14种植物乙醇提取物对荔枝粗胫翠尺蛾成虫产卵和幼虫取食的影响

测定了14种植物乙醇提取物对荔枝粗胫翠尺蛾(Thalassodes immissaria Walker)成虫产卵、2龄幼虫取食及存活的影响.结果表明,非洲山毛豆、洋紫荆、肉桂、华南毛蕨和少花龙葵5种植物提取物对荔枝粗胫翠尺蛾的产卵抑制作用最佳,处理1 d后的产卵抑制率分别为87.50%、81.25%、78.73%、71...     

温度对粗胫翠尺蛾生长发育和繁殖的影响

【目的】明确温度对粗胫翠尺蛾各虫态存活率、发育历期以及繁殖力的影响，为准确预测粗胫翠尺蛾发生期及提高田间防控效果提供参考依据。【方法】采用室内人工恒温饲养的方法，以荔枝嫩梢为寄主，利用年龄-阶段两性生命表，测定20、23、26、29、32℃5个温度下粗胫翠尺蛾各虫态发育历期、存活率、成虫寿命及繁殖力，对其发育速率与温度的相关性进行回归分析，计算各虫态发育起点温度和有效积温。【结果】20～32℃范围内，粗胫翠尺蛾能正常发育，发育历期会随着温度的升高而缩短。各虫态的存活率明显受到温度的影响，32℃下各虫态的存活率均明显低于其他温度，其中1龄幼虫受影响较大，存活率低于80%。雌雄成虫的寿命在32℃下最短，单雌产卵量也最少，仅为（125.20±29.38）粒。20～32℃条件下，内禀增长率r值分别为0.08±0.01、0.08±0.01、0.11±0.01、0.12±0.01和0.10±0.01，净繁殖率R0分别为139.63±7.69、142.09±10.38、176.92±8.52、107.01±9.11和45.57±5.21。各虫态发育速率与温度符合二次回归模型，利用直线回归法计算得到粗...     

荔枝粗胫翠尺蛾触角感器的扫描电镜观察

利用扫描电镜对荔枝粗胫翠尺蛾雌雄虫触角上的感器进行观察和研究。结果表明,荔枝粗胫翠尺蛾雌虫触角丝状,雄虫触角羽状,分布有锥形感器、腔锥形感器、刺形感器、毛形感器、芽孢形感器、耳形感器、指形感器等7种感器,其中毛形感器数量最多,芽孢形感器雄虫特有。     

粗胫翠尺蛾对不同荔枝品种的选择性研究

通过田间调查、电生理和行为学测定,研究了粗胫翠尺蛾(Thalassodes immissaria Walker)对5个荔枝品种(‘糯米糍’、‘妃子笑’、‘桂味’、‘黑叶’、‘淮枝’)的选择性。连续3 a田间调查显示,‘糯米糍’和‘妃子笑’受害较重,100梢虫数量平均为66.87头和58.70头,而‘淮枝’受害较轻,100梢虫数量平均为29.80头。粗胫翠尺蛾对‘桂味’、‘糯米糍’和‘妃子笑’3个品种叶片气味的相对触角电位值高于‘黑叶’,而对‘淮枝’的反应值最低。在Y型嗅觉仪测试中,粗胫翠尺蛾成虫更趋向于‘糯米糍’和‘妃子笑’,而对‘淮枝’的趋向性最差,‘糯米糍’和‘妃子笑’相比差异不显著。这些试验结果共同证明了粗胫翠尺蛾对5个荔枝品种具有选择性,而荔枝叶片气味在粗胫翠尺蛾寄主选择时具有重要的行为导向作用。     

威剑纹夜蛾生物学及形态学特征研究

对莲藕新害虫威剑纹夜蛾的生物学特性及形态学特征进行了系统的观察与研究。研究结果表明,其卵发育历期为4~6 d,幼虫总发育历期为14~22 d,蛹期为12~16 d,成虫寿命为12~21 d;生长发育最适温区为25~31℃,当温度高于31℃时,其各虫态存活率大大下降,温度高至37℃时,存活率为零;成虫夜间活动,有趋光性,大多后半夜交配,交配当天即可产卵;初孵幼虫有取食卵壳或卵粒的习性,喜群集于卵块附近,1~3龄幼虫只取食莲叶上表皮和叶肉,4龄后开始取食全叶,5龄后进入暴食期。成虫触角丝状,翅展26.3~58.5 mm,前翅相对窄;卵圆形略扁,相互重叠呈链状,初产时为淡黄色,随后颜色不断加深至深黑褐色;幼虫共6龄,头黑褐色,腹部棕黑色,有长毛;蛹红褐色,有光泽,长12.2~15.2 mm。     

菜粉蝶发育起点温度和有效积温的研究

采用18,21,24,27,30℃五个温度对菜粉蝶(Pieris rapeasp L.)各虫态(龄)发育起点温度和有效积温进行了测定.研究结果表明,卵、幼虫和蛹在18～30℃范围内均能正常生长发育,尤以24～27℃条件下最适宜,发育速率与温度呈直线关系:卵、1龄幼虫、2龄幼虫、3龄幼虫、4龄幼虫、5龄幼虫和蛹的发育起点温度分别为8.4,8.8,8.3,8.3,8.6,8.6,14.5℃,有效积温分别为56.4,53.8,53.1,53.1,47.7,47.7,82.8 d·℃;卵、幼虫和蛹的发育历期分别为4～8d,11～22 d,5～16 d;成虫寿命4～6 d.延安地区菜粉蝶1 a可发生5～6代.     

蕹菜纪录虫——筒小卷蛾的生物学特性及形态学特征研究

对蕹菜上新发现的害虫筒小卷蛾的生物学特性及形态学特征进行了系统的观察和研究.研究结果表明,卵粒淡黄色,较扁平;幼虫体绿色,头壳黑色;蛹为被蛹,初化蛹为墨绿色,羽化前颜色为黄褐色;成虫褐色黄色相间,翅面中央一条明显浅黄色横带.筒小卷蛾的一个世代为(34.714±1.074)d,其中卵、幼虫、蛹和成虫的发育历期分别为(4.250±0.125)d、(12.167±0.259)d、(5.917±0.130)d和(12.429±1.025)d.幼虫共5龄,1～5龄的发育历期分别为(1.583±0.142)d、(1.750±0.125)d、(1.833±0.108)d、(2.333±0.136)d和(4.667±0.245)d.低龄幼虫取食叶脉附近的叶肉,高龄幼虫卷叶取食,常伴有咬断叶柄行为.成虫羽化高峰在8:00～10:00,交配高峰在5:00～10:00.成虫羽化1～2d后进行交配,交配1～2 d后即可产卵,每雌产卵量为58～133粒.     

几种热带果树对绿额翠尺蛾实验种群增长的影响

绿额翠尺蛾Thalassodes proquadraria Inouce是为害荔枝、杧果等热带果树的重要害虫。在室内条件下(温度24~28℃、湿度70%~90%)观察了荔枝等11种热带果树对绿额翠尺蛾发育历期及繁殖的影响。结果表明,在荔枝、杧果、龙眼、莲雾等4种热带果树上绿额翠尺蛾均能完成世代发育及后代能正常繁殖,为其寄主植物,菠萝蜜、杨桃、香蕉、番荔枝、枇杷、番石榴、柚不是其寄主植物;取食龙眼的世代历期和成虫寿命最长,显著长于荔枝、杧果、莲雾,存活率和产卵量也存在显著差异;种群趋势指数从大到小依次为荔枝杧果莲雾龙眼,荔枝是绿额翠尺蛾最适宜的寄主,其次是杧果和莲雾,龙眼是最不适宜的寄主。     

夜蛾黑卵蜂(Telenomus remus Nixon)个体发育研究

夜蛾黑卵蜂（Telenomus remus Nixon）是多种夜蛾类害虫卵期重要寄生性天敌。在实验室温度（26±1）℃、相对湿度（70±10）%、光周期L：D为12h：12h条件下,以甜菜夜蛾卵为寄主,系统观察了夜蛾黑卵蜂个体发育过程中各虫态的形态特征及其发育历期。结果表明,夜蛾黑卵蜂的个体发育可分为卵、1龄幼虫、2龄幼虫、预蛹、蛹和成虫6个发育阶段。从卵发育到成虫约需10d,其中卵、1龄幼虫和2龄幼虫的发育历期分别为13h,59h和24h,预蛹期24h,蛹期5d。在实验室条件下,夜蛾黑卵蜂过寄生现象明显,但通常只有1头蜂能完成发育。夜蛾黑卵蜂成虫羽化时在寄主卵壳咬出1个羽化孔,雄蜂通常会比雌蜂早羽化约1d;雄蜂羽化后会守候在未羽化的雌蜂旁边,待雌蜂羽化,立刻与之交配。     

甘蔗红尾白螟蛹、成虫及卵特性研究

在室温条件下对甘蔗红尾白螟蛹、雌雄成虫及卵的特性进行了观察研究,测定了雌雄蛹和成虫每头平均体重、体长和体宽（翅展）,并进行了相关性分析.结果表明,成虫羽化雌雄比为1.36：1;蛹的平均发育历期为35.14±0.370d,雌雄成虫平均发育历期分别为6.10±0.220d和7.13±0.451d,卵的平均发育历期为11.58±0.267d;雄成虫的体重和翅展没有相关性,雌雄蛹和成虫的体重、体长及体宽（翅展）之间都呈显著正相关.     

正交试验法在龙眼和荔枝组织培养中的应用

利用正交设计试验法研究了椰乳（ＣＭ）、２,４－Ｄ、赤霉素（ＧＡ３）和蔗糖等四个因素及其组合对石硖龙眼和桂味荔枝的幼胚愈伤组织产生的影响,并讨论了正交设计试验法应用于龙眼和荔枝组织培养培养基筛选的可能性。结果表明：１）对龙眼,诱导愈伤组织的最优组合是 ＣＭ １０％、２,４－Ｄ１．０ｍｇ·１－１、ＧＡ３０ｍｇ·１－１和蔗糖３％;对荔枝,最优组合是ＣＭ０％,２,４－Ｄ１．０ｍｇ·１－１,ＧＡ３０ｍｇ·１－１和蔗糖 ５％。 ２）适当的 ２,４－Ｄ浓度（１．０ ｍｇ·１－１）可提高愈伤组织的产量;３）ＧＡ３抑制了龙眼和荔枝的愈伤组织的产生;４）不同树种的胚需要不同的糖浓度;５）适当ＣＭ浓度（１０％）可提高龙眼愈伤组织的产量,而荔枝愈伤组织的产生并不需要ＣＭ。     

荔枝和龙眼部分珍稀种质的染色体观察

以荔枝和龙眼部分种质幼叶为材料,采用等体积饱和对二氯苯和2 mmol • L-1 8–羟基喹啉混合水溶液预处理,卡诺固定液固定,酸解与酶解相结合,改良卡宝品红染色,观察了体细胞染色体数。结果表明,‘裂叶’龙眼为单倍体（2n = x = 15）,且生长表现良好;用以创建荔枝遗传图谱的作图群体母本‘马贵荔’和父本‘焦核三月红’及用以构建龙眼遗传图谱的两个作图群体母本‘凤梨朵’和‘石硖’,父本‘大乌圆’和‘中秋一号’均为二倍体（2n = 2x = 30）,通过远缘杂交得到的2株荔枝和龙眼的属间杂种A和B也为二倍体,且生长良好;一些性状独特的荔枝,如‘紫娘喜’、‘无核荔’、‘MS-07’、‘SGA’、‘YA1’、‘YN4’,以及龙眼 ‘双季’也均为二倍体。     

Experiments on Correcting Magnesium Deficiency in Glasshouse Tomatoes

The raspberry moth causes serious damage to cultivated raspberries during certain years, particularly in the Scottish fruit-growing areas where it is a major pest. In the south of England it is less abundant, although in recent years there have been indications that it may become more widespread and plentiful there (Massee, 1939, 1942, 1946).

The female moth lays eggs during June and July in the fleshy tissue at the base of the corolla and androecium. The larva, on hatching from the egg, feeds for a short time on the surface tissue of the developing fruitlet, but within a few days it penetrates into the fruit to feed on the fleshy receptacle. During this period it casts its skin once. From the fruit the second instar larva migrates in search of a place in which to hibernate. Hibernacula appear to be situated mostly in the soil close to the roots of the raspberry plants. Prior to hibernation taking place, the larva moults for the second time, so that it passes the winter as a third instar larva.

With the approach of spring, at the time when the raspberry buds are bursting, the larva leaves its hibernaculum and crawls up a cane until it finds a suitable bud into which it eats a tunnel through the closely packed leaflets. Sometimes a larva, after having consumed the contents of its first bud, leaves it and attacks a second bud which, by this time, may have developed into a young lateral two to three inches long. The larva, which infests a single bud during its spring life, pupates in that bud, but that which infests more than one bud pupates on tie-wires, leaves, canes, supporting posts or similar places. During its spring life the larva passes through another two instars (the fourth and fifth) before pupating.

The full-grown larva prepares for pupation by spinning a white silk cocoon in some suitable place. This takes approximately five days to complete. Within the cocoon the larva pupates and the pupa remains for a period of three weeks.

Adult moths appear in June and are abundant during the second half of the month. Egg- laying then commences and a new generation of the species begins.

The summer larvae, which hatch during July from eggs laid in the flowers by the female moths, do little damage to the fruit because they are very small and their feeding is largely confined to the receptacle tissue.

The most serious damage is perpetrated by the larvae which emerge from hibernation in early spring and bore into the developing buds and laterals. Although their primary buds are killed by the caterpillars these are usually replaced by secondary buds; if these in their turn are largely destroyed by migrating caterpillars the plant’s recovery is prevented because there are no further replacements to overcome the second wave of attack.     

The advancement of research on litchi and longan germplasm resources in China

Litchi and longan are famous southern subtropical fruits in China. Besides closely related to each other taxonomically, litchi and longan share many similarities in origin, cultivation history and environmental requirements; furthermore, the developments of research on litchi and longan germplasm resources are somewhat similar and comparable. This paper reviews the literature on origin and distribution, collection and conservation, classification and identification, selection and breeding of litchi and longan germplasm resources in China. The classification of litchi and longan can be divided into three stages: classification based on morphological traits, classification by isozyme analysis and DNA markers. The expression of morphological traits is often affected by environmental conditions; the number of loci that isozyme analysis can examine is small, cultivars, which are closely related often have identical isozyme patterns. The limitations of classification based on morphological traits and isozyme analysis are then overcome by the utilization of molecular markers. At present, most new litchi and longan cultivars are selected from superior seedlings obtained after open-pollination or sport; germplasm with desirable characteristics such as aborted seeds, rather big-fruit and rather late-bearing have not been fully exploited. In order to achieve the goal of improving fruit quality and agronomic characteristics, it is suggested that additional studies of genetic diversity on litchi and longan germplasm should be carried out with more powerful markers such as SSR and ISSR; marker assisted selection (MAS) should be employed to improve litchi and longan's cross breeding efficiency.     

瓜实蝇过冷却点的测定

采用热敏电阻法对瓜实蝇1日龄幼虫、5日龄幼虫、1日龄蛹、3日龄蛹、5日龄蛹、1日龄雌成虫、1日龄雄成虫、5日龄雌成虫、5日龄雄成虫进行过冷却点和结冰点的测定。结果表明：各虫态以5日龄蛹的过冷却点和3日龄蛹的结冰点最低,分别为（-16.72±0.23）℃和（-13.14±0.55）℃;以5日龄幼虫的过冷却点和结冰点最高,分别为（-14.32±0.45）℃和（-5.52±0.47）℃;各虫态的过冷却点由低到高的顺序为：5日龄蛹＜3日龄蛹＜5日龄雄成虫＜1日龄雄成虫＜1日龄蛹＜5日龄雌成虫＜1日龄幼虫＜1日龄雌成虫＜5日龄幼虫。     

荔枝、龙眼叶片表皮结构的研究

 用扫描电镜观察了荔枝、龙眼各3个品种的叶表皮。结果表明, 龙眼叶片上表皮角质层平均厚度2.36μm , 显著大于荔枝(1.93μm) 。荔枝、龙眼叶片下表皮具有大量的乳状突; 乳状突的密度, 荔枝为7 855.1个/mm² , 龙眼为7 708.8个/mm² ; 荔枝的乳状突呈近半圆形, 宽9.55μm, 高5.71μm; 龙眼的乳状突为长形, 宽5.94μm, 高10.38μm; 荔枝、龙眼气孔长×宽分别为6.98μm ×3.09μm、7.14μm×2.30μm。荔枝、龙眼表皮结构特征差异明显。     

Genetic diversity of Dimocarpus longan in China revealed by AFLP markers and partial rbcL gene sequences

Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and partial rbcL gene sequencing were used to investigate genetic diversity among various longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour) accessions as well as a presumed closely related species Dimocarpus confinis How et Ho and litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn). No significantly shared AFLP fragment was found between the three species, indicating that D. confinis and litchi are very far in genetic distance from any longan accession studied. Partial rbcL sequences of 501 bp from the first coding site in these species were obtained, which revealed several substitutes. One such DNA base pair substitute resulted in an amino acid difference between longan and litchi. Furthermore, another 4 bp resulted in a two amino acid difference between longan and D. confinis, which was consistent with AFLP results and indicated that D. confinis should be excluded from the longan genus, Dimocarpus. Within the longan species, no DNA substitute was found. Using nine primer combinations, a total of 66 AFLP markers were obtained from 41 longan accessions. One non-Chinese longan accession ‘Miaoqiao’ was distinctly different from all other longan cultivars collected in China, indicating that more genetic resources of longan might be collected also from longan production regions outside of China. AFLP markers might be developed to identify longan cultivars as well as expedite progeny screening in breeding programs of this perennial fruit tree.     

比哈小爪螨在3种南方果树上的发育与繁殖

为了探明比哈小爪螨在龙眼、荔枝、杧果上的种群增长情况,采用以上3种果树叶片为寄主材料进行饲养,以观察其发育、存活及繁殖。结果表明,比哈小爪螨取食龙眼世代发育历期最短为14.57d,取食杧果最长为20.71d;世代存活率龙眼最高为93.8%,荔枝最低为83.8%;产卵量以龙眼最高为46.63粒,杧果最低7.32粒;内禀增长率以龙眼最大为0.1328,杧果最小为0.0467;种群趋势指数的顺序为:龙眼>荔枝>果。     

荔枝、龙眼属间远缘杂种的获得及分子鉴定

以荔枝品种紫娘喜为父本,龙眼品种石硖、早熟龙眼、古山二号为母本,以及以紫娘喜为母本,石硖龙眼为父本,进行了远缘杂交研究。通过混合授粉和多组合杂交的方式,改善了属间杂交组合的不亲和性。结果表明,在紫娘喜×石硖、石硖×紫娘喜、早熟龙眼×紫娘喜以及古山二号×紫娘喜4个杂交组合中共获得杂交苗35株,经SRAP-PCR分析,在紫娘喜×石硖组合中鉴定出2株真杂种苗,杂种苗生长健壮,叶片宽大。研究的形态学和分子标记分析均显示获得了荔枝和龙眼的属间远缘杂种。