[CO2]升高对粮食作物影响的研究进展

自工业革命以来,由人类活动引起的大气CO_2浓度([CO_2])不断攀升,正驱动着全球气候变化,对全球农业产生重大影响。本文归纳总结了目前作物对高[CO_2]响应的主要研究技术手段,以及作物对高[CO_2]响应的机理研究,并进一步梳理了当前全球关于[CO_2]升高对作物产量和营养品质影响的研究。结果表明:相比封闭式或半封闭式环境控制试验系统,开放式试验系统(如开放式CO_2控制系统FACE)由于其能更加真实地模拟自然条件下作物对未来高[CO_2]的响应和适应情况,被公认为是目前研究作物对高[CO_2]响应的最理想手段。[CO_2]增高会增加C3作物光合速率、生物量和产量,在一定程度上缓解气候变化对农作物产生的负面影响,但是作物对大气[CO_2]的升高存在光合适应现象,当作物长期暴露在高[CO_2]条件下时,高[CO_2]对作物的促进作用会逐渐减缓。近10年的FACE试验发现,对高[CO_2]出现高应答的水稻品种,其光合速率和产量在高[CO_2]下的增加幅度比早期的主要粮食作物FACE试验结果平均高出两倍。此外,高[CO_2]会明显降低大部分非豆科C3作物中蛋白质和矿物质(如锌、铁)以及部分维生素的含量,加剧目前全球约2亿人由于维生素和矿物质元素等营养缺乏导致的健康问题。如何充分利用未来高[CO_2]实现高增产的同时,减缓粮食养分下降的负面影响,是迫切需要解决的科学问题。     

退化草地土壤上不同豆科作物根系生长特征的研究

以退化草地土壤为供试基质,采用盆栽和网箱栽培方法,研究大豆、黑大豆、绿豆、豌豆和蚕豆根系生长特征。结果表明:不同豆科作物根系各项指标的增长随生育期变化的时间趋势基本呈"S"型增长模型,可划分为缓增期、速增期、顶峰期和衰减期4个时期;不同豆科作物根系垂直分布的深浅存在较大差异,根系生物量空间呈"T"型分布,其垂直递减率符合幂曲线模型Y=B_0·X~(B1)。综合试验结果,黑大豆、蚕豆和大豆比绿豆和豌豆更适合在该试验条件下种植,其中黑大豆和蚕豆可以作为该类型土壤首选作物。本研究结果为选择适宜的豆科作物进行合理种植达到改良退化草地土壤、提高退化草地生物量产出提供了依据。     

Potato and oat yield in short-cycle crop rotation with zeolite application

Data are given on the use of the zeolite clinoptilolite when growing potatoes in a short-cycle crop rotation. A positive effect of zeolite in a dose of 2.5 and 5 t/ha locally against the background of N₉₀P₉₀K₉₀ or 10 t/ha with uniform application against a background of N₉₀P₉₀K₉₀ and N₁₂₀P₉₀K₉₀ to the first crop (potatoes) is established. The use of zeolite allows reducing the basic fertilizer dose by 25% and growing annual grasses without fertilizers in the second and third years after its application.     

Estimation of USLE crop and management factor values for crop rotation systems in China

Soil erosion on cropland is a major source of environmental problems in China ranging from the losses of a non-renewable resource and of nutrients at the source to contamination of downstream areas. Regional soil loss assessments using the Universal Soil Loss Equation(USLE) would supply a scientific basis for soil conservation planning. However, a lack of information on the cover and management(C) factor for cropland, one of the most important factors in the USLE, has limited accurate regional assessments in China due to the large number of crops grown and their complicated rotation systems. In this study, single crop soil loss ratios(SLRs) were collected and quantified for 10 primary crops from past studies or reports. The mean annual C values for 88 crop rotation systems in 12 cropping system regions were estimated based on the combined effects of single crop SLRs and the percentage of annual rainfall erosivity(R) during the corresponding periods for each system. The C values in different cropping system regions were compared and discussed. The results indicated that the SLRs of the 10 primary crops ranged from 0.15 to 0.74. The mean annual C value for all 88 crop rotation systems was 0.34, with a standard deviation of 0.12. The mean C values in the single, double and triple cropping zones were 0.37, 0.36 and 0.28, respectively, and the C value in the triple zone was significantly different from those in single and double zones. The C values of dryland crop systems exhibited significant differences in the single and triple cropping system regions but the differences in the double regions were not significant. This study is the first report of the C values of crop rotation systems in China at the national scale. It will provide necessary and practical parameters for accurately assessing regional soil losses from cropland to guide soil conservation plans and to optimize crop rotation systems.     

Determination of differences in crop injury from aerial application of glyphosate using vegetation indices

Crop injury caused by off-target drift of herbicide can seriously reduce growth and yield and is of great concern to farmers and aerial applicators. Farmers can benefit from identifying an indirect method for assessing the level of crop injury. This study evaluates the combined use of statistical methods and vegetation indices (VIs) derived from multispectral images to assess the level of crop injury. An experiment was conducted in 2009 to determine glyphosate injury differences among the cotton, corn, and soybean crops. The crops were planted in eight rows spaced 102 cm apart and 80 m long with four replications. Seven VIs were calculated from multispectral images collected at 7 and 21 days after the glyphosate application (DAA). At each image collection date, visual injury estimates were assessed and data were collected for plant height, chlorophyll content, and shoot dry weight. From the seven VIs evaluated as surrogate for glyphosate injury identification using a canonical correlation analysis (CCA), the Chlorophyll Vegetation Index (CVI) showed the highest correlation with field-measured plant injury data. CVI image values were subtracted from the CVI average values of the non-injured area to generate CVI residual images (CVI_res). Frequency distribution histograms of CVI_res image values were calculated to assess the level of injury between crops. These data suggested that injury increased from 7DAA to 21DAA with corn exhibiting higher severity of injury than cotton or soybean, while only moderate injury was observed for cotton. The techniques evaluated in this study are promising for estimating the level of glyphosate herbicide drift, which can be used to make appropriate management decisions considering crop proximity.     

洱海流域不同轮作与施肥方式对农田氮磷径流损失的影响

为了探讨洱海流域不同轮作与施肥方式对农田土壤径流氮磷损失的影响,在洱海地区利用田间小区试验,研究了7种轮作模式（大蒜-玉米、大麦-水稻、油菜-水稻、蚕豆-烤烟、大蒜-烤烟、蚕豆-水稻、大蒜-水稻）和3种施肥方式（速效肥、缓释掺混肥、不施肥）下的作物产量以及地表径流氮磷损失特征。与习惯施肥处理（CF）相比,施用缓释掺混肥（BB）能够减少肥料使用量,氮、磷肥减少量分别为9.85%~47.49%和10.81%~63.33%;同时部分作物产量有明显提高,大麦-水稻轮作下水稻产量提高19.69%,蚕豆-水稻轮作下蚕豆产量提高16.99%,大蒜-水稻轮作下大蒜产量提高24.32%,油菜-水稻轮作下油菜产量提高35.79%。7种轮作模式下施用BB肥均能降低土壤径流中氮磷损失,BB处理较CF处理土壤径流总氮和总磷流失量分别降低10.72%~28.80%和17.13%~47.87%。种植烤烟施肥量偏高,易造成土壤径流氮磷流失,总氮和总磷流失量分别达到5 907.00g·hm^-2和821.25 g·hm^-2;油菜-水稻轮作易造成土壤径流磷损失,总磷损失量达到1 045.77 g·hm^-2。研究表明,在洱海地区,施用相应作物专用BB肥能够有效降低土壤径流氮磷损失,蚕豆-水稻轮作是一种较好的减少氮磷面源污染的种植模式。     

冀中南多样化种植模式的适水效应分析

为优化冀中南作物种植结构,本研究以河北省典型地下水漏斗区邢台市为例,基于作物需水SIMETAW模型系统量化1965—2018年冬小麦、春棉花、春玉米、夏谷子、夏大豆和春绿豆等10种主要农作物的生育期需水量与灌溉需水量,针对当地不同降水年型和水资源条件以及不同作物的生育期、生长发育特点和前后茬作物的农学特性等构建11种不同的种植模式,分析不同种植模式需水及降水耦合度等参数。结果表明:1)各作物年均生育期需水量表现为春棉花(515.2mm)冬小麦(466.6mm)春玉米(424.9mm)春油葵(420.0mm)春甘薯(362.1mm)春马铃薯(354.2mm)夏大豆(313.9mm)夏玉米(298.7mm)春绿豆(288.1mm)夏谷子(217.5mm)。2)各作物年均生育期灌溉需水量表现为冬播作物春播作物夏播作物。冬小麦年均生育期灌溉需水量最大,为329.2mm;夏谷子最低,为82.8mm。3)传统麦玉一年两熟制周年需水量最大(753.4～780.3mm),相比之下,多样化轮作模式的生育期需水量可显著降低15%～34%,生育期灌溉需水量明显降低9%～32%。春玉米-冬小麦-夏玉米、春玉米-冬小麦-夏谷子、春甘薯-冬小麦-夏玉米和春甘薯-冬小麦-夏谷子等两年三熟制在丰水年、平水年和枯水年下的生育期需水量、灌溉需水量和周年需水量均较低。春绿豆-夏谷子一年两熟模式的年均生育期需水量最低,为504.4mm,年均生育期灌溉需水量为286.8mm。因此,在保证粮食安全的前提下,为减缓河北省地下水位持续下降的趋势,发展适水种植模式是节水农业的重要途径之一。     

填闲作物消减蔬菜生产棚室土壤硝态氮潜力研究

为了明确填闲作物对棚室蔬菜土壤NO₃^--N的消减潜力, 揭示不同填闲作物消减土壤剖面累积NO₃^--N的特征, 并为探索阻控棚室蔬菜土壤氮素淋溶损失机制及预防地下水污染提供理论依据, 本研究以华北平原传统的棚室蔬菜轮作体系作为研究对象, 在蔬菜休闲期采用种植深根型填闲作物甜玉米、甜玉米+牛膝间作和白菊花的田间原位修复技术。结果表明:甜玉米和甜玉米+牛膝处理的总含氮量和吸氮量较高, 分别为20.11、19.62 t·hm^-2和240.34、287.56 kg·hm^-2, 显著高于白菊花的5.81 t·hm^-2和57.13 kg·hm^-2;根长密度和根干重均随土壤剖面深度的加深而降低, 其中白菊花处理的根长密度与根干重在0~30 cm土层显著高于其他处理, 30 cm土层以下的根干重在各处理间无差异, 根长密度在数值上表现为间作甜玉米> 甜玉米> 白菊花> 间作牛膝;甜玉米对土壤剖面0~200 cm土层的消减量高达907.87 kg·hm^-2, 显著高于白菊花的891.16 kg·hm^-2和甜玉米+牛膝间作的879.93 kg·hm^-2。因此, 在蔬菜作物轮作的间歇期, 种植填闲作物能有效地降低硝态氮在土壤中的累积, 控制土壤剖面硝态氮向下淋溶。     

河北平原区农作物种植水资源压力指数评价

利用河北平原区7个地市20年(1994—2013年)的逐日气象数据,结合SIMETAW模型计算了各地市区域作物灌溉需水量,分析了各地市近20年种植结构变化对区域灌溉需水量和水资源压力指数的影响。结果表明:近20年,保定、沧州、邯郸、邢台、廊坊5个地市的粮食作物种植面积呈下降趋势,其中廊坊下降最为显著;7个地市经济作物的种植面积相对稳定;蔬果类种植面积在保定、邯郸、石家庄、衡水和廊坊等地市具有较明显的增长趋势。所有地市粮食作物的灌溉需水量均呈下降趋势,其中以邯郸下降最为显著,保定的年均粮食作物灌溉需水量最大,为20.8亿m~3;除廊坊外,其他地市经济作物的灌溉需水量均呈不同程度的下降,邢台的年均经济作物灌溉需水量最大,为5.2亿m~3;所有地市蔬果类种植年均灌溉需水量近20年呈上升趋势,以石家庄增加趋势最为显著,且石家庄和保定的蔬果种植需水量分别在1995和1996年以后均高于当地经济作物灌溉需水量。沧州、邯郸、衡水、石家庄、保定基于农作物种植的水资源压力指数在九五、十五期间达到最高,十一五、十二五期间有所缓解,沧州的年均水资源压力指数最高。     

Changes in yield classification in a soybean-rice rotation

For yield based site-specific management to be successful in fields with crop rotations, changes in management zones between crops must be determined. The study objectives were to determine if yield classes change between crops within a rotation and whether soil properties can predict the yield classes or the year-to-year changes. A percentile classification method was used to categorize yearly soybean (Glycine max) and rice (Oryza sativa) yield in two fields with soybean-rice-soybean rotations into low, medium and high yield classes. There was little agreement in yield classifications between years. Yield class based on soil properties was predicted accurately by linear discriminant analysis in Field 1 20–67% of the time and in Field 2 13–83% of the time. Predictions in Field 1 were based on soil available Mg and P, elevation and the deep soil apparent electrical conductivity (EC_a). Predictions in Field 2 were based on soil texture, soil available P, K and Mg, and pH. The linear discriminant analysis was also able to predict year-to-year changes in yield class. Changes in class in Field 1 could be predicted by total soil C and N, silt, and soil available Mg and P depending on the year. Soil texture, soil available P, K and Mg, total soil C and pH, elevation and deep soil EC_a predicted yield changes in Field 2 depending on the year. The results of this study indicate only limited success at management zone definition in a soybean-rice rotation. Further investigation is needed with other crop rotation sequences to verify the findings of this study.     

Effect of weather conditions on soil fertility,crop yield,and fertilizer efficiency in the Central Chernozem Zone

The effect of agrometeorological characteristics of the Central Chernozem Zone on soil fertility, yield of rotation crops, and mineral fertilizer efficiency is shown. Four productive groups of years are singled out for each crop and as a whole for the crop rotation.     

填闲种植对棚室菜田累积氮素消减及黄瓜生长的影响

【目的】在中国集约化蔬菜种植区,传统的高水肥投入导致土壤氮素大量累积,致使氮素淋洗到土壤深层或进入地下水,造成地下水硝酸盐污染。种植填闲作物可控制和减少土壤深层硝态氮的累积,因此,本研究探讨不同填闲作物种类对消减土壤剖面累积硝态氮及下季作物生长的影响,筛选出适宜的填闲作物种类。【方法】以华北平原传统棚室黄瓜菜田为对象,在蔬菜休闲期通过种植深根型填闲作物,利用其根系发达、生长迅速、吸氮量大的特点,促使土层中硝态氮大量消耗,以消减土壤剖面根层NO₃^--N累积和降低土壤剖面NO₃^--N淋失。以此为目标,设置甜玉米、苋菜、甜高粱及休闲田间小区试验,采集测定土壤、植株及根系样品,分析不同填闲作物的消减效果。【结果】在这3种填闲作物中,甜玉米的生物量和吸氮量最大,整体根长密度大于其它填闲种类。从对土壤剖面NO₃^--N的消减能力来说,甜玉米的消减能力最高。2008、2009及2010年,甜玉米对0-200 cm土层土壤NO₃^--N的消减量分别为153.8、605.7和56.3 kg·hm^-2。3年休闲期后,第一季前茬休闲处理的黄瓜产量、生物量及吸氮量均最高,在产量、吸氮量上与其他处理差异显著;第二季、第三季,前茬休闲的产量、生物量和吸氮量与其他处理差异不显著;填闲作物的种植并没有对黄瓜产量造成影响,并且黄瓜收获后土壤NO₃^--N含量明显降低。氮素表观平衡中0-200 cm土层,甜玉米-黄瓜的氮素亏缺量较大,说明甜玉米能显著降低土壤NO₃^--N的残留。种植填闲作物能够达到经济效益和生态效益的双赢,甜玉米、苋菜与甜高粱可分别为农民带来39 467、497和16 522元/hm²的净收入。【结论】棚室菜田夏季种植填闲作物不仅可以消减土壤剖面根层NO₃^--N累积,而且对下茬黄瓜产量未造成显著影响,黄瓜收获后土壤NO₃^--N含量也会明显降低;在设施蔬菜轮作体系中引入填闲作物具有可行性,甜玉米为较佳的填闲作物。     

Significant reduction of ammonia emissions while increasing crop yields using the 4R nutrient stewardship in an intensive cropping system

Ammonia (NH₃) emissions should be mitigated to improve environmental quality.Croplands are one of the largest NH₃sources,they must be managed properly to reduce their emissions while achieving the target yields.Herein,we report the NH₃ emissions,crop yield and changes in soil fertility in a long-term trial with various fertilization regimes,to explore whether NH₃ emissions can be significantly reduced using the 4R nutrient stewardship (4Rs),and its int...     

西南喀斯特地区轮作旱地土壤CO2通量

中国已承诺大幅降低单位GDP碳排放,农业正面临固碳减排的重任。西南喀斯特地区环境独特,旱地面积占据优势比例,土壤碳循环认识亟待加强。以贵州省开阳县玉米-油菜轮作旱地为研究对象,采用密闭箱-气相色谱法对整个轮作期土壤CO₂释放通量进行了观测研究,结果表明:(1)整个轮作期旱地均表现为CO₂的释放源。其中油菜生长季土壤CO₂通量为(178.8±104.8) mg CO₂·m^-2·h^-1,玉米生长季为(403.0±178.8) mg CO₂·m^-2·h^-1,全年平均通量为(271.1±176.4) mg CO₂·m^-2·h^-1, 高于纬度较高地区的农田以及同纬度的次生林和松林;(2)CO₂通量日变化同温度呈现显著正相关关系,季节变化与温度呈现显著指数正相关关系,并受土壤湿度的影响,基于大气温度计算得出的Q₁₀为2.02,高于同纬度松林以及低纬度的常绿阔叶林;(3)CO₂通量与土壤pH存在显著线性正相关关系,显示出土壤pH是研究区旱地土壤呼吸影响因子之一。     

东北地区粮食作物产量变化特征及其对气象干旱的响应研究

基于东北三省1961-2015年的气象数据,计算了4个时段(雪季、雨季、生长季和年际)的标准化降水蒸散指数SPEI,同时利用HP滤波法分离了1992-2015年4种粮食作物(水稻、玉米、大豆、小麦)的气象产量,并构建相应的标准化产量残差序列,分析东北三省不同时段的SPEI对该地区主要粮食作物气象产量的影响,结果表明1)...     

地表臭氧对中国主要粮食作物产量与品质的影响：现状与展望

目前,中国地表臭氧污染水平已位列世界前列,对国内粮食安全造成了严重威胁。针对当前严重的大气污染,并且基于该领域的研究热点,本文综述了地表臭氧在农业生态风险方面的研究现状与展望。主要包括地表臭氧对作物产量和品质的影响与机制及其区域风险评估的方法与结果。提出了未来研究应着重关注臭氧区域风险评估的精准性和全面性,开发作物多品种的臭氧气孔通量模型以及建立科学的评估指标体系。此外,要探求高效减缓臭氧损伤的农艺管理措施,以及加强多因子复合实验的开展与无人机生态遥感监测技术的应用。     

秸秆覆盖还田对稻麦轮作体系中土壤及作物甲基汞累积的影响

以贵州万山汞矿区的汞污染稻田土为研究对象,采用盆栽模拟探究了小麦-水稻轮作情况下秸秆覆盖还田对土壤及小麦与水稻在重要生育期(出苗期、分蘖期、拔节期、扬花-灌浆期、乳熟-收获期)甲基汞累积的影响。结果表明:秸秆还田能提高土壤中甲基汞含量,且不同作物秸秆还田对土壤甲基汞及作物甲基汞的影响存在显著差别,其中,小麦秸秆还田后土壤甲基汞含量增加127.1%,水稻秸秆还田后土壤甲基汞含量增加25.1%,这可能缘于迥异的种植条件。同时,作物秸秆还田后小麦、水稻植株体内甲基汞含量也呈增加趋势,其中,小麦根部、地上部(茎叶)和籽粒甲基汞含量分别增加124.6%、79.2%和169%,水稻根部、地上部和籽粒甲基汞含量依次增加40.1%、61.7%和25.9%,表明作物甲基汞吸收累积量的上升可能主要源于土壤甲基汞含量的上升。因此,汞污染地区传统农艺措施中惯常采用的秸秆还田可能会显著增加人体甲基汞暴露风险,在汞污染地区推广作物秸秆还田措施时应持谨慎态度。     

Soil organic carbon dynamics and crop yield for different crop rotations in a degraded ferruginous tropical soil in a semi-arid region: a simulation approach

In recent years, simulation models have been used as a complementary tool for research and for quantifying soil carbon sequestration under widely varying conditions. This has improved the understanding and prediction of soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics and crop yield responses to soil and climate conditions and crop management scenarios. The goal of the present study was to estimate the changes in SOC for different cropping systems in West Africa using a simulation model. A crop rotation experiment conducted in Farak?-Ba, Burkina Faso was used to evaluate the performance of the cropping system model (CSM) of the Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT) for simulating yield of different crops. Eight crop rotations that included cotton, sorghum, peanut, maize and fallow, and three different management scenarios, one without N (control), one with chemical fertilizer (N) and one with manure applications, were studied. The CSM was able to simulate the yield trends of various crops, with inconsistencies for a few years. The simulated SOC increased slightly across the years for the sorghum-fallow rotation with manure application. However, SOC decreased for all other rotations except for the continuous fallow (native grassland), in which the SOC remained stable. The model simulated SOC for the continuous fallow system with a high degree of accuracy normalized root mean square error (RMSE)=0·001, while for the other crop rotations the simulated SOC values were generally within the standard deviation (s.d.) range of the observed data. The crop rotations that included a supplemental N-fertilizer or manure application showed an increase in the average simulated aboveground biomass for all crops. The incorporation of this biomass into the soil after harvest reduced the loss of SOC. In the present study, the observed SOC data were used for characterization of production systems with different SOC dynamics. Following careful evaluation of the CSM with observed soil organic matter (SOM) data similar to the study presented here, there are many opportunities for the application of the CSM for carbon sequestration and resource management in Sub-Saharan Africa.     

Real-time image processing for crop/weed discrimination in maize fields

This paper presents a computer vision system that successfully discriminates between weed patches and crop rows under uncontrolled lighting in real-time. The system consists of two independent subsystems, a fast image processing delivering results in real-time (Fast Image Processing, FIP), and a slower and more accurate processing (Robust Crop Row Detection, RCRD) that is used to correct the first subsystem’s mistakes. This combination produces a system that achieves very good results under a wide variety of conditions. Tested on several maize videos taken of different fields and during different years, the system successfully detects an average of 95% of weeds and 80% of crops under different illumination, soil humidity and weed/crop growth conditions. Moreover, the system has been shown to produce acceptable results even under very difficult conditions, such as in the presence of dramatic sowing errors or abrupt camera movements. The computer vision system has been developed for integration into a treatment system because the ideal setup for any weed sprayer system would include a tool that could provide information on the weeds and crops present at each point in real-time, while the tractor mounting the spraying bar is moving.     

Subfield crop yields and temporal stability in thousands of US Midwest fields

Understanding subfield crop yields and temporal stability is critical to better manage crops. Several algorithms have proposed to study within-field temporal variability but they were mostly limited to few fields. In this study, a large dataset composed of 5520 yield maps from 768 fields provided by farmers was used to investigate the influence of subfield yield distribution skewness on temporal variability. The data are used to test two intuitive algorithms for mapping stability: one based on standard deviation and the second based on pixel ranking and percentiles. The analysis of yield monitor data indicates that yield distribution is asymmetric, and it tends to be negatively skewed (p?<?0.05) for all of the four crops analyzed, meaning that low yielding areas are lower in frequency but cover a larger range of low values. The mean yield difference between the pixels classified as high-and-stable and the pixels classified as low-and-stable was 1.04 Mg ha^?1 for maize, 0.39 Mg ha^?1 for cotton, 0.34 Mg ha^?1 for soybean, and 0.59 Mg ha^?1 for wheat. The yield of the unstable zones was similar to the pixels classified as low-and-stable by the standard deviation algorithm, whereas the two-way outlier algorithm did not exhibit this bias. Furthermore, the increase in the number years of yield maps available induced a modest but significant increase in the certainty of stability classifications, and the proportion of unstable pixels increased with the precipitation heterogeneity between the years comprising the yield maps.