猪颈前神经节脊髓颈部和胃内Leptin长形受体mRNA的分布定位

用原位杂交法研究了10头长白猪(n=5)和梅山猪(n=5)颈前神经节、脊髓颈部和胃内Ob—Rb mRNA的分布定位。实验结果表明，Ob—Rb mRNA标记神经元位于长白猪和梅山猪颈前神经节、脊髓颈部和胃内。在颈前神经节，Ob—Rb mRNA标记神经元散在分布，胞体呈圆形或卵圆形。在脊髓颈部，Ob—Rb mRNA标记神经元分布于背侧角和腹侧角，以背侧角分布密集。在胃内，Ob—Rb mRNA标记细胞分布于黏膜层和黏膜下层。长白猪和梅山猪上述结构内Ob—Rb mRNA的分布定位无明显差异。     

Leptin长形受体mRNA与LHRH在猪前脑内共存

为了寻找Leptin在下丘脑水平调控生殖内分泌的形态学证据，用原位杂交和免疫组织化学相结合的方法，研究了5头三元杂交仔猪前脑内Leptin长形受体（OB-Rb）mRNA和黄体生成素释放激素（LHRH）免疫反应阳性物质的共存关系。结果表明，OB-Rb mRNA和LHRH免疫反应阳性神经元在下丘脑、海马结构、大脑皮层和杏仁核内共存，即上述结构内一些表达Leptin长形受体mRNA的神经元也含有LHRH免疫反应阳性物质。在下丘脑，双阳性神经元主要位于室旁核、室周核、腹内侧核、外侧区、弓状核；在大脑皮层（额叶和顶叶）内，双阳性神经元主要位于Ⅲ～Ⅴ层；在海马结构内，双阳性神经元主要位于齿状回的多形层和颗粒层以及海马的锥体细胞层。结果提示，Leptin可能通过其受体直接作用于下丘脑的促性腺激素释放激素（GnRH）神经元调节动物的生殖和内分泌活动。     

出生前山羊大脑皮质的形成和发育

对山羊胚胎大脑皮质形成及其神经元发育的形态学变化进行了研究，结果表明：（1）山羊胚胎不同类型大脑皮质的皮质板形成时间顺序为旧皮质、新皮质→海马皮质，与种系发生规律相反，提示神经系统内部结构的形成并非完全符合种系进化，而与动物个体组织结构自身的发展相关。不同类型大脑皮质皮质板的分化顺序为古皮质→旧皮质→新皮质，与种系发生的顺序相符。（2）山羊胚胎海马皮质锥体细胞的发育较早，按由深到浅的次序发育，而海马皮质中的非锥体细胞于第19周开始发育。梨状叶皮质锥体细胞发育的较早，最先出现在深层，颗粒层第18周出现。大脑新皮质各层神经元发育顺序依次为：内锥体层→外锥体层、多形层→内颗粒层→外颗粒层。各种类型皮质的神经元在出生前都未发育成熟。     

Ghrelin在成年皖西白鹅大、小脑内的免疫组化定位

采用免疫组化技术链酶亲和素-生物素-过氧化物酶复合物(StreptAvidin-Biotin-Complex,SABC)法,对成年皖西白鹅大脑和小脑中ghrelin神经元的定位和分布进行了研究。结果显示,大脑分泌ghrelin的神经元和神经纤维主要分布在大脑皮质内,其中锥体层阳性神经元数量最多,多为锥体细胞;小脑分泌ghrelin的神经元主要分布在小脑皮质内,其中蒲肯野细胞层和分子层免疫阳性神经元数量最多,颗粒层阳性神经元数量较少;而大脑和小脑白质内均未见分布。这表明ghrelin在成年皖西白鹅大脑和小脑皮质中分布广泛,可能以自分泌/旁分泌的形式调节中枢神经系统。     

仔猪前脑基底部内生长抑素mRNA的分布定位──原位杂交法研究

用原位杂交法研究了５只仔猪前脑基底部一些结构内生长抑素ｍＲＮＡ的分布。结果表明，生长抑素ｍＲＮＡ分布于尾状核、伏隔核、壳核、屏状核、隔核、杏仁核、嗅结节和梨状叶。含生长抑素ｍＲＮＡ的神经元胞体多呈卵圆形或梭形。尾状核和伏隔核内的标记细胞分布较均匀（尾状核前部未观察）。壳核、屏状核、梨状叶和嗅结节内的多位于深层。隔核和杏仁核内出现的标记细胞较少，隔核内的分布于隔外侧核。在猪体上的实验结果与用免疫组织化学法在绵羊和马体上获得的结果有一些差异。     

雌激素受体α在雌性大鼠脑中的表达

本试验利用免疫组织化学SP法,研究了雌激素受体α在大鼠脑中的表达.结果表明,ER_α免疫反应产物主要定位于神经元细胞核,部分区域出现阳性神经元和阳性突起,在海马CA1、CA2辐射层、齿状回、下托的分子层等出现阳性星形胶质细胞;ER_α在脑中表达广泛,免疫反应产物在端脑的隔外侧核、海马锥体细胞层、大脑皮质等,间脑的缰内侧核、下丘脑室旁核、弓状核、视上核等,中脑的动眼神经核,脑桥的脑桥核外侧部等为高密度;在端脑的尾壳核、杏仁中央核、海马CA4区,间脑的下丘脑室周核、缰外侧核等,中脑的黑质致密带,脑桥的脑桥被盖核等为较高密度;在问脑的视前室周核、丘脑后核、中脑的红核、脑桥的脑桥被盖网状核等为中等密度;在端脑的苍白球,间脑的无名质,无免疫反应产物出现.结果显示,雌激素在调节脑的认知和生殖内分泌过程中,ER_α可能起主要作用;雌激素可通过ER_α调节星形胶质细胞功能.     

兔脑NOS阳性神经元的总体分布和形态、结构的研究

为研究一氧化氮合酶（NOS）阳性神经元在各年龄段家兔脑内的分布规律及其衰老性变化，用NADPH-d组织化学技术，观察了一氧化氮合酶阳性神经元在家兔脑内的分布和形态。结果显示：在家兔的小脑、大脑皮质、丘脑下部、中脑、脑桥等处有较多的一氧化氮合酶阳性神经元分布，延髓分布极少。NADPH—d阳性神经元呈蓝色，细胞核不着色，突起染色都很清晰。表明一氧化氮与中枢神经系统的诸多功能有关。     

猪与小鼠海马成体神经发生以及海马结构特征的对比分析

以小鼠为参照对象,探索猪海马的成体神经发生、形态结构以及细胞构筑的特点。本试验以成年猪和小鼠的海马为研究对象,以双皮质素作为研究成体神经发生的特异标记物,结合其他几种标记物进行免疫组织化学和免疫荧光染色。经对比分析发现,双皮质素可以作为一种研究成体神经发生的特异标志物;成年猪与小鼠海马中持续地进行着神经发生,但两者具有不同特点,其中成年猪海马新生神经元的平均胞体面积比小鼠小,但其平均相对树突长度比小鼠的长,以及单位齿状回长度新生神经元的数量也比小鼠多;另外,猪与小鼠海马的细胞组成、分层和基本结构大致相同,但猪海马齿状回呈现不规则的C形。猪海马构成与小鼠的大致相同,但其成体神经发生要更加活跃。     

肉用雏鸡海马结构及周围皮质样层内生长抑素mRNA的分布

应用地高辛标记反意生长抑素ｃＲＮＡ探针原位杂交技术,研究５日龄ＡＡ肉鸡生长抑索ｍＲＮＡ阳性神经元胞体在海马结构及其皮质样层内的分布。结果表明：生长抑素ｍＲＮＡ阳性胞体主要分布在背侧海马及隔海马核内;此外,在背内侧海马,旁海马及其周围皮质内也有少量标记细胞。生长抑素ｍＲＮＡ阳性胞体为梭形和椭圆形,直径约７～２０μｍ。胞质内均有强度不等的黑色或蓝黑色杂交反应物。     

兔脑nNOS阳性神经元的分布和形态结构

用SABC免疫组织化学技术,观察了神经元型一氧化氮合酶（nNOS）阳性神经元在家兔脑内的分布和形态。结果显示,在家兔的大脑皮质、小脑、中脑、脑桥等处有较多的nNOS免疫阳性神经元分布,延髓分布较为稀少。nNOS免疫阳性神经元呈棕褐色,着色主要位于胞浆内,细胞核着色较淡,nNOS阳性纤维大多呈棕色串珠样。表明一氧化氮作为神经递质,可能与脑的调控功能有关。     

Structure, function, and metabolism in the lung

Research into the molecular basis of cellular injury and repair will lead to advances in our understanding of the pathogenesis of infectious and noninfectious respiratory disease in cattle. In order to appreciate these advances fully, it is necessary to define the basics of structure, function, and metabolism in the respiratory system.     

Aspects of the ecology of the Asian tapeworm, Bothriocephalus acheilognathi Yamaguti, 1934 in yellowfish in the Vaal Dam, South Africa

Seasonal surveys were conducted at the Vaal Dam between April 2000 and January 2001. Twenty smallmouth yellowfish (Labeobarbus aeneus) and 20 largemouth yellowfish (Labeobarbus kimberleyensis) were collected with the aid of gill nets. Surface water quality variables were included. The cestodes were identified as either Bothriocephalus acheilognathi Yamaguti, 1934 or "other cestode spp.". The majority (99.8%) of the cestodes found in both yellowfish species were identified as B. acheilognathi (Asian tapeworm). The prevalence, mean intensity and abundance of B. acheilognathi in both yellowfish species were calculated. Ecological parameters including species specificity, seasonality, gender specificity and relationships between fish size and the Asian tapeworm prevalence were also included. In this study, B. acheilognathi preferred L. kimberleyensis over L. aeneus although a low intensity was observed in smallmouth yellowfish. Furthermore, the infection (in terms of prevalence, abundance and mean intensity) in largemouth yellowfish was markedly higher. Seasonal patterns observed in the Asian tapeworm's infection of smallmouth yellowfish are attributed to breeding and subsequent feeding patterns of this fish species with relatively high infections recorded in winter and spring. For L. kimberleyensis no explanation can be given regarding the seasonal patterns observed for the mean intensity and abundance of B. acheilognathi. The maximum and minimum mean intensity and abundance values in largemouth yellowfish were recorded in autumn and spring, respectively. In addition, the prevalence of B. acheilognathi was consistently high in all four seasons.     

Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of dirlotapide in the dog

Three once-daily oral doses of 0.2 mg/kg [¹⁴C]dirlotapide were administered to beagle dogs to study the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of dirlotapide. Mean ¹⁴C recovered at 2.5 and 4.5 h after the last dose was 90%. Mean ¹⁴C in urine, bile, and feces was <1%, 1.7%, and 56% of the dose, respectively. In tissues, 26% of the ¹⁴C dose was present in the gastrointestinal tract, 6.0% in liver, and <1% each in kidney, gall bladder, heart, and brain. To further characterize drug disposition, a single 2.5-mg/kg oral dose of [¹⁴C]dirlotapide was administered to beagle dogs. More than 84% of the dose had been eliminated by 72 h in feces, with 21% of the dose present in feces as parent dirlotapide. Less than 1% of the dose was excreted in urine. In bile collected during the first 24-h postdose from three dogs, 32% and 11% of the ¹⁴C dose was present in samples from male and female dogs, respectively. Based upon metabolite profiling of plasma, excreta, and bile samples, dirlotapide was extensively metabolized to more than 20 metabolites. Biliary/fecal excretion and the potential for enterohepatic recycling of metabolites are suggested.