膈神经、副神经转位重建大鼠股四头肌功能的实验研究

目的 应用三级SD大鼠膈神经、副神经转位桥接尺神经修复股神经,观察此手术对重建大鼠股四头肌功能的疗效.方法 大鼠20只,随机分为A、B两组,每组10只.A组:左侧行膈神经桥接带血管蒂的尺神经转位修复股神经手术,右侧切断神经不吻合,作空白处理.B组:左侧行副神经桥接带血管蒂的尺神经转位修复股神经手术,右侧切断神经不吻合.A、B两组于24周后观察股四头肌电生理、有髓神经纤维通过率及截面积、股四头肌湿重比、肌纤维截面积比等指标.结果 A组与B组比较:肌肉复合动作电位波幅[(17.55±0.69)vs(15.48±0.66)]、股四头股湿重比[(2.0199±0.0698)vs(1.9527±0.0271)]、肌纤维截面积比[(2.108±0.027)vs(1.990±0.076)]差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05或0.01);两组有髓神经纤维通过率、截面积比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 大鼠隔神经、副神经通过桥接尺神经移位吻合至股神经,可恢复股四头肌部分功能,用膈神经转位疗效较好.     

双峰驼眼神经和上颌神经的研究

作者运用大体解剖学方法对双峰驼的眼神经和上颌神经进行了详细的解剖学研究。研究结果表明双峰驼的眼神经和上颌神经均起于三叉神经节,其中眼神经的分支有颧颞支、泪腺神经、额神经、额窦神经、肌支、鼻睫神经以及连于睫状神经节的交通支。鼻睫神经分为滑车下神经和筛神经。筛神经分为鼻内支和鼻外支。鼻睫神经有交通支连于睫状神经节。上颌神经分出颧面支、副颧面支、颧骨神经,鼻后神经、腭大神经、腭小神经和上齿槽后支,其主干延续为眶下神经。颧骨神经在眼眶后部分出。鼻后神经在翼腭窝内分为数支参与构成翼腭神经丛。腭大神经分出腭副神经以及进入鼻腔底壁的侧支。     

双峰驼面神经解剖

双峰驼的面神经在伸出茎乳突孔之前发出岩大神经、镫骨肌神经、鼓索和一加入岩小神经的交通支,并接受一条来自前庭耳蜗神经的交通支和迷走神经的耳支。面神经穿出茎乳突孔之后发出耳后神经、耳内支,腮腺支二腹肌支、颈支、耳睑神经,上颊支和下颊支。6/10例面神经发出一交通支连于舌咽神经。耳后神经与第一、第二颈神经之间不见有交通支。耳后神经和耳内支有侧支分布于腮腺和腮耳肌。上颊支在犬齿肌深面分为许多小支与眶下神经的分支形成一神经丛。下颊支在下颌骨的外侧面与颏副神经有较粗的交通支相连。     

双峰驼的下颌神经

运用大体解剖学方法对5例骆驼头左右两侧进行详细的解剖,以研究双峰驼的下颌神经。双峰驼的下颌神经的主要分支有颞深神经、咬肌神经、颊神经、舌神经、下齿槽神经、下颌舌骨肌神经、翼内侧肌神经、翼外侧肌神经和耳颞神经。颊神经在其起始部有较粗的交通支与上颌神经和腭大神经相连;在颊后部外侧面分为7～8条小支,形成颊神经丛。双峰驼有1～2个颏副孔,下齿槽神经在下颌管内分出1～2条颏副神经,穿经颏副孔,分布于颊及下唇。     

鸡INR的神经束与血－神经屏障的超微结构

 【目的】研究鸡肠Remak神经（INR）神经束的超微构造与血－神经屏障的微细形态,为进一步阐明INR的生理功能提供理论基础。【方法】应用透射电镜技术研究鸡肠Remak神经（INR）神经束的超微构造与血－神经屏障的微细形态。【结果】鸡INR被神经束膜分隔成许多神经束,束内既有无髓纤维又有有髓纤维,但以无髓神经纤维的数量占绝对优势。雪旺氏细胞与两种神经纤维的形成与结构密切相关。神经束膜细胞突起长而薄,包绕神经束,其丰富的粗面内质网、线粒体和发达高尔基复合体,以及以常染色质为主的细胞核和明显的核仁结构,提示束膜细胞具有活跃的蛋白合成和分泌功能。不同于肠壁内ENS缺乏神经屏障的现象,鸡INR的神经束膜中分布有血－神经屏障,是由结构紧密的毛细血管及其周围多层排列的束膜细胞形成的,且束膜细胞表面可见吞饮泡的形成,但未见不同束膜细胞之间有特殊的细胞连接。这种组成特点表明,鸡INR的血－神经屏障没有哺乳动物外周神经的严密。【结论】上述试验结果显示,鸡INR的细胞学结构既不同于肠壁内ENS,也与外周神经有差异,具有一定的特殊性。     

双峰驼坐骨神经的解剖

利用人体解剖学的方法对1个成年母驼后躯及3个股中部以下的标本进行了观察研究。结果表明：坐骨神经由第7腰神经腹侧支及第1、2荐神经腹侧支构成。坐骨神经在伸延途中主要分成胫神经、腓总神经、股后皮神经和肌支,而胫神经又分成足底内、外侧神经,腓总神经又分成腓浅神经和腓深神经,肌支有肌闭孔内肌肌支、肌股方肌肌支和臂股二头肌半健肌半膜肌肌支。     

Development of a receptor on a foreign nerve fiber in a Pacinian corpuscle

When the sensory fiber of a Pacinian corpuscle (in cat mesentery) is transected (at the inferior mesenteric nerve) transduction fails within 30 hours: the nerve ending produces no generator potentials in response to mechanical stimulation. Electrically elicited nerve impulse conduction continues for at least another 18 hours. A transducer mechanism develops on a regenerating nerve fiber when this fiber enters the denervated corpuscle. Such transducer development takes place on myelinated fibers from the inferior mesenteric nerve, which normally supplies corpuscles, as well as on myelinated hypogastric nerve fibers, which normally do not go to corpuscles, including fibers larger than the original corpuscle afferents.     

Natural abundance carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of the canine sciatic nerve

The proton-decoupled natural abundance carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of the canine sciatic nerve is virtually identical to that of canine adipose tissue and markedly similar to that of liquid triolein. No resonances assignable to cholesterol, glycolipids, or sphingolipids are detectable in the sciatic nerve spectrum despite their abundance in the myelin sheath of this nerve. However, many such resonances are observed in lipid extracts of the nerve. Chronmatographic analysis of specimens of canine and rabbit sciatic nerve has revealed that these contain sufficient triglyceride to account quantitatively for the observed spectrum. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance and spin-labeling results for preparations containing myelin, especially those derived from the peripheral nerve, should be critically examined for experimental artifacts reflecting the triglyceride content.     

鸡的肠神经(N.intestinalis)解剖

作为禽类特有的肠神经,始于泄殖腔背侧,沿直肠、回肠和空肠延伸至十二指肠升袢末端、胰管和胆囊管开口处。直肠段最粗,为中枢端,神经节明显而大,回肠段最细,神经节不明显,空肠段最长,为末梢端,沿途有多个神经节,并有分支至肠管和泌尿生殖器官。该条神经为荐部副交感神经的延续,全程没见交感神经和迷走神经纤维。部分个体在末端有与前肠系膜神经分支的吻合支。     

Stretch receptors in the foregut of the blowfly

Two bipolar neurons are located in a nerve branch connecting the recurrent nerve and foregut of the blowfly Phormia regina. Spike activity accompanying peristalsis or controlled enlargement of the foregut region is recorded from two cells in the recurrent nerve. The spikes are abolished by section of the nerve branch connecting recurrent nerve and foregut. It is concluded that the two neurons are the foregut stretch receptors predicted from results of behavioral experiments and vital to the regulation of feeding by the fly.     

Nerve endings: rapid appearance of labeled protein shown by electron microscope radioautography

Electron microscope radioautographs of nerve ending fractions from mouse cerebrum show that radioactive protein is associated with nerve endings 15 and 90 minutes after intracerebral injection of tritiated leucine and lysine. The results are consistent with synthesis of protein at nerve endings, or with extremely rapid transport of particulate protein to nerve endings in the mouse cerebrum, or both.     

High-resolution proton magnetic resonance spectra of a rabbit sciatic nerve

Proton magnetic resonance spectra (220-megahertz field) of an isolated rabbit sciatic nerve in its native state have been observed and assigned to the extracellular water, intracellular water, and phospholipids of the nerve. This study indicates that the nerve fibers contain fluid-like hydrophobic regions, in agreement with the results of recent electron spin resonance spin-labeled studies of excitable membranes of nerve and muscle.     

双峰驼股神经的解剖

利用大体解剖学的方法对一个成年母驼后躯及３个股中部以下的标本（左二右一）进行了观察研究。结果表明：股神经由第五至第七腰神经的腹侧支构成。股神经由腰荐神经干的前部发出后,在髂腰肌里延伸,有髂腰肌神经发出,并有肌支分布于髋关节肌、股四头肌,主干延续为隐神经。隐神经主要分支分布于股膝内侧、小腿和跗关节内侧面的皮肤和筋膜。     

Nerve growth factor of very high yield and specific activity

Nerve growth factor has been isolated from submaxillary glands of mnature male mice at specific activities about a million times, and in yields of biological activity ten million times, greater than best previous results. The major improvement in the isolation is related to the separation of a highly active tosylarginine methyl esterase present in cruder preparations. The new nerve growth factor may be an entity different from the older one, although no gross differences in the qualitative aspects of their actions are apparent on superficial examination of chick ganglia influenced by them. The neurites which develop from a ganglion in the presence of nerve growth factor are of nearly equal length. The amount of nerve growth factor determines the number of neurites but not the extent of individual development. The amount of the new nerve growth factor which evokes the appearance of a hundred neurites from a single ganglion appears to be about ten molecules. Since each neurite seems to arise from a different neuron each molecule of nerve growth factor must affect several cells. This result can be rationalized by a catalytic mechanism or by indirect action of nerve growth factor through a hypothetical cell which produces a neurite evocator on contact with the molecule of nerve growth factor.     

Adrenergic excitation of cutaneous pain receptors induced by peripheral nerve injury

The mechanisms by which peripheral nerve injuries sometimes lead to causalgia, aberrant burning pain peripheral to the site of nerve damage, are uncertain, although the sympathetic nervous system is known to be involved. Whether such syndromes could be the result of the development of responsiveness by some cutaneous pain receptors (C-fiber nociceptors) to sympathetic efferent activity as a consequence of the nerve injury was tested in an animal model. After nerve damage but not in its absence, sympathetic stimulation and norepinephrine were excitatory for a subset of skin C-fiber nociceptors and enhanced the responsiveness of these nociceptors to tissue-damaging stimulation. These effects were demonstratable within days after nerve lesions, occurred at the cutaneous receptive terminal region, were manifest in sensory fibers that had not degenerated after the injury, and were mediated by alpha 2-adrenergic-like receptors.     

肌电图在平山病诊断中的作用

目的探讨肌电图在诊断分析平山病中的作用．方法选取平山病患者21例为观察组,选取同期健康体检人员21例为对照组,均行肌电图检查和神经传导检测;比较两组人员尺神经和正中神经的神经传导结果,分析观察组患者肌电图的异常情况．结果观察组患者尺神经和正中神经的远端运动潜伏期均明显长于对照组;观察组患者尺神经和正中神经的拇短展肌复合肌肉动作电位均明显低于对照组;患肢远端肌自发电位发生率、多相电位增多发生率、平均时限延长发生率、平均电压增高发生率均明显高于患肢近端肌、对侧远端肌、对侧近端肌,患肢近端肌自发电位发生率、多相电位增多发生率、平均时限延长发生率、平均电压增高发生率均明显高于对侧远端肌、对侧近端肌,差异均具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）．结论肌电图在平山病的诊断分析中具有重要的指导价值,可展现患者电生理上的亚临床变化,为疾病的诊断和治疗提供依据．     

Tumor-inducing factor in Drosophila

Strips of rat nerve from dorsal roots were immersed in solutions containing sodium cyanide and alpha-dinitrophenol. The inhibitors extinguish the action potential of such strips within minutes. The rapid action on mammalian nerve is contrasted with the slow effect of inhibitors on amphibian and invertebrate nerve.     

Restoration of auditory nerve synapses in cats by cochlear implants

Congenital deafness results in abnormal synaptic structure in endings of the auditory nerve. If these abnormalities persist after restoration of auditory nerve activity by a cochlear implant, the processing of time-varying signals such as speech would likely be impaired. We stimulated congenitally deaf cats for 3 months with a six-channel cochlear implant. The device used human speech-processing programs, and cats responded to environmental sounds. Auditory nerve fibers exhibited a recovery of normal synaptic structure in these cats. This rescue of synapses is attributed to a return of spike activity in the auditory nerve and may help explain cochlear implant benefits in childhood deafness.     

Sending sound to the brain

The cochlear implant, a microelectrode array that directly stimulates the auditory nerve, has greatly benefited many individuals with profound deafness. Deaf patients without an intact auditory nerve may be helped by the next generation of auditory prostheses: surface or penetrating auditory brainstem implants that bypass the auditory nerve and directly stimulate auditory processing centers in the brainstem.     

Garfish olfactory nerve: easily accessible source of numerous long, homogeneous, nonmyelinated axons

The olfactory nerve of the garfish, Lepisosteus, is about 1 millimeter in diameter and about 20 centimeters long, depending on the size of the fish; it is easily prepared by breaking off successive scored segments of the rostrum. It consists of a relatively homogeneous population of about 10(7) nonmyelineated nerve fibers, each about 0.24 micrometer in diameter. In most other nerves each fiber is separated from all others by an enfolding Schwann cell, but in the olfactory nerve the fibers are directly in contact with one another in groups of several hundred fibers. The Schwann cell, not directly concerned with propagation of the nerve impulse, forms a thin layer at the periphery of the group and makes up a small proportion of the total cellular material. The volume of axon cytoplasm is about five times greater than that of Schwann cell cytoplasm, and the axon surface is about 30 times the Schwann cell surface. The ratio of surface to volume for axons of a typical olfactory nerve is about 5400 times that for the squid axon of the same diameter. The large proportion of axonal membrane recommends this nerve for use in chemical and physical studies of properties of axon membranes.