防治花生蛴螬药效分析

为了筛选出防治花生蛴螬高效、低残留药剂,对15%毒死蜱颗粒剂(乐斯本)防治花生蛴螬进行了药效对比及用量试验,发现1 000、1 500、2 000g/667m2防效高于30%毒死蜱.辛硫磷乳油(邦得)和辛硫磷灌墩处理,荚果被害率最低,分别为10.84%、9.78%、8.86%;按防虫效果比较,15%毒死蜱颗粒剂(乐斯本)1 500、2 000g/667m2的防效与30%毒死蜱.辛硫磷乳油灌墩处理效果均达90%以上,比辛硫磷灌墩处理分别提高39.91和40.37个百分点。15%毒死蜱颗粒剂(乐斯本)1 000g/667m2即可达到理想的防治效果,且成本最低,花生荚果产量最高,纯增值495.1元,比辛硫磷和邦得纯增值分别提高147.6元和8.6元。因此15%毒死蜱颗粒剂(乐斯本)可替代高毒农药,一次施药即可控制蛴螬的危害,可在生产上大面积推广应用。     

30%爱苗乳油防治水稻纹枯病试验

经田间试验,30%爱苗乳油15ml/667m2在纹枯病发病初期和隔10d施药2次的处理防治纹枯病效果最佳,达到65.3%;30%爱苗乳油15ml/667m2在破口前三天和齐穗期用药2次跟20%井冈霉素粉剂30g/667m2在纹枯病发病初期和隔10d施药2次的处理防治效果分别达到61.7%和61.9%,50%水稻病菌清可湿性粉剂50g/667m2在破口前三天和齐穗期用药2次处理防治效果为57.2%。30%爱苗乳油对水稻有增产效果,2个处理比空白对照分别增产7.69%和6.15%,比20%井冈霉素处理增产1.54%的水平分别高6.15和4.61个百分点。     

毒死蜱在杨梅果实中的残留及消解动态

为探明毒死蜱在杨梅果实中的残留消解动态和最终残留量,于2013-2015年在浙江省临海市进行了毒死蜱在杨梅果实中的残留消解动态和最终残留量试验。结果表明:于杨梅春梢（幼果）生长期,在树冠均匀喷施48%毒死蜱乳油800倍液1次的施药条件下,毒死蜱在‘东魁’和‘临海早大梅’2个品种果实中的消解动态基本一致,均符合一级动力学方程,半衰期为4.60~5.78 d,降解速度较快。综合3年试验结果,施药后23 d,毒死蜱在杨梅果实中的残留量为0.26~0.45 mg/kg,低于中国（苹果、梨、荔枝和龙眼）及日本（其他浆果）最大残留限量标准（MRL,1 mg/kg）;施药后34 d,毒死蜱在杨梅果实中的残留量为0.074~0.28 mg/kg,低于香港草莓中MRL值（0.3 mg/kg）;但施药后44 d,毒死蜱在果实中的残留量为0.073~0.13 mg/kg,仍高于欧盟蓝莓及桑椹中毒死蜱的MRL值（0.05 mg/kg）。膳食风险评估结果表明,施药后23、27、34和44 d采收的杨梅果实中毒死蜱对2~6岁、7~14岁、18~30岁和60~70岁4类人群的膳食摄入风险商值及急性膳食风险均较低,处于安全水平。     

氯虫·噻虫嗪在芥蓝中的残留消解动态研究

对氯虫·噻虫嗪SC(300 g/L)在芥蓝中的残留消解动态进行了研究。结果表明,按照推荐剂量的2倍剂量(60mL/667m2)施药,氯虫苯甲酰胺和噻虫嗪在芥蓝中的原始沉积量分别为3.648 0 mg/kg和8.347 7 mg/kg,残留消解方程分别为Ct=4.198e-0.273 t和Ct=7.589e-0.424 6 t,半衰期分别为2.5 d和1.6 d。施药后21 d氯虫·噻虫嗪残留量降解至0.01 mg/kg以下。     

氟虫腈在中药材薏苡仁中的田间残留消解动态

研究了氟虫腈在薏苡Coix lacryma-jobi仁中的残留消解动态,并对其安全使用标准进行了讨论。浙江泰顺和缙云两地的田间试验结果表明,在薏苡生长的不同时期,分别用常规(30 g/hm2)和1.5倍(45 g/hm2)剂量氟虫腈处理两次,其在薏苡仁中的消解半衰期分别为9.0~10.2 d (泰顺)和10.8~11.3 d (缙云)。最终残留试验表明,在薏苡仁收获前14 d (泰顺)或7 d (缙云)按30 g/hm2有效剂量施药,收获前30 d (泰顺)或21 d (缙云)按 45 g/hm2 有效剂量施药,氟虫腈的最终残留量均低于 0.01 mg/kg。综合多方面因素,按照常规有效剂量30 g/hm2处理,建议氟虫腈在薏苡上最后一次施药距收获的安全间隔期可考虑暂定为30 d。     

25％毒死蜱·辛硫磷乳油防治稻纵卷叶螟田间药效试验

为寻找高效低毒、低残留杀虫药剂,笔者应用25％毒死蜱．辛硫磷乳油进行了防治稻纵卷叶螟的田间小区试验,结果表明,25％毒死蜱·辛硫磷乳油72g／667m2和80g／667m^2与40％毒死蜱乳油30g／667m2施药后3d和7d的防治效果相当,未达显著差异。大区示范结果也得到了证实。     

毒死蜱在梨和土壤中的残留研究

毒死蜱在梨果上的残留动态和最终残留试验,用带有火焰光度检测器的气相色谱测定其残留量。其最小检出量为0.1ng,在梨和土壤中的最低检测浓度均为0.05mg/kg。在梨和土壤中的平均回收率为85%～98%,变异系数为0.88%～3.23%,符合农药残留分析的要求。研究结果表明,毒死蜱在梨上的半衰期为5.2d,在土壤中的半衰期为5.6d。毒死蜱按推荐剂量250a.i.mg/L和推荐剂量的2倍500a.i.mg/L使用2、3次,末次施药距收获间隔7～28d,毒死蜱在梨中的残留量为0.05～0.347mg/kg,土壤中为0.05～0.102mg/kg,残留量低于我国规定的毒死蜱在梨中的MRL值1mg/kg,欧盟、日本规定毒死蜱在梨上的最高残留限量0.5mg/kg,美国规定毒死蜱在梨上的最高残留限量0.05mg/kg。建议毒死蜱在梨上按推荐施用剂量250a.i.mg/L,施药2～3次,安全间隔期为7d。     

Degradation of bifenthrin,chlorpyrifos and imidacloprid in soil and bedding materials at termiticidal application rates

Organophosphorus, pyrethroid and chloronicotinyl insecticides have been used to control termites in building structures in recent years. We investigated the degradation behaviour of three insecticides (bifenthrin, chlorpyrifos and imidacloprid) at termiticidal application rates under standard laboratory conditions (25 °C, 60% field moisture capacity and darkness) for 24 months. The study was carried out on one soil and two bedding materials (sand-dolomite and quarry sand), which are commonly used under housing in Australia. Experiments were also conducted to examine the effect of soil moisture on the degradation of these insecticides. Insecticide residues in the samples collected at different days after application were measured by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The rate of degradation of bifenthrin and imidacloprid insecticides was adequately described by a first-order kinetic model (r² = 0.93–0.97). However, chlorpyrifos degradation was biphasic, showing an initial faster degradation followed by a slower rate. Therefore, the degradation data during the slower phase only (after a two-month period) followed the first-order law (r² = 0.95). Soil moisture had little effect on degradation of imidacloprid and bifenthrin. Among the three insecticides, bifenthrin and imidacloprid were most stable and chlorpyrifos the least. Chlorpyrifos showed a major loss (75–90%) of residue during the 24 months incubation period. In the bedding materials, simultaneous accumulation of the primary metabolite of chlorpyrifos, TCP (3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol) was observed. Hydrolysis appeared to have caused the observed rapid loss of chlorpyrifos, especially in the highly alkaline bedding materials (sand-dolomite and quarry sand). © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

Influence of Portland cement amendment on soil pH and residual soil termiticide performance

Soil adjacent to new brick veneer work is likely to have a higher pH owing to the mixture of cement with the soil. In the Gainesville, FL, area, soil samples taken from such locations had a range of pH values from 9.0 to 10.1; similar soils used in bioassays had a pH of 5.6 before the addition of cement. Addition of 15 mg of Portland cement to 33 g of soil increased the pH to 6, and addition of 291 mg of Portland cement increased the pH to 9. The pH of soil amended with cement was stable for the first 5 months. After 10 months, soil pH values decreased from alkaline to near neutral in all cases. Eastern subterranean termite workers, Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar), were exposed to the treated soil at pH 6-9 for 24 h, and percentage mortality was recorded at 5 days, 5 months and 10 months. Termite mortality significantly decreased at higher soil pHs for bifenthrin, chlorpyrifos, fipronil and imidacloprid treatments at 5 months and similarly for bifenthrin, permethrin, chlorpyrifos, fipronil and imidacloprid treatments at 10 months. There was an inverse linear relationship between soil pH and mortality. Increased soil pH diminished residual activity of termiticide in the following order: imidacloprid > fipronil > chlorpyrifos = bifenthrin > permethrin > cypermethrin.     

Deposition,mobility and persistence of sprinkler-irrigation-applied chlorpyrifos on corn foliage and in soil

The insecticide chlorpyrifos (O,O-diethyl O-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl phosphorothioate) was applied to sweet corn (Zea mays L.) by chemigation, injecting either an emulsifiable formulation or technical chlorpyrifos dissolved in soybean oil into 0·25 cm or 1·27 cm sprinkler-applied irrigation water. Half of the plots treated with chlorpyrifos in 0·25 cm water were immediately irrigated further with 1·27 cm water without chlorpyrifos. Half the plots treated with chlorpyrifos in 1·27 cm water were irrigated with another 1·27 cm water without chlorpyrifos 10 days later. Neither the volume of water used to apply the insecticide nor subsequent irrigation affected chlorpyrifos residues on the corn foliage or in the soil. Chemigation of the soybean oil solution resulted in three times more chlorpyrifos on the foliage than chemigation of the emulsion formulation, apparently because of greater adhesion of the oil droplets to the foliar surface. Chlorpyrifos residues in foliage declined with an initial half-life of one day. Chlorpyrifos on or near the soil surface declined with an initial half-life of approximately four days.     

环境条件和微生物对灭线磷降解的影响

环境条件和微生物影响灭线磷在土壤中的降解。随着土壤含水量和温度的增加,灭线磷的降解速度加快;微生物对灭线磷的降解有显著影响,30℃、含水量为40%条件下,未灭菌土中灭线磷的半衰期为16.6 d,灭菌土中灭线磷的半衰期为31.6 d;有机质对灭线磷的降解也有显著影响,有机质含量高,有利于灭线磷的降解;灭线磷在碱性土壤中的降解快于在酸性土壤中;30℃、含水量为40%条件下,灭线磷在3种土壤中的降解速度为:东北黑土＞广东红土＞山东砂壤土。     

两株拟除虫菊酯类农药高效降解菌混合降解性能研究

从拟除虫菊酯类农药生产车间下水道驯化污泥中分离筛选出两株可同时降解联苯菊酯、甲氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯的高效菌株M6R9和M5R14,经鉴定为产气肠杆菌Enterobacter aerogenes和缺陷假单胞菌Pseudomonas diminuta。通过单一菌和混合菌对比实验,发现单一菌及混合菌对联苯菊酯、甲氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯的降解率均与接菌量(OD415nm)呈正相关,且降解过程满足一级动力学方程。在含联苯菊酯、甲氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯各100 mg/L的基础培养基中,接菌量相同(单一菌OD415nm 均为0.2,混合菌中M6R9和M5R14的OD415nm各为0.1),于30 ℃、pH 7.0、180 r/min下培养3 d,发现混合菌对联苯菊酯、甲氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯的降解率分别比单一菌M6R9和M5R14提高2.5%、3.4%、2.3%和14.5%、14.6%、15.5%,半衰期分别缩短8.1、14.8、13.1 h和40.3、50.7、46.4 h,表明混合菌对联苯菊酯、甲氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯的降解存在协同作用,即混合菌可提高3种菊酯类农药残留的去除率。     

Chlorpyrifos degradation in soil at termiticidal application rates

Chlorpyrifos [O,O-diethyl O-(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl) phosphorothioate] is an organophosphorus insecticide applied to soil to control pests both in agricultural and in urban developments. Typical agricultural soil applications (0.56 to 5.6 kg ha^?1) result in initial soil surface residues of 0.3 to 32 μg g^?1. In contrast, termiticidal soil barrier treatments, a common urban use pattern, often result in initial soil residues of 1000 μg g^?1 or greater. The purpose of the present investigation was to understand better the degradation of chlorpyrifos in soil at termiticidal application rates and factors affecting its behaviour. Therefore, studies with [¹⁴C]chlorpyrifos were conducted under a variety of conditions in the laboratory. Initially, the degradation of chlorpyrifos at 1000 μg g^?1 initial concentration was examined in five different soils from termite-infested regions (Arizona, Florida, Hawaii, Texas) under standard conditions (25°C, field moisture capacity, darkness). Degradation half-lives in these soils ranged from 175 to 1576 days. The major metabolite formed in chlorpyrifos-treated soils was 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyrid-inol, which represented up to 61% of applied radiocarbon after 13 months of incubation. Minor quantities of [¹⁴C]carbon dioxide (< 5%) and soil-bound residues (? 12%) were also present at that time. Subsequently, a factorial experiment examining chlorpyrifos degradation as affected by initial concentration (10, 100, 1000 μg g^?1), soil moisture (field moisture capacity, 1.5 MPa, air dry), and temperature 15, 25, 35°C) was conducted in the two soils which had displayed the most (Texas) and least (Florida) rapid rates of degradation. Chlorpyrifos degradation was significantly retarded at the 1000 μg g^?1 rate as compared to the 10 μg g^?1 rate. Temperature also had a dramatic effect on degradation rate, which approximately doubled with each 10°C increase in temperature. Results suggest that the extended (3–24 + years) termiticidal efficacy of chlorpyrifos observed in the field may be due both to the high initial concentrations employed (termite LC ₅₀ = 0.2– 2 μg g^?1) and the extended persistence which results from employment of these rates. The study also highlights the importance of investigating the behaviour of a pesticide under the diversity of agricultural and urban use scenarios in which it is employed.     

Bifenthrin longevity at the termiticidal application rate

BACKGROUND: The longevity, mobility and insecticidal activity of bifenthrin at the termiticidal application rate for perimeter treatment were investigated in packed-soil columns in the laboratory and greenhouse. RESULTS: Bifenthrin was not detected in the eluates of packed-soil cones over a period of 6 months. In larger pipe plots incorporating bifenthrin into the top 15 cm of the soil, the compound degraded in a biphasic fashion. Within the treated soil, the effect of vegetation on the amount of bifenthrin remaining in the soil depended on soil depth and time, and soil half-lives were longer in non-vegetated soil. Bifenthrin residues were higher in the top 7.5 cm of soil and declined over time. Movement of bifenthrin into the top untreated soil depth was observed, but much less was observed in lower depths. The soil remained toxic to termites in 3 day and 7 day forced exposure bioassays for the 30 month duration of the study. CONCLUSIONS: Concentrations of bifenthrin will remain in the soil at levels sufficient to kill termites for more than 30 months. Published 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

混剂中毒死蜱在土壤中的消解动态研究

采用田间试验的方法,研究了毒死蜱在土壤中的消解动态,应用气相色谱法测定了毒死蜱在土壤中的残留量。结果表明,毒死蜱在土壤中消解较快,其半衰期为3.39～5.42d,消解规律符合一级动力学方程。