森林资源抽样调查技术方法研究进展

抽样调查是森林资源综合监测调查的关键技术和方法.本文介绍了抽样理论的发展和国内外森林抽样调查发展过程,论述了森林调查中主要抽样方法的特点和研究现状,其中包括等概和不等概抽样、基于遥感的抽样、针对稀疏总体分布的抽样调查技术方法,并对这些抽样技术在国内外森林资源调查中的应用进行了综述,概括了抽样调查技术方法的发展趋势,最后总结了抽样技术方法还存在的一些问题.     

基于德国国家监测数据的境外遥感抽样调查方法研究

利用遥感样地和高分遥感影像,通过判读解译获取林分类型和森林地类,依据样地到总体的概率估计方法,估计区域总体各林分类型和地类面积,并用德国NFI(National Forest Inventory)数据检验估计误差。在德国布设334个1km×1km遥感样地,获取高分遥感数据进行判读和抽样估计。结果表明:德国陆地面积估计误差为2.43%;森林面积估计误差为0.59%;森林覆盖率估计误差为2.96%;并获得省级森林资源详细数据。综上易知该方法切实可行,估计结果可靠、因子丰富,实现了境外森林资源的主动监测,为境外森林资源监测开辟了新途径。     

美国森林资源监测技术对我国森林资源一体化监测体系建设的启示

分析总结目前我国森林资源监测工作存在的问题, 提出一体化监测体系的概念和建设的必要性; 从抽样技术、调查内容和方法等方面介绍美国森林资源综合监测体系的特点和优势, 并与我国的森林资源监测体系进行对比分析, 为我国森林资源一体化监测体系建设提供参考与借鉴。     

TM分层成数抽样预估地类面积和森林总体蓄积

卫星图象促进了森林资源调查多阶抽样技术的应用。由于第一代卫片MSS分辨率偏低,多阶抽样中需各种比例尺的航片。如仅应用MSS进行分层成数抽样调查,为了保证精度,一般总体较大,提供的信息也就较为宏观。本文探讨利用新一代高分辨率TM图象,以县为总体的森林资源多阶成数分层抽样估计技术。     

全国森林资源宏观监测的抽样设计与估计方法探索

阐述了全国森林资源宏观监测的抽样框架设计及群团抽样设计;研究提出了针对图斑区划判读和群团样地判读2种方案的抽样估计方法,包括系统抽样、整群抽样和两阶抽样,其中整群抽样更适合于图斑区划判读,而两阶抽样更适合于群团样地判读;9个省的抽样估计结果对比表明,不等群团的整群抽样估计方法对图斑区划判读和群团样地判读都是合适的。     

应用小班类型中心抽样建立场级C、F、I、体系

(一)小班类型中心抽样就是在概知森林资源的基础上,分别小班类型进行典型中心抽样的一项调查技术,它可以以少量具有代表性的标准地,按一定的精度提供所欲知的森林资源信息。小班类型中心抽样在抽样体系中属于典型抽样的体系,典型抽样在林业生产中有着广泛的应用,为广大林业干部,尤其是基层林业干部所熟悉。然而这种方法由于它与数理统计的抽样估计比较,有着三个共所周知的弱点,即不能计算精度,不能估计总体分布,不能进行科学的比较分析,因而在近年分调查方法中缺乏应有的位置。我国谭启楝教授晚年     

群团抽样对西藏森林资源宏观监测结果的影响分析

森林资源监测是国情国力调查的重要组成部分,是林业重要的基础性工作。遥感技术弥补了传统人工抽样调查的不足,然而遥感样地的布设方式、数量及遥感判读精度是宏观森林资源监测值得关注的问题。本研究在西藏自治区2015年森林资源宏观监测成果的基础上,采用不同群团抽样方案与遥感判读相结合的方式,得出全区森林覆盖率,并分析群团内样本数量变动对西藏森林资源宏观监测结果的影响。研究结果表明,当样地内群团数量达到25个时,估计均值与实际森林覆盖率相差最小,变动系数最稳定,抽样精度达到最高94.49%。由此可知,大样地群团抽样方法对森林资源宏观监测来说是一种可行高效的方法,且工作量显著低于图斑区划判读的工作量。     

江苏省森林资源动态监测技术探讨

在对江苏省森林资源监测方法进行回顾总结的基础上,分析了森林资源动态监测的必要性,提出实现江苏森林资源动态监测的可行性,即通过“3S”技术、抽样技术、数据库技术、网络技术、模型技术等技术的集成建立全省森林资源动态监测体系。     

利用截线抽样进行四旁树调查

本文对适于我国四旁树调查的截线抽样方法，从抽样估计理论，抽样框架设计，外业调查方法，内业统计分析等几个主要环节进行了系统阐述。     

德国 奥地利森林资源监测与经营管理的特点及启示

深入分析了德国在同一抽样体系下,实施森林资源及其生态状况监测的技术特点、永续利用的经营理念与近自然的经营管理方法,以及奥地利信息技术在森林资源监测中的应用特点与科技创新的发展措施,对比我国森林资源监测状况,提出了完善森林资源监测内容和指标体系,建立森林资源及生态状况综合监测体系,加强新技术的创新研究和应用,积极争取国家基础数据共享应用的建议。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.