催眠睡茄的离体快繁及四倍体的诱导

以催眠睡茄腋芽为外植体建立快繁体系,利用秋水仙素进行催眠睡茄四倍体诱导,并将其与二倍体进行了初步的形态学和细胞学方面的比较.结果发现:催眠睡茄二倍体(2n=2x=48)最适增殖培养基为MS 6-BA 0.5 mg/L NAA 0.05 mg/L,生根培养基为1/2 MS IBA 0.2 mg/L;四倍体(2n=4x=96)诱导率因秋水仙素浓度和处理时间的不同而异,其中用0.5%的秋水仙素对丛生芽浸泡处理48 h诱导率最高,诱导率可达13.79%.四倍体与二倍体相比:叶片明显变厚,颜色加深,叶片气孔及其保卫细胞大小增大,气孔密度减小,且保卫细胞内叶绿体数目增加.     

用气孔保卫细胞叶绿体计数法鉴定烟草染色体倍性方法初探

经不同浓度秋水仙碱液加倍处理的烟草花粉植株，用叶片气孔保卫细胞叶绿体计数法鉴定染色体倍性。研究表明：气孔保卫细胞叶绿体数平均值差异极显著，单倍体95％以上的叶绿体数在14个以下，双倍体95％以上的叶绿体数则在14个以上。经开花结实验证其准确率达91％，且展开到第5叶时就可鉴定。     

秋水仙素诱导美洲商陆四倍体的研究

利用改良L.D.Cua法对美洲商陆进行多倍体诱变,在秋水仙碱浓度为0.2%条件下,设置24h、48h和72h三个诱变时间,并对所得到的变异株和对照株进行形态学、细胞学等方面的比较研究,结果表明：诱变48h效果最好;与对照相比,变异株的叶片厚度增加43.75%;叶形指数减少37.95%;气孔纵横径分别增加52.94%和73.01%;保卫细胞内叶绿体数目增加20.91%;花直径增加22.96%;花粉粒直径增加22.47%;果实直径增加23.66%。对变异株进行花粉母细胞减数分裂染色体鉴定,小孢子细胞的染色体数为n=2x=36,而对照小孢子细胞的染色体数为n=x=18,证明变异株为四倍体。     

西葫芦胚囊再生植株倍性鉴定方法研究

利用根尖细胞染色体压片和叶片保卫细胞叶绿体压片方法对西葫芦胚囊再生植株进行了倍性鉴定,结果表明,单倍体、二倍体和四倍体植株叶片表皮保卫细胞叶绿体数的均值分别为(4.15±0.37),(8.05±0.76)和(16.05±0.69),其比例约为1:2:4,说明叶片保卫细胞叶绿体压片方法能有效用于倍性鉴定;单倍体、双单倍体和四倍体叶片表皮保卫细胞的长度分别为(20.31±3.38)μm、(30.80±2.19)μm和(41.78±1.03)μm,其比例约为1:1.5:2,在胚囊再生植株倍性鉴定时也可以参照。     

滇丁香化学诱变的多倍体及其鉴定研究

为获得滇丁香新种质、选育抗性新品种,用不同浓度的氨磺灵溶液浸泡滇丁香种子,以种子下胚轴膨大视为变异株,统计变异率和发芽率,通过形态学观察、气孔观察、染色体计数及流式细胞仪检测确定其倍性。结果表明：15μmol/L氨磺灵浸泡种子24 h为滇丁香多倍体诱导最佳方法,变异率达60.1%,发芽率为66.7%,获得2株四倍体植株;25μmol/L氨磺灵诱导24 h,变异率为50%,获得1株八倍体植株。滇丁香变异植株在株高、叶长、叶厚方面均与对照植株呈显著差异,多倍体滇丁香植株株型矮小、叶片畸形较圆润且变厚、叶色较深、叶毛茎毛粗长。多倍体植株气孔的长和宽及保卫细胞的长和宽均显著大于二倍体植株,且气孔密度显著小于二倍体植株。经流式细胞仪检测,不同倍性植株DNA含量近似倍数关系。经染色体计数,滇丁香二倍体植株染色体数目为2n=44,四倍体植株4n=88。四倍体滇丁香丙二醛含量极显著低于二倍体,而脯氨酸含量极显著高于二倍体。     

野生碧玉兰多倍体诱导及鉴定

以云南野生碧玉兰种子无菌萌发的试管苗为材料,采用浸泡法,在无菌条件下用不同浓度的秋水仙素溶液对碧玉兰丛生芽进行多倍体诱导,结果表明：以0.04%的秋水仙素处理72h效果最好,诱导变异率达60%,死亡率为30%,变异试管苗形态上表现为叶片变宽、叶色较深、叶面粗糙、部分叶尖开叉并有双脉、植株矮壮,且生长缓慢;经细胞学检测,二倍体碧玉兰染色体数目为40（2n=2x=40）,变异苗染色体数目大部分为80（2n=4x=80）;四倍体叶表皮气孔变大,单位面积内气孔数明显减少;通过RAPD分析,结果显示二倍体和四倍体在带型上存在差异。     

郁南无核黄皮染色体倍性变异研究初报

对郁南无核黄皮根尖、茎尖、幼叶以及花药壁体细胞进行染色体数目观察,结果表明:体细胞染色体数目变化很大,有二倍体2n=2x=18、三倍体2n=3x=27和非整倍体(2n=19～26),非整倍体细胞出现频率最高,占观察细胞总数的64.8%,其次是二倍体细胞,占28.8%,三倍体细胞占6.4%。对郁南无核黄皮和对照鸡心黄皮气孔的密度与大小、花粉形态进行观察和比较,进一步揭示了郁南无核黄皮为有核黄皮的变异株。文章对郁南无核黄皮染色体数目多样性的原因及其与无籽结实间的关系进行了讨论。     

异源三倍体水稻原生质体培养植株再生

本试验利用二倍体栽培稻（Oryza stativa L.）品种8204,染色体组型为AA,2n=24作为母本,四倍体小粒野生稻（Oryza minuta）染色体组型为BBCC,2n=4x=48作父本杂交,获得异源三倍体杂交种,染色体组型为ABC。F1根尖检查,染色体数目为2n=3x=36。用该异源三倍体杂交种的幼穗诱导愈伤组织,经长期细代培养进行原生质体游离,获     

陆地棉与雷蒙德氏棉种间杂种后代的形态学及细胞学

本文研究了陆地棉(Gossypium hirsutum L.2n=4x=52,品种为岱字棉15号)×雷蒙德氏棉(G.raimondii Ulbr.,2n=2x=26)种间杂种三倍体 F_1(2n=3x=39)、六倍体 F_1(2n=6x=78)、四倍体F_2(2n=4x=52)和六倍体 F_2(2n=6x=78),一些形态和经济性状的遗传变异及花粉母细胞减数分裂的染色体行为。结果表明,杂种后代表现双亲性状,并进一步证     

节节麦与野燕麦8倍体杂种核型分析

节节麦(Aegilops tauschii(Coss.)Sch.2n=2x=14)与通北野燕麦(Avena fatua L.2n=6x=42)杂交,F_1自然加倍成8倍体,8倍体播成的F_2代,遗传性基本一致,PMC镜检表明,染色体数为2n=28Ⅱ。用F_2所结的种子进行根尖细胞核型分析,结果发现8倍体中包含有全套的节节麦和野燕麦的染色体。节节麦中有1对随体染色体.2对近中部着丝点染色体,4对中部着丝点染色体。野燕麦有3对随体染色体,5对近端着丝点染色体,8对近中部着丝点染色体,5对中部着丝点染色体。而节节麦与野燕麦8倍体杂种,有4对随体染色体,5对近端着丝点染色体.10对近中部着丝点染色体,9对中部着丝点染色体。核型分析结果表明,节节麦与野燕麦杂交合成的8倍体,是节节麦与野燕麦的双二倍体。     

河北省桑属植物染色体倍数性研究

研究了桑属植物５个种３２个品种的染色体倍数性，发现宽城１０号等９个品种为三倍体（２ｎ＝３ｘ＝４２），其余为二倍体（２ｎ＝２ｘ＝２８）。     

小麦属2个种间杂种及3个亲本的核型分析

【研究目的】本研究旨在通过细胞学鉴定判断小麦属2个种间杂种的真实性,了解其亲本的染色体组及倍数性;【方法】本试验采用了常规染色体组型分析方法;【结果】分析和报道了小麦属2个种间杂种及其3个亲本的核型,根据核型分析的有关参数,阐明了两个杂种1894×Ps5、新7×Ps5及其亲本新7、1894和Ps5的核型特征,其核型分别为：新7(2n=6x=42)：2M+12sm+28m(2SAT)(2B),1894(2n=6x=42)：2M+20sm+18m(2SAT)+2st(2B),Ps5(2n=4x=28)：2M+12sm(2SAT)+12m+2st(2B),1894×Ps5(2n=5x=35)：2M+19m+12sm+2st(2B),新7×Ps5(2n=5x=35)：1M+21m+13sm(2B);【结论】由此鉴定了2个杂种的真实性--均为真杂种,并确认了亲本新7和1894的第一套和第二套染色体均分别为A组和B组,倍数性均为6x,它们的第三套染色体属什么染色体组有待进一步研究。     

Polyploidy and Aneuploidy in the Tamarillo, Cyphomandra betacea (Cav.) Sendt. (Solanaceae)

The occurrence of spontaneous polyploidy was quantified in the tamarillo (Cyphomandra betacea [Cav.] Sendt.), a diploid (2n = 2x = 24) solanaceous fruit crop cultivated in New Zealand. Polyploids of this species were recognized by their small, almost seedless fruit, these types occurring at a frequency of 0.24 % in seedling orchards. Parallel spindles were seen on rare occasions during meiotic anaphase II in diploid tamarillos and were the probable cause of spontaneous polyploidy in this crop. Pollen volume and viability, seed number per fruit, seed weight, fruit size, stomatal length and guard cell chloroplast number were measured in diploids and polyploids. The polyploids typically showed the manifestation of the gigas effect, with thicker leaves and larger flowers. Pollen volume, stomatal length and guard cell chloroplast number also increased with higher ploidy. Pollen viability was markedly lower in the polyploids compared to the diploids and in combination with post-zygotic abnormalities caused a reduction in seed set and hence fruit size. Improvements in fertility and thus fruit size would be needed if the polyploids were to have commercial potential.     

The Use of Stomatal Chloroplast Number for Rapid Determination of Ploidy Level in Maize

The usefulness of using the chloroplast number in epidermal guard cells as an indirect ploidy indicator was evaluated on seed-grown and tissue culture-derived maize plants. For seed-grown plants, two maize genotypes (B89 and R75) which had both diploid and tetraploid seeds available were used as experimental materials. The ploidy levels of seed-grown plants were confirmed by flow cytometric analysis of nuclear suspensions from these plants. For regenerated plants, haploid and diploid levels were examined and the ploidy levels of these plants were determined by chromosome counts of cells from root tips. A positive relationship between the chloroplast number and ploidy level was observed for both seed-grown and regenerated plants. The stomatal guard cells of tetraploid plants had nearly double the number of chloroplasts as the diploid plants. Similar results were found from the regenerated plants. The differences in the mean chloroplast number between diploid and tetraploid seed-grown plants and between haploid and diploid regenerated plants were highly significant. The results of this study demonstrate that counting chloroplasts in guard cells can be an efficient means of screening a large number of plants for ploidy levels. In addition, this study suggests the possibilities of using this method for detecting contaminated seed lots by different ploidy seed and for distinguishing plants of different genotypes.     

Induction of polyploids in acid lime (Citrus aurantifolia) through colchicine treatment of in vitro derived shoot tip explants

Polyploid breeding is an effective tool to induce variability in the existing population, specifically in the crops having very narrow genetic base such as acid lime. Hence, an experiment was conducted to induce polyploidy in acid lime through colchicine treatment. Higher frequency of triploids were obtained in 250 μM colchicine treatment (27.27%), whereas combination of 3× (21.42%), 4× (13.33%) and aneuploid (6.67%) were induced at 500 μM colchicine treatment. Measurement of stomatal density and guard cell size of colchiploids revealed that the former one has negative relation with ploidy level and a positive relation was observed between guard cell size and ploidy level. Further, area and size of nuclei also had a positive relation with ploidy level. Hence, stomatal density, guard cell and nuclei size can be used effectively as morphological marker for preliminary polyploid screening. From the experiment, it can be concluded that 500 μM colchicine treatment of in vitro derived shoot tip explants of acid lime is optimum for creating maximum possible variability through polyploidization in the existing acid lime population.     

燕麦种质资源矿质元素的多样性分析

为了明确燕麦种质资源矿质元素含量的多样性,采用原子吸收分光光度法测定了燕麦种质铜（Cu）、铁（Fe）、锌（Zn）、镁（Mg）和钙（Ca）元素的含量,进行遗传变异、聚类和相关分析。结果表明：供试材料的Cu、Fe、Zn、Mg和Ca元素含量具有丰富的多样性,平均多样性指数为2.022,平均变异系数为29.775%。筛选到Cu含量高的种质有休眠燕麦、加5、坝莜1号、YS0404、v5和v18;Fe含量高的种质有太丰、夏莜麦、9418、蒙燕2号和shadow;Zn含量高的种质有ハヤテ和坝莜9号;Mg含量高的种质有ハヤテ和莜麦4400;Ca含量高的种质有v18、鉴19和白燕7号。Zn、Fe、Mg的含量均较高的种质有ハヤテ、6518、加9、MARION、坝莜8号、晋燕2004、坝莜9号和品五。燕麦种质Cu与Zn含量呈显著正相关,Ca与Fe含量间呈极显著负相关。     

Ploidy races in Actinidia chinensis

Summary Ploidy levels were examined in 26 accessions of Actinidia chinensis: 20 accessions were diploid (2n=2x=58) and 6 accessions were tetraploid (2n=4x=116). There was no evidence of variation in ploidy level within an accession. Our results are consistent with tetraploid A. chinensis coming from a restricted part of China.Interploid crosses within A. chinensis produced only low numbers of seedlings which were mainly triploid. Crossing hexaploid A. deliciosa with pollen of tetraploid A. chinensis produced a large family of plants and those checked were pentaploid.Counts on 83 genotypes of different ploidy levels (2x, 3x, 4x, and 5x) confirmed that the basic chromosome number in Actinidia is 29.     

Cytogeography and variation of stomatal size of Paspalum Glaucescens (Gramineae; Paniceae) in Southern Brazil

Paspalum glaucescens belongs to the informal group Plicatula, reproductively characterized by the dominance of tetraploid apomitic lines in most of its populations, with rare diploid, sexual counterparts. The species shows high phenotypic variation. Twenty nine Southern Brazilian accessions were cytologically and morphologically analysed. Most of the accessions were tetraploid (2n = 4x = 40). Meiotic study of three tetraploids showed their irregular behaviour. Eight accessions presented the diploid level (2n = 2x = 20).This can be considered a very high frequency of diploids in a member of the Plicatula group. While the tetraploids are concentrated at the highest elevations, diploids were detected mostly in the lowlands. Average stomatal sizes were quite distinct on different ploidy levels, being larger in tetraploids. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Colchine-induced aneuploids from cell culture of sugarcane

Summary Sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) clones are amenable to gross chromosome manipulation due to their high polyploid nature (2n=100–120). This study was conducted to analyze the effects on plant morphology of altering chomosome number via callus culture. Callus cultures from clone H69-9092 were established, and plants were regenerated following colchicine treatment of cultured cells. Cytological analysis showed that variant somaclones were aneuploids with a wide range in chromosome numbers (2n=66–196). Some 22 visually distinct somaclones were planted in 1.35 m² plots with five replications to compare morphological and quality characteristics with H69-9092 at 8 months of growth. Extreme morphological variation was observed between somaclones, but coefficients of variation for quality factors-fibers %, refractometer solids %, pol %, and juice purity-and stomatal length were smaller than those for morphological traits associated with stalk volume and leaf area. Significant negative correlations were found between chromosome number and most morphological traits, e.g., stalk length (r=-0.58), number (r=-0.69), diameter (r=-0.54) and volume (r=-0.65); internode length (r=-0.57); and leaf area (r=-0.48). A positive correlation was found between chromosome number and stomatal length (r=-0.66). No significant correlations were found between chromosome number and quality factors. Aneuploids with higher than parental chromosome number had reduced growth. However, depression in growth was generally not observed in somaclones lower in chromosome number than the parent.Published with the approval of the Director as Paper No. 598 in the Journal Series of the Experiment Station, Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association.