玉米脱粒清选试验台清选参数优化研究

为了了解玉米籽粒收获机清选参数对清选性能的影响情况,基于脱粒清选试验台对风机转速、鱼鳞筛开度、调风板倾角、曲轴转速进行了单因素试验和正交实验,以清选损失率和含杂率为评价指标,利用极差分析法得出了最优清选参数组合,即当风机转速为1 150r/min、鱼鳞筛开度为16mm、调风板倾角为54°、曲轴转速为325r/min时,清选效果最好,损失率为0.286%,含杂率为0.149%。     

油菜分段收获脱粒清选试验

对我国南方油菜分段收获割晒后的脱粒清选特性和脱粒清选参数进行了研究。通过在试验台上脱粒和清选正交试验,得出了分段收获捡拾脱粒机脱粒、清选部件形式和两组合理的工作参数。试验结果表明：脱粒分离夹带损失最小的优选参数组合为喂入量1.6kg/s、滚筒转速750r/min、脱粒间隙15mm、滚筒形式钉齿6排;影响脱粒分离夹带损失率的主次因素为滚筒形式、喂入量、脱粒间隙和滚筒转速。综合考虑清选损失率和含杂率最〖JP3〗小的优选参数组合为开度10mm鱼鳞筛、振动筛曲柄转速260r/min、离心风机转速860r/min、离心风机倾角15°;由模糊综合评价值的极差分析可得因素的主次排序为离心风机倾角、振动筛曲柄转速、筛片结构形式和离心风机转速。     

横置多滚筒联合收获机清选装置参数优化与试验

随着联合收获机新型多滚筒脱粒分离装置结构的运用,需要优化清选装置结构参数以满足新的作业要求。为寻找能适应多滚筒脱粒分离结构的高性能清选参数,选取多风道离心式风机转速、鱼鳞筛开度、分风板Ⅰ倾角、分风板Ⅱ倾角为研究参数,进行了单因素和正交试验,分析了上述因素对清选性能的影响,并针对正交试验结果使用极差分析法对多滚筒联合收获机清选装置的参数进行优化。优化结果表明:当风机转速1 100 r/min、鱼鳞筛开度24mm、分风板Ⅰ倾角30°、分风板Ⅱ倾角26°时,整机的清选效果较好,清选损失率为0.2%,清选含杂率为0.7%。     

纵轴流清选装置混合流场数值模拟与优化试验

清选装置性能决定着收获机的作业性能,为了克服纵轴流全喂入风筛式清选装置单风道离心风机气流场不均匀的缺点,对风机、脱粒滚筒产生的混合流场进行三维数值模拟,提出纵轴流全喂入双风道六出风口风机的改进结构,并分析结构改进后振动筛面的气流速度对全流域气流分配的影响。同时,对改进后清选装置进行风机转速、风机入射倾角、鱼鳞筛夹角3因素正交优化,分析了各因素对气流场的影响规律,得到最优参数组合:当风机入射倾角30°、鱼鳞筛夹角40°、风机转速1 900 r/min时,更利于高负荷高效率清选。最后,通过田间试验验证了双风道结构和优化试验的准确性,水稻籽粒损失率0.91%,含杂率0.87%,小麦籽粒损失率0.82%,含杂率0.76%。     

纵轴流联合收获机清选装置结构优化与试验

通过物料在气流作用下的运动方程从而找出影响物料运动状态的主要因素,利用正交试验分析风机转速、鱼鳞筛开度、分风板I角度、分风板II角度4个参数对清选性能(损失率及含杂率)的影响,从而得出单纵轴流联合收割机清选装置最佳的工作参数。为解决滚筒中后部落下的物料含杂率较高,籽粒容易随茎秆被抛出机外,造成谷物损失的问题,设计一种回程筛板(由回程板及编织筛组成)。田间试验发现:当回程筛板安装角度为3 0°、风机转速为1 4 0 0 r/min、第I导风板倾角为3 0°、第II导风板倾角为1 5°、鱼鳞筛开度为2 4.5 mm时,清选性能较佳,损失率为0.20%,含杂率为0.17%。     

小区联合收获机清选装置试验与参数优化

针对小区联合收获机清选装置存在的籽粒损失率和含杂率偏高等问题,结合内外滚筒旋转式脱粒装置,搭建脱粒清选试验平台,仿真分析结果表明,该清选装置符合筛分要求。以脱出籽粒中含杂率及损失率作为试验指标,选取对清选性能影响较大的风机转速和振动筛曲柄转速为试验因素,分别进行单因素试验,得到风机转速为1 000 r/min时,含杂率与损失率分别为0.65%和1.06%;振动筛曲柄转速为275 r/min时,含杂率与损失率分别为0.55%和0.87%。最后运用Central Composite中心复合设计方法进行响应面试验,研究因素交互作用对试验指标的影响规律。试验结果表明,最佳匹配参数为风机转速900 r/min、振动筛曲柄转速300 r/min;在最佳参数组合下,对该装置进行多次验证试验,得到其含杂率和损失率的平均值分别为0.75%和0.62%,表明在该参数组合下此装置能够满足小区收获的清选性能要求。     

玉米籽粒收获机清选装置参数优化试验

针对玉米籽粒直收过程中清选作业损失率高、籽粒含杂率高的问题,开展玉米籽粒收获机清选作业参数优化试验,探究整机作业工况下清选装置作业参数对籽粒损失率和含杂率的影响规律,得到清选作业参数最优组合,并进行田间验证试验。玉米籽粒收获机清选作业参数较优水平区间为风机转速800～1 000 r/min,振动频率6～8 Hz,上清选筛筛孔开度15～25 mm。清选作业籽粒含杂率最优作业参数组合为风机转速1 000 r/min,振动频率7 Hz,上清选筛筛孔开度20 mm;籽粒损失率最优作业参数组合为风机转速900 r/min,振动频率6 Hz,上清选筛筛孔开度20 mm;清选作业综合指标最优作业参数组合为风机转速900 r/min,振动频率7 Hz,上清选筛筛孔开度20 mm。得到玉米籽粒收获机清选作业籽粒含杂率、籽粒损失率和综合指标的回归模型,田间验证试验表明,籽粒含杂率相对误差为5. 56%,籽粒损失率相对误差为5. 10%,综合指标相对误差为4. 60%,最优作业参数组合表现良好,且回归模型可靠。     

4LZ-1.0Q型稻麦联合收获机脱粒清选部件试验与优化

对4LZ -1.0Q型稻麦联合收获机脱粒清选部件进行了正交试验,采用模糊综合评价法对小麦田间试验结果进行分析,得出脱粒清选环节中钉齿脱粒滚筒、栅条凹板筛、上盖板、振动筛、离心风机部件的优化组合参数.试验结果表明,影响脱粒性能的因素主次顺序为:滚筒齿顶线速度、脱离间隙、上盖板导向次数、凹板筛筛分包角、凹板筛筛孔大小和脱粒间隙,优选参数组合为滚筒齿顶线速度25 m/s、脱离间隙55 mm、上盖板导向4次、凹板筛筛分包角204°、凹板筛筛孔尺寸36 mm×15 mm、脱粒间隙15 mm;影响清选性能的因素主次顺序为:振动筛曲柄转速、筛面结构形式、离心风机转速、振动筛振幅,优选参数组合为振动筛曲柄转速404 r/min、筛面16 mm方孔编织筛、离心风机转速1787 r/min、振动筛振幅30 mm.可控制含杂率小于3％、破碎率小于1％、脱粒清选籽粒损失率小于1.5％.     

辊搓圆筒筛式谷子清选装置设计与试验

为解决谷子初脱后因物料中残留谷码多、含水率高而导致清选含杂率和损失率较高的问题,设计了辊搓圆筒筛式谷子清选装置。该装置主要由谷码辊搓装置、圆筒筛装置、横流风机和离心风机等组成,实现了先脱谷码后清选的功能。选取离心风机转速及角度、横流风机转速、圆筒筛转速和谷码辊搓装置主动辊转速作为试验因素,籽粒含杂率和损失率作为试验指标进行了正交试验,试验表明:谷码辊搓装置主动辊转速250 r/min、离心风机角度3°、小圆筒筛转速60 r/min、离心风机转速700 r/min、中圆筒筛转速60 r/min、大圆筒筛转速70 r/min,横流风机转速600 r/min为该清选装置的最优组合。对该参数组合进行验证试验,并对该装置清选性能进行对比试验,结果表明,在最优组合条件下籽粒含杂率为1.64%、总损失率为0.86%,该装置籽粒含杂率与总损失率均低于传统型风机圆筒筛式和风机振动筛式清选装置。     

玉米籽粒收获机组合筛面预筛分式清选装置设计与试验

针对目前玉米籽粒收获机不能适应15kg/s以上的大喂入量清选需要,设计了一种具备预清选功能的清选装置。首先对玉米脱出物离开螺旋输送器到达预清选筛前的玉米籽粒进行受力分析,然后对曲柄连杆机构的运动模型加以简化。其次分析玉米籽粒在筛面上的运动状态;对离心风机叶轮、蜗壳进行设计计算。采用单因素试验确定风机转速、振动频率、上筛筛孔开度取值范围;以风机转速、振动频率、上筛筛孔开度为试验因素,以籽粒含杂率和清选损失率为评价指标,设计三因素三水平中心组合试验,建立各因素与指标之间的回归模型。通过响应曲面方法对试验结果进行分析,并采用Design-Expert12对回归模型进行多目标优化。玉米脱出物喂入量为16kg/s时,得出较优组合为：风机转速1202.50r/min、振动频率5.41Hz、上筛筛孔开度18mm,在此条件下籽粒含杂率为0.79%,清选损失率为1.10%;验证试验结果表明,当风机转速1200r/min、振动频率5Hz、上筛筛孔开度18mm时,籽粒含杂率为0.82%,清选损失率为1.14%,试验值与优化值相对误差小于5%,与传统双层往复振动筛清选装置相比籽粒含杂率降低2.07个百分点,清选损失率降低2.13个百分点,证明所设计合理。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。