WTO成员的权利和义务

加入世贸组织可以享受哪些权利 ,又要承担哪些义务 ?这是大家都十分关心的事情。ＷＴＯ协议包括大约 2 9个独立的法律文件 ,其范围包括农业、纺织品与服装、服务、与贸易有关的投资措施、原产地规则及知识产权的众多方面。此外 ,还有 2 5个以上的附加部长宣言、决定和谅解。这些文件 ,构成了世贸组织成员基本的义务和承诺 ,同时也决定了世贸组织成员所享受的权利。1　世贸组织成员可享受的基本权利1 1　享受最惠国待遇和国民待遇　非歧视待遇原则 ,是世贸组织的一条根本原则。根据这一原则 ,世贸组织成员对另一成员不采用任何其他所不同的…     

The relevance of good health to animal welfare--claims, obligations, criteria]

It can be difficult to decide whether or not there was or is an act against the rules of animal protection. Therefore it is important, to determine both on the animal and/or on the existing situation, whether or not the well-being of the animal was or is disturbed. In order to ascertain this several guidelines are recommended.     

禽肉生产者即将面临的挑战

肉鸡生产在未来将面临来自遗传育种、生产系统、饲养程序和疾病控制方面的挑战。尽管如此,这个行业如果准备好应对这些挑战,同样能获得成功。——(加拿大)Dr.SteveLeeson过去30年内,养禽业经历了显著的变革和成长,在今后的10~20年,还将持续下去。尽管目前蛋制品的生产发展迅速,但禽肉产品的生产无疑是发展得最成功的。现在,49日龄时的雄性肉鸡重量可达有4kg。肉仔鸡的遗传性能每年持续增加,公鸡能长到2.5kg时的日龄正在缩短(图1)。禽肉生产展望到2015年,预计禽肉的消费量为6500万t,相当于每年需要体重2kg的活禽430亿只。并需要为此提供价…     

Helminth parasites in pigs: new challenges in pig production and current research highlights

Helminths in pigs have generally received little attention from veterinary parasitologists, despite Ascaris suum, Trichuris suis, and Oesophagostomum sp. being common worldwide. The present paper presents challenges and current research highlights connected with these parasites. In Danish swine herds, new indoor production systems may favour helminth transmission and growing knowledge on pasture survival and infectivity of A. suum and T. suis eggs indicates that they may constitute a serious threat to outdoor pig production. Furthermore, it is now evident that A. suum is zoonotic and the same may be true for T. suis. With these 'new' challenges and the economic impact of the infections, further research is warranted. Better understanding of host-parasite relationships and A. suum and T. suis egg ecology may also improve the understanding and control of human A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura infections. The population dynamics of the three parasites are well documented and may be used to study phenomena, such as predisposition and worm aggregation. Furthermore, better methods to recover larvae have provided tools for quantifying parasite transmission. Thus, an on-going study using helminth na?ve tracer pigs has surprisingly demonstrated that soil infectivity with A. suum and T. suis increases during the first 2-3 years after pasture contamination. Though all three helminth species stimulate the Th2 arm of the immune system, Oesophagostomum seems weakly immunogenic, perhaps via specific modulation of the host immune system. A. suum and T. suis potently modulate the host immune response, up-regulating Th2 and down-regulating Th1. As a consequence, A. suum may compromise the efficacy of certain bacterial vaccines, whereas T. suis, which establish only short-term in humans, is a favourite candidate for down-regulating autoimmune Th1-related diseases in man. Some basic research findings have offered new possibilities for future sustainable control measures. For example, the heredity of host resistance to A. suum and T. suis is so high that breeding for resistant pigs may be a possibility. Experimental studies have demonstrated that fermentable dietary carbohydrates have an antagonistic effect on Oesophagostomum and to a lesser extent on T. suis and A. suum, whereas egg-destroying microfungi may be used to inactivate the hard-shelled A. suum and T. suis eggs in the environment. Helminth control in Denmark has previously relied solely on anthelmintic treatment in herds with low helminth transmission. When indoor transmission rates increase, or in outdoor herds with high pasture contamination levels, medication may advantageously be combined with sustainable control measures, such as selected pig genomes, bioactive forages, and egg-destroying microfungi.     

Organic livestock production in Uganda: potentials,challenges and prospects

Development in organic farming has been stimulated by farmers and consumers becoming interested in healthy food products and sustainable environment. Organic agriculture is a holistic production management system which is based on the principles of health, ecology, care, and fairness. Organic development in Uganda has focused more on the crop sector than livestock sector and has primarily involved the private sector, like organic products export companies and non-governmental organizations. Agriculture in Uganda and many African countries is predominantly traditional, less mechanized, and is usually associated with minimum use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and drugs. This low external input agriculture also referred to as “organic by default” can create basis for organic farming where agroecological methods are introduced and present an alternative in terms of intensification to the current low-input/low-output systems. Traditional farming should not be confused with organic farming because in some cases, the existing traditional practices have consequences like overstocking and less attention to soil improvement as well as to animal health and welfare, which is contrary to organic principles of ecology, fairness, health, and care. Challenges of implementing sustainable organic practices in the Ugandan livestock sector threaten its future development, such as vectors and vector-borne diseases, organic feed insufficiency, limited education, research, and support to organic livestock production. The prospects of organic livestock development in Uganda can be enhanced with more scientific research in organic livestock production under local conditions and strengthening institutional support.     

Cytotoxic chemotherapy: new players, new tactics

Veterinary clients often seek the same new and innovative cancer treatment options for their companion animals that they read about in the press or on the Internet. It is, therefore, necessary for the practitioner to have an understanding of the development of new and innovative cytotoxic drugs and delivery techniques. This article describes the drug development process and how a new product eventually finds its way into clinical use. Some of the newer drugs and delivery techniques applied to small animals are reviewed.     

Companion animals and human health: Benefits,challenges, and the road ahead

Fossil evidence indicates an association between human beings and animals dating back at least half a million years. Today, this relationship remains strong, as evidenced by millions of visits to zoos annually, high rates of pet ownership, and the economic prosperity of the pet industry. A review of the literature indicates that human-animal interactions can remarkably enhance human physical health and psychological well-being. Yet despite reported benefits and public enthusiasm for animal-related activities, human affiliation with animals and nature is rapidly on the decline largely owing to a shift toward industrialized city living. Future research should not only continue to examine the mental and physical health implications of companion animal ownership, but also the ways to most successfully incorporate them into modern lifestyles and communities.