棉花黄萎病菌毒素ELISA检测方法的建立及其应用

以纯化的棉花黄萎病菌毒素(PLPC)免疫新西兰白兔制备了PLPC特异性抗血清,建立了可特异性检测棉花黄萎病菌毒素的A蛋白双抗体夹心ELISA方法。应用建立的ELISA方法测定了病菌培养滤液、人工接种幼苗和大田病株不同组织中的毒素,结果表明:不同产毒能力菌株(VD 8和VD-5)在25℃下振荡培养3d后就能在培养滤液中检测到毒素,这比生物测定要早2～3d。将VD-8菌株的孢子以灌根方式接种泗棉3号幼苗5d后,就能从接种幼苗的茎杆和叶柄中检测到毒素,这比幼苗自然发病显症要早3～5d。在测定的30份大田病株茎杆、叶柄、叶脉样品中,阳性样品率为100%。这些结果表明建立的ELISA方法可用于菌株产毒能力的测定和大田棉花黄萎病的早期诊断。     

黄曲霉毒素B1检测ELISA条件的优化

采用黄曲霉毒素B1与牛血清白蛋白偶联物(AFB1—BSA)抗原免疫Balb/C小鼠获得特异性抗体。以AFB1—STI为检测抗原,利用此抗体,进行间接竞争ELISA法试验。通过正交实验确定了最佳抗原包被反应质量浓度为1.0μg/mL;最佳抗原包被条件为:4℃过夜,一抗和酶标二抗IgG—HRP;最佳稀释度为1∶200000和1∶5000。在此优化条件下制备的抗体检测黄曲霉毒素B1具有很高的特异性和灵敏性,具有实际应用价值。     

黄曲霉毒素B1完全抗原合成及鼠源多抗血清的制备

为了合成黄曲霉毒素B1(AFB1)完全抗原,制备鼠源AFB1多克隆抗体血清。通过琥珀酰亚胺酯法在黄曲霉毒素B1(AFB1)分子上引入羧基,生成黄曲霉毒素B1肟(AFB1O)。用EDC法和DCC法合成AFB1-BSA和AFB1-OVA。采用薄层层析技术、紫外光谱技术(Uv)、SDS-PAGE鉴定完全抗原的合成。通过免疫BALB/c小鼠,获得鼠原多克隆血清,采用间接ELISA方法测定多抗血清的免疫效价,用竞争ELISA检测多克隆血清的敏感性和特异性。结果表明：免疫小鼠血清效价都在1:3200以上,其中6号鼠效价最高,到达1.28×10-4,敏感性好,半数抑制浓度IC50为22.268 ng/mL,交叉反应率低。本研究成功制备了AFB1完全抗原,获得了敏感的AFB1多克隆抗体血清,为以后制备AFB1单克隆抗体及免疫学快速检测方法奠定了基础。     

对位红抗原合成和多克隆抗体的制备

制备了一种特异性强的抗对位红的多克隆抗体。采用混合酸酐法将活化的对位红半抗原与阳离子化牛血清白蛋白（cBSA）偶联成免疫原,免疫大白兔制备多克隆抗体,利用紫外分光光度计分析结合物的结合情况,间接ELISA和间接竞争ELISA分析抗体特性。紫外扫描分析的免疫原对位红与蛋白结合的偶联率为14:1,间接竞争ELISA法分析多克隆抗体效价达到1×106,50%抑制率检测限为7.43 ng/mL,检测的对位红线性范围在0.1 ng/mL～1μg/mL,抗体与对位红和苏丹红I交叉反应率分别为100%和97.8%,与苏丹红II、III、IV和甲苯胺红的交叉反应率很低,与罗丹明类色素无交叉反应。制备的对位红多克隆抗体具有很高的特异性,与其他色素交叉反应率低,可用于对位红在食品中残留的检测。     

外源24-表油菜素内酯对低温胁迫下棉花幼苗光合生理的影响

【目的】研究外源24-表油菜素内酯(24-Epibrassinolide,EBR)对低温胁迫下棉花幼苗光合生理的影响,为EBR作为生长调节剂提高棉花耐冷能力提供依据。【方法】以中棉所60、鲁棉研28和泗棉3号为试验材料,在中棉所试验农场东场(河南省安阳县)进行大田试验,棉花苗期第一次低温来临前叶面喷施蒸馏水(CK)和不同浓度的EBR(0.1 mg·L~(-1)和0.2 mg·L~(-1)),3 d后测定叶片的相对电导率、叶绿素含量和快速叶绿素荧光诱导动力学曲线(OJIP曲线)及荧光参数。【结果】低温胁迫下,中棉所60、鲁棉研28和泗棉3号喷施EBR后相对电导率较对照下降17.7%~32.8%,中棉所60和鲁棉研28不同浓度EBR处理没有显著差异,但泗棉3号0.2 mg·L~(-1)EBR处理较0.1 mg·L~(-1)EBR处理叶片相对电导率显著降低;棉花叶片喷施EBR后叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量较对照分别提高9.7%~32.6%和15.0%~18.9%,光系统Ⅱ(PhotosystemⅡ,PSⅡ)最大光化学效率(FV/FM)和基于吸收光能的性能指数(PIABS,Performance index on absorption basis)显著提高,其中中棉所60在0.1 mg·L~(-1)EBR处理后PIABS提高幅度最大为75.6%,鲁棉研28和泗棉3号喷施0.2 mg·L~(-1)EBR后PIABS增加幅度最大,分别提高101.1%和265.6%,单位受光面积吸收的光能(ABS/CSm)、单位有活性反应中心将电子传递到电子传递链QA下游其他电子受体的能量(ETo/RC)和将电子传递到QA下游电子受体的概率(φEo)显著提高。【结论】外源EBR可以降低低温胁迫下棉花幼苗的相对电导率,通过提高叶片光能捕获能力、光合电子传递能力和叶绿素含量缓解低温对棉花光合作用的抑制,其中中棉所60喷施0.1 mg·L~(-1)EBR处理效果较好,鲁棉研28和泗棉3号喷施0.2 mg·L~(-1)处理效果较好。     

镉胁迫对棉花幼苗生长效应及不同器官镉积累的影响

以转基因抗虫棉品种农大棉9号(ND9)和国欣棉3号(GX3)为材料,设4个镉(Cd)处理(0μmol·L-1、25μmol·L-1、50μmol·L-1、100μmol·L-1)。结果表明:随Cd处理浓度升高,棉苗干物质质量、根系总根长、总表面积和总体积呈下降趋势;根冠比和根系直径呈升高趋势。Cd在根、茎、叶中的积累量表现为(叶片+叶柄)根系茎。当Cd处理浓度为50μmol·L-1时的转移率(TF)达到最大,为对照的2.2倍;处理浓度为100μmol·L-1时,TF则呈下降趋势。表明Cd胁迫增加棉苗体内Cd积累量,根系生长受到抑制,阻碍地上部植株发育,最终对棉苗产生毒害作用。     

2006年第18卷《棉花学报》总目次

·研究与进展·1(3)DPC与DTA-6复配对转基因抗虫棉苗期生长发育的调控…………田晓莉,谭伟明,李召虎,等1(8)陆地棉中棉所41关键栽培技术研究……………………………………郭香墨,喻树迅,崔金杰,等1(13)泗棉3号理想株型的遗传及分子标记研究……………………………张培通,朱协飞     

阪崎肠杆菌多克隆抗体的制备与鉴定

为制备高效价的阪崎肠杆菌单克隆抗体,分别以福尔马林灭活的阪崎肠杆菌(Cronobacter sakazakii)菌体和菌体破碎细胞为免疫原免疫雌性清洁级大白兔,制备抗C.sakazakii多克隆抗体,获得的抗体效价分别为256000和64000,选取菌体免疫原制备抗体。采用辛酸-硫酸铵法纯化抗体,抗体纯度用变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳鉴定。斑点杂交法检测抗体特异性,所获抗体与S.aureus, L.monocytogenes, S.typhimurium, S.flexneri, E.coli无交叉反应,与沙门氏菌有轻微交叉反应,采用杂菌抗原反向吸附法去除了该交叉反应。选取菌体免疫原免疫动物,杂菌抗原反向吸附法纯化制备获得了对C.sakazakii特异性高的多克隆抗体,为阪崎肠杆菌免疫学检测奠定了基础。     

绿色棉胚珠离体培养体系优化及光照对纤维生长发育的影响

在优化绿色棉离体培养体系的基础上,以绿色棉品种绿絮棉1号、白色棉品种泗棉三号(对照)为材料,比较了光培养和暗培养对鲜胚珠质量、纤维长度、纤维素含量等生理生化指标影响,来探讨光照对绿色棉纤维生长发育的影响。结果表明:花后2 d的绿色棉胚珠较适宜离体培养,其适宜的消毒方式为75%的乙醇10min+0.1%升汞10min;离体培养的适宜激素及其浓度为GA31.0μmol·L-1+IAA 5.0μmol·L-1+ZR 2.5μmol·L-1,3种激素对胚珠鲜质量和纤维伸长影响大小的顺序为ZRIAAGA3。光培养能够抑制纤维的伸长、β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活性和培养前期的纤维蔗糖合成酶活性;但能够促进胚珠的生长、纤维素的合成、纤维PAL活性和培养后期的纤维蔗糖合成酶活性,提高黄酮含量。可见,光照能够对绿色棉纤维生长发育产生一定的影响。     

转基因抗虫棉抗虫性状的遗传研究

转 Bt基因抗虫棉新棉 33B和 GK- 1 2对棉铃虫具有显著的抗性。盛蕾期饲喂抗虫棉株系72 h后 ,初孵棉铃虫幼虫死亡率分别为 86.8%、75 .1 % ,对照 TM- 1、泗棉 3号、苏棉 1 2号三个常规品种 (系 )初孵幼虫死亡率分别为 1 0 .9%、1 3.9%、9.2 %。转 Bt基因抗虫棉的杂种一代能明显延缓棉铃虫的发育进程。饲喂新棉 33B、GK- 1 2与常规品种 (系 )的杂种一代 72 h后 ,存活幼虫以1龄虫为主 ,分别占 92 .4%、85 .1 % ,并有少量 2龄幼虫。而同批次对照苏棉 1 2号和泗棉 3号以 2龄虫为主 ,分别占 89.6%、86.8% ,并有少量的 3龄虫出现。以抗虫棉与常规棉杂种 F1叶片饲喂棉铃虫 ,其发育进度较取食对照品种的延缓 1个龄期。转 Bt基因抗虫棉抗虫性状的遗传是受一对显性基因控制的。 Bt基因是以单一位点的方式整合到棉花基因组 ,不存在多位点的整合方式     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.