土壤外源钴对大麦根伸长的毒害及其预测模型

选取我国11种不同性质的农田土壤,通过外源添加重金属钴（Co）,研究其对大麦（Hordeum vulgare L.）根伸长的毒性阈值及土壤性质对Co毒性的影响。结果发现,Co对大麦根伸长10%抑制效应（EC₁₀）在11种土壤中的变化范围为37.1~3 914 mg·kg^-1土（105.5倍）,50%抑制效应（EC₅₀）的变化范围为166.1~6 030 mg·kg^-1土（36.3倍）。建立土壤性质与毒性阈值的回归方程,结果表明土壤pH是影响土壤Co毒性阈值最重要的因子,作为单因子时分别可以解释77.6%、72%的EC₁₀和EC₅₀的变异（P≤0.001）。当在EC₁₀预测模型中引入土壤pH和土壤黏粒（Clay）双因子时,可以解释83.9%的EC₁₀的变异（P<0.001）,EC₅₀预测模型中引入土壤pH和总碳（TC）双因子时,可以解释86.1%的EC₅₀的变异（P<0.001）。将我国土壤中得到的Co毒性阈值预测模型和欧洲北美10种土壤的预测模型进行比较验证,结果发现基于我国土壤得到的预测模型可以较为准确地预测欧洲北美土壤中Co的大麦根伸长毒性阈值,但基于欧洲北美土壤的预测模型不能准确预测我国土壤中Co的毒性阈值。研究表明,我国土壤性质对Co毒性有显著的影响,基于土壤性质建立的预测模型可为土壤中Co生态风险评价提供参考依据。     

Uroporphyrinogen 3 cosynthetase in bovine erythropoietic porphyria

The activity of uroporphyrinogen III cosynthetase is much lower in hemolyzates from mature cattle with congenital erythropoietic porphyria than in hemolyzates from mature normal cattle. The porphyric hemolyzates do not inhibit the cosynthetase activity present in normal hemolyzates or in extracts of mouse spleen.     

Derivatives of erythropoietin that are tissue protective but not erythropoietic

Erythropoietin (EPO) is both hematopoietic and tissue protective, putatively through interaction with different receptors. We generated receptor subtype-selective ligands allowing the separation of EPO's bioactivities at the cellular level and in animals. Carbamylated EPO (CEPO) or certain EPO mutants did not bind to the classical EPO receptor (EPOR) and did not show any hematopoietic activity in human cell signaling assays or upon chronic dosing in different animal species. Nevertheless, CEPO and various nonhematopoietic mutants were cytoprotective in vitro and conferred neuroprotection against stroke, spinal cord compression, diabetic neuropathy, and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis at a potency and efficacy comparable to EPO.     

燃煤烟气脱硫副产物用于桉树的效果及机理

通过盆栽和大田试验,探讨脱硫副产物对桉树Eucalyptus营养作用及其机理.结果表明:①供试物施用量4.15g·kg-1时,玄武岩砖红壤上桉树氮、磷、钾、钙、镁、硫和硼养分吸收量分别比对照高61%,44%,39%,90%,81%,21%和146%,浅海沉积砖红壤上桉树养分吸收量也较对照大幅增长,供试物施用有显著促进桉树养分吸收的效应,但施用量高于8.03g·kg-1或低于2.76g·kg-1时对桉树养分吸收的促进作用不明显.②盆栽及大田试验均表明,适量施用供试物可显著促进桉树生长,提高其生物量.其中,供试物施用量4.15g·kg-1时,玄武岩砖红壤上桉树单株根质量、干质量、叶质量分别比对照高118.75%,116.24%和63.92%,浅海沉积砖红壤上桉树单株根质量、茎质量和叶质量也较对照显著增加,但施用量高于8.03g·kg-1或低于2.76g·kg-1时会导致肥效下降.③适量施用供试物可有效防治因微量元素供应不足导致的桉树缺素垂梢病.图2表6参11     

Mechanism of the rapid effect of 17 beta-estradiol on medial amygdala neurons

The mechanism by which sex steroids rapidly modulate the excitability of neurons was investigated by intracellular recording of neurons in rat medial amygdala brain slices. Brief hyperpolarization and increased potassium conductance were produced by 17 beta-estradiol. This effect persisted after elimination of synaptic input and after suppression of protein synthesis. Thus, 17 beta-estradiol directly changes the ionic conductance of the postsynaptic membrane of medial amygdala neurons. In addition, a greater proportion of the neurons from females than from males responded to 17 beta-estradiol.     

Marine cobalt resources

Ferromanganese oxides in the open oceans are more enriched in cobalt than any other widely distributed sediments or rocks. Concentrations of cobalt exceed 1 percent in ferromanganese crusts on seamounts, ocean ridges, and other raised areas of the ocean. The cobaltrich crusts may be the slowest growing of any earth material, accumulating one molecular layer every 1 to 3 months. Attention has been drawn to crusts as potential resources because they contain cobalt, manganese, and platinum, three of the four priority strategic metals for the United States. Moreover, unlike abyssal nodules, whose recovery is complicated by their dominant location in international waters, some of the most cobalt-rich crusts occur within the exclusive economic zone of the United States and other nations. Environmental impact statements for crust exploitation are under current development by the Department of the Interior.     

Renal erythropoietic factor: role of ions and vasoactive agents in erythropoietin formation

Evidence is provided for the existence of a renal erythropoietic factor, devoid of vasopressor activity, which upon interaction in vitro with normal serum yields erythropoietin. When undialyzed serum is used, erythropoietin inactivation develops in the incubation mixtures, and this inactivation appears to be dependent on an enzymatic component in preparations of the factor and on ions in serum.     

Structure of an oxygen-carrying cobalt complex

Bis(3-fluorosalicylaldehyde) ethylenediimine cobalt(II), a reversible oxygen-carrying compound, has been crystallized as a tetramer with two oxygen molecules bound to the four cobalt atomns, each oxygen molecule bridging between two metal atoms. These dimers are further linked by two bonds between the oxygen atom of the salicylaldehyde and the cobalt atom. The oxygen-to-oxygen distance, 1.21 angstroms in molecular oxygen, has increased to 1.308(28) angstroms (where the number in parentheses is the estimated standard deviation) in this compound, the shortest distance yet observed in sutch a bridging arrangement.     

Cholesterol hydroperoxide formation in red cell membranes and photohemolysis in erythropoietic protoporphyria

3beta-Hydroxy-5alpha-hydroperoxy-Delta(6)-cholestene is produced in protoporphyrin-containing red blood cell ghosts irradiated with approximately 400-nanometer light in the presence of oxygen. Incorporation of this cholesterol photooxidation product into normal red blood cells leads to increased osmotic fragility and eventual hemolysis. These results may be relevant to photohemolysis associated with erythropoietic protoporphyria.     

NaCl对杉木中水分子扩散影响的机理研究

【目的】NaCl的存在会改变木材中水分子的扩散行为,使水分子"易进入"或"难扩散",从而影响了木材的吸湿性和平衡含水率。研究其影响机理对含盐木质文物的保护具有重要意义。【方法】以杉木为研究对象,制作了不同含盐率的杉木试件,开展吸湿与干燥试验,探究盐分对杉木中水分扩散的宏观影响规律;建立了杉木的分子模型,采用分子动力学(MD)模拟方法分别研究了水分子进入含盐与不含盐两种模型的过程,以及水分子在两种模型中的扩散行为。通过平衡构型、相对浓度分布等参数分析水分子进入两种模型结果的差异;通过均方位移、吸附能、径向分布函数、氢键等参数分析两种模型中的水分子与纤维素分子、半纤维素分子、木质素分子等杉木主要组成成分之间的相互作用关系,定性解释了盐分影响杉木中水分扩散的微观机理。【结果】试验结果表明杉木试件的吸湿速率随着含盐率的升高而增大;在含水率低于80%范围内,干燥速率随含盐率的升高而减小。MD模拟结果表明,水分子更容易进入含有NaCl的杉木分子模型中,但NaCl会抑制水分子在杉木分子模型中的扩散。模型中各分子之间的相互作用分析结果显示,NaCl与水分子间有很强的吸附作用,但会降低水分子与杉木之间作...     

固体氧化钴pH电极的研制

本文制备了一种可用于溶液pH值测定的固体氧化钴印刷电极。该电极可在2～12pH范围内呈现出良好的Nernst响应。文中就氧化钴的合成方法及印刷电极的制备工艺参数对电极响应行为的影响进行讨论。     

草鱼幼鱼对饲料中钴的需要量

【目的】研究不同水平钴对草鱼幼鱼生长性能、机体营养成分、组织钴含量和血液指标的影响,以确定草鱼幼鱼对饲料中钴的适宜需要量。【方法】选取初始体质量为(3.21±0.35)g的草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella)幼鱼,随机分成6组,其饲料中钴含量分别为0.05(对照组),0.13,0.22,0.44,0.95和1.63mg/kg,每组设置3个重复,每重复60尾,饲养试验周期为70d。【结果】饲料中添加钴显著提高了草鱼幼鱼的特定生长率、增重率和蛋白质效率(P<0.05),但对存活率无显著影响(P>0.05),当饲料中钴含量为0.22mg/kg时,草鱼的特定生长率、蛋白质效率和增重率最大,饲料系数最低,并与其他各试验组差异显著;饲料添加钴对草鱼全鱼水分、粗脂肪、粗蛋白和灰分含量无显著影响(P>0.05);当饲料中钴含量为0.22mg/kg时,草鱼幼鱼肝脏、肾脏和肌肉中钴含量最大,且显著高于钴含量为0.05,0.13和1.63mg/kg试验组(P<0.05),而当饲料中钴含量在0.22～0.95mg/kg时,各试验组之间草鱼幼鱼肝脏、肾脏和肌肉中钴含量无显著差异(P>0.05);饲料添加钴可以增加草鱼幼鱼血红蛋白含量(HGB)、血小板计数(PLT)、红细胞压积(HCT)和红细胞计数(RBC),当饲料中钴含量为0.22mg/kg时,血液中血红蛋白质量浓度、血小板计数、红细胞压积和红细胞计数均达到最大值,与钴含量为0.05mg/kg试验组差异显著(P<0.05)。【结论】基于特定生长率和肾脏钴含量折线法分析,草鱼幼鱼获得最佳生长和组织钴累积水平时,对饲料中钴的需求量约为0.20mg/kg。     

Synthesis and characterization of anisometric cobalt nanoclusters

Sonication of aqueous Co(2+) and hydrazine resulted in the formation of anisometric (disk-shaped) cobalt nanoclusters that averaged about 100 nanometers in width and 15 nanometers in thickness. Electron diffraction from single particles revealed that they were oriented (001) crystals that conformed to a trigonal or hexagonal unit cell four times the size of the cell adopted by bulk alpha-cobalt. Lorentz microscopy indicated that these were single-magnetic domain particles, with the axis of magnetization located in the (101) plane, offset at some appreciable angle from the (001) axis.     

Colloidal nanocrystal shape and size control: the case of cobalt

We show that a relatively simple approach for controlling the colloidal synthesis of anisotropic cadmium selenide semiconductor nanorods can be extended to the size-controlled preparation of magnetic cobalt nanorods as well as spherically shaped nanocrystals. This approach helps define a minimum feature set needed to separately control the sizes and shapes of nanocrystals. The resulting cobalt nanocrystals produce interesting two- and three-dimensional superstructures, including ribbons of nanorods.     

氯化钴在大菱鲆饲料中的安全性评价

通过研究饲料中的氯化钴对大菱鲆幼鱼的存活、生长性能、血清生理生化指标、抗氧化酶活力、消化酶活力、血清和肝脏中VB12含量、肌肉和肝脏中钴的残留量、肝脏和肠道组织结构的影响来评估氯化钴在海水鱼饲料中的安全性。通过在基础饲料中添加氯化钴制剂来配制4种具有不同氯化钴含量(0、8、40及80 mg/kg,不计结晶水重量)的等氮等能的实验饲料,每个饲料处理设6个重复,每个重复养殖30尾大菱鲆;养殖实验为期10周。实验结果表明:饲料中添加氯化钴对试验鱼的存活没有显著影响(P0.05),但饲料中80 mg/kg的氯化钴显著降低了大菱鲆的特定生长率、终末体重、摄食率、肝体比和脏体比(P0.05);饲料中高剂量氯化钴(40和80 mg/kg)显著降低了大菱鲆血清过氧化氢酶、谷草转氨酶和碱性磷酸酶活力以及大菱鲆胃淀粉酶和胰蛋白酶活力(P0.05);大菱鲆的血糖含量、血清和肝脏中VB12含量、肝脏和肌肉中钴的残留量均随饲料中钴的添加量增加而显著升高(P0.05);饲料中添加氯化钴对大菱鲆的肠道组织结构没有产生明显影响,但饲料中添加40和80 mg/kg的氯化钴增宽了肝脏肝血窦。研究结果表明:实验条件下,氯化钴在大菱鲆饲料中的添加量8 mg/kg是安全的。     

Sintered diamond compacts with a cobalt binder

Diamond powder can be successfully cemented with cobalt. At 62 kilobars the sintering occurs over the temperature range from 1570 degrees to 1610 degrees C. The maximum microhardness of the compact ( 3000 kilograms per square millimeter on the Knoop scale) is obtained with a mixture of 20 percent cobalt (by volume) and a diamond particle size of 1 to 5 micrometers.