PF和PUF树脂分子结构对比研究

为了判断苯酚-尿素-甲醛(PUF)树脂中原料共缩聚反应是否发生,并确认共缩聚分子形成特点,借助13C核磁共振(13C NMR)和基质辅助激光解析电离飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOF-MS)两种主要分析仪器,对比研究了苯酚-甲醛(PF)树脂和PUF树脂的结构特点,结果证实了PUF树脂中苯酚、尿素和甲醛3种原料之间共缩聚反应的存在,认为PUF树脂结构以PF树脂为主体,且共缩聚结构主要形成于合成反应初期。     

苯酚-尿素-甲醛共缩聚树脂研制Ⅰ.合成与分析

以苯酚、尿素和甲醛为起点合成了一种苯酚—尿素—甲醛共缩聚 ,并对树脂性能和结构进行了全面分析评估。结果表明所合成的共缩聚树脂贮存稳定 ,固化速度快 ;差热分析和热重分析表明苯酚—尿素—甲醛共缩聚树脂的热行为与酚醛树脂十分相似而与脲醛树脂显著不同 ;13 CNMR结构分析中分别观测到源于共缩聚结构单元o -Ph -CH2 -NHCO -(δ =4 1 .5)和 p -Ph -CH2 -NHCO -(δ =4 4.8)的吸收 ;使用PUF共缩聚树脂压制的竹木复合中密度纤维板和竹大片刨花板 ,其板材的物理力学性能明显高于脲醛树脂而与常规酚醛树脂相近。     

苯酚-尿素-甲醛共聚树脂合成及其在胶合板中的应用

为降低胶合板模板用胶黏剂成本,提高企业经济效益,以尿素与苯酚摩尔比为试验因素,进行了苯酚-尿素-甲醛共聚树脂(PUF树脂)合成试验。在PUF树脂胶合板检测结果的基础上,对不同摩尔比PUF树脂的胶合与耐水性能进行评价与优化,并通过PY-TRACE1310 ISQ裂解-气/质联用仪与Netzsch STA449F3综合热分析仪等现代仪器对PUF树脂各阶段产物和热学特性进行分析。研究发现当尿素与苯酚的摩尔比增大到0.5时,PUF树脂的胶合与耐水性能仍可达到Ⅰ类胶合板国家标准,超过0.5以后,产品的胶合强度与耐水性则有较大幅度下降。结果表明,在该试验特定条件下,尿素与苯酚的摩尔比为0.5是可行的,产品具有良好的胶合与耐水性能,较PF树脂生产成本降低了23%,具有良好的生产应用前景。     

碱性环境下苯酚-尿素-甲醛共缩聚树脂结构形成研究

为了了解碱性环境中苯酚-尿素-甲醛(PUF)共缩聚树脂结构形成规律,为PUF树脂结构控制提供依据,使用13CNMR表征,采用分次加入苯酚、甲醛和尿素的技术路线.定量分析了PUF树脂合成过程中各种官能团的变化和聚合物分子链的构成.结果表明,碱性环境中各种加料方式合成的PUF树脂初聚物具有十分相近的化学结构,PUF树脂也具有十分相近的化学结构,但结构组分存在差异,在原料物质的量之比一定的条件下,最终反应进程基本接近.甲醛分次加入,减少了醚类的生成,有利于简化反应进程.初聚物的热机械性能分析表明不同加料方式对酚醛树脂固化性能无显著影响.     

苯酚-尿素-甲醛共缩聚树脂制取竹胶板模板热压工艺试验

利用自行研制的苯酚-尿素-甲醛共缩聚树脂(PUF)以热压压力、时间、温度3个因素3水平的正交实验设计进行竹胶板模板热压工艺试验,结果表明,PUF压制的竹胶板模板物理力学性能优良,超过JG/T156-2004<竹胶合板模板>质量要求,与目前生产上使用的PF胶压制的竹胶板模板性能相当,但用胶成本可节省13.5%;PUF压制竹胶板模板的较优工艺参数为热压压力2.5 MPa、热压时间1.2 min/mm、热压温度150℃.     

苯酚-尿素-甲醛共缩聚树脂结构形成比较

用13C NMR 定量分析跟踪研究了两种不同合成路线中苯酚-尿素-甲醛共缩聚树脂(PUF)结构形成过程,比较了3种PUF树脂的结构构成.研究发现树脂制备过程中的酸性环境导致脲醛树脂初聚物含量增加以及尿素与苯酚之间的共缩聚增加;合成反应初期的介质环境对羟甲基酚的形成有着决定性的影响;合成过程中酸性环境所处阶段不同,最终树脂结构出现差异.     

Synthesis and the Quantitative 13C NMR Analysis of PUF Resin for E0 - Ⅱ -type Plywood

按酚醛(PF)树脂的制备工艺,采用CaO和NaOH为复合催化剂,在碱性条件下制备了95 ％-200％的系列尿素改性酚醛(PUF)树脂,贮存期达30 d以上.该系列PUF树脂压制的杨木三合板,胶合强度符合Ⅱ类胶合板要求,甲醛释放量＜0.5 mg/L,符合E0级.其中选用尿素/苯酚(U/P)质量比为1.5∶1,甲醛与尿素-苯酚(F/(U+P))物质的量的比值为0.97的配方制胶,结合13CNMR分析手段,监控投料甲醛在反应过程中形成的亚甲基、羟甲基和亚甲基醚键的含量变化,以及最终PUF树脂的亚甲基(32.4％)、羟甲基(57％)和亚甲基醚键(10％)的结构比例.     

苯酚—尿素—甲醛共聚聚树脂研制Ⅰ.合成与分析

以苯酚、尿素和甲醛为起点合成了一种苯酚－尿素－甲醛共缩聚,并对树脂性能和结构进行了全面分析评估。结果表明所合成的共缩聚树脂贮存稳定,固化程度快;差热分析和热重分析表明苯酚－尿素－甲醛共缩聚树脂的热行为与酚醛树脂十分相似而与脲醛树脂显著不同;＾１３ＣＮＭＲ结构分析中同测到源于共缩聚结构单元ｏ－Ｐｈ－ＣＨ２－ＮＨＣＯ－（δ＝４１．５）和ｐ－Ｐｈ－ＣＨ２－ＮＨＣＯ－（δ＝４４．８）的吸收;使用ＰＵＦ共缩聚树脂压制的竹木复合中密度纤维板和竹大片刨花板,其板材的物理力学性能明显高于脲醛树脂而与常规酚醛树脂相近。     

四种E0级胶合板用PUF树脂结构与性能关系的研究

采用CaO、NaOH复合催化剂或单一NaOH催化剂制备U/P质量比60％和U/P质量比150％两组四种PUF树脂,进行压板检测.用13C-NMR、DSC 、TG等仪器分析手段对两组四种PUF树脂的配方、结构与性能之间的关系进行研究.发现PUF树脂压制的杨木胶合板强度与配方中苯酚含量和树脂的-CH2OH含量有关.胶合板的甲醛释放量与PUF树脂的游离甲醛和-CH2OCH2-含量有关.用CaO、NaOH复合催化剂的PUF树脂比用单一NaOH催化剂的PUF树脂固化温度高、分解温度低、碳化残余率低.     

C NMR 定量分析

按酚醛(PF)树脂的制备工艺,采用CaO和NaOH为复合催化剂,在碱性条件下制备了95%～200%的系列尿素改性酚醛(PUF)树脂,贮存期达30 d以上。该系列PUF树脂压制的杨木三合板,胶合强度符合Ⅱ类胶合板要求,甲醛释放量<0.5 mg/L,符合E0级。其中选用尿素/苯酚(U/P)质量比为1.5∶1,甲醛与尿素-苯酚(F/(U+P))物质的量的比值为0.97的配方制胶,结合13C NMR分析手段,监控投料甲醛在反应过程中形成的亚甲基、羟甲基和亚甲基醚键的含量变化,以及最终PUF树脂的亚甲基(32.4%)、羟甲基(57%)和亚甲基醚键(10%)的结构比例。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。