冻结速率对松茸PPO和POD活性的影响

采用喷雾式流态化液氮速冻及缓冻．研究了冻结速率对松茸多酚氧化酶（PVO）及过氧化物酶（POD）活性的影响。结果表明：冻结速率对醇的活性有明显的影响，在-80℃、-60℃及-35℃（缓冻）下进行冻结，松茸的PPO活性分别下降了72．5％、67．7％及24．6%．POD活性分别下降了62．8％、53．5％及17．6％。     

冻结条件对双孢蘑菇PPO和POD活性的影响

采用喷雾式流态化液态CO2速冻及缓冻技术,研究了冻结温度、速度对双孢蘑菇多酚氧化酶(PPO)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性的影响。结果表明:冻结温度、速度对酶的活性有明显的影响,在75℃、60℃、45℃及35℃(缓冻)下进行冻结时,双孢蘑菇的PPO活性分别下降了70.5%、66.3%、56.8%及19.6%,POD活性分别下降了74.3%、71.1%、64.5%及21.6%。     

冻结条件对黑牛肝菌营养价值影响的研究

研究了在不同的烫漂温度及时间下黑牛肝菌过氧化物酶（Peroxidase．POD）活性的变化，烫漂及冻藏时黑牛肝菌过氧化物酶活性、氨基酸、矿质元素、维生素及氨基酸态氮等成分的影响。结果表明：采用95-96℃烫漂温度效果最好。在3min内过氧化物酶活性降低了95．5％，烫漂及冻藏都使黑牛肝菌营养成分受到不同程度的损失。建议采用-80℃以下温度不经烫漂漂而冻结．冻品在-26℃冰箱中贮藏12个月．其营养价值保持很好。     

烫漂及冻结对青头菌营养价值的影响

研究了在不同的烫漂温度和烫漂时间下青头菌过氧化物酶(Peroxidase，POD)活性的变化．烫漂及冻藏对青头菌过氧化物酶活性、氨基酸、矿质元素、维生素及氨基酸态氨等成分的影响结果表明：采用95～96℃烫漂温度效果最好，在4min内过氧化物酶活性降低了95．5％；烫漂及冻藏都使青头菌营养成分受到不同程度的损失建议采用一70℃以下温度不经烫漂而冻结，冻品在-26℃冰箱中贮藏12个月，其营养价值保持很好。     

白灵菇冻结工艺研究

采用喷雾式流态化液氮速冻及缓冻，研究了在不同的冻结工艺条件下白灵菇的冻结温度曲线及冻结速度与汁液流失率之间的关系等。结果表明：对白灵菇进行缓慢冻结时，有明显的冻结三阶段现象出现，而在液氮速冻时此三阶段不明显；建议采用-60℃以下温度进行冻结，冻品在-26℃冰箱中贮藏9个月后，解冻时的汁液流失率低于4.9％。     

真空包装下不同温度对鲜切皇冠梨生理生化的影响

为探究真空包装条件下对鲜切皇冠梨生理生化的影响,以常温真空包装贮藏为对照试验,分别探究真空包装后在4℃、10℃2种贮藏温度下皇冠梨的果肉硬度、可滴定酸含量、多酚含量、可溶性固形物含量、相对导电率、多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性以及过氧化物酶(POD)活性的变化。结果表明:在真空包装后皇冠梨的硬度、可滴定酸含量总体上都随贮藏时间的延长而下降,且温度越高,下降速度越快。多酚含量、可溶性固形物含量、多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性均出现了先上升后下降的趋势,且温度越高,上升和下降的趋势越明显。果肉的相对电导率随着时间的延长而上升,且温度越大,上升速度越快。说明真空包装下,低温贮藏皇冠梨的效果更好,并且温度越低,效果越显著。     

冻藏处理对“香玲”核桃果实贮藏品质与生理的影响

以"香玲"核桃果实为试材,研究不同冻藏温度(0℃、-1℃、-20℃、先-40℃冷冻48 h后转移至-20℃)对其贮藏期间感官品质、含水率、脂肪含量、过氧化值、总酚含量、多酚氧化酶(PPO)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性等指标的变化,以期为核桃果实冻藏技术的应用提供参考依据和技术支持。结果表明:-20℃与-40℃冻藏处理有效地抑制了核桃果实的褐变,延缓了种仁脂肪的降解,二者之间感官品质无显著差异;-20℃更好地维持了种仁脂肪含量和油脂的品质,过氧化值较低,种仁POD活性显著高于对照和其它处理,青皮的POD活性均值最低;-1℃能够短期保持核桃果实的品质,1个月后青皮发生冷害加速褐变,粗脂肪含量快速降低。因此-20℃为试验条件下核桃果实的适宜冻藏温度。     

红富士苹果采后1-MCP 处理对果皮色素及其相关酶活性的影响

 以‘红富士’苹果为试材,研究了采后1–甲基环丙烯（1-MCP）处理对冷藏期间果实硬度, 叶绿素、类胡萝素及花青苷含量变化的影响,并重点研究了花青苷含量变化与其合成相关酶（PAL、CHI、 DFR、UFGT）和降解相关酶PPO、POD 活性变化的关系,结果显示：1-MCP 处理能抑制叶绿素降解及 贮藏前期花青苷的积累,延缓类胡萝素的积累及花青苷的后期降解;贮藏期间花青苷的合成与CHI、DFR 活性不相关,与PAL、UFGT 活性正相关;贮藏期间花青苷降解相关酶PPO、POD 活性都呈现先上升后 下降的趋势,对照的PPO 活性始终高于1-MCP 处理,1-MCP 处理明显抑制贮藏前期果皮POD 活性的上 升及贮藏后期POD 活性的下降。     

高温胁迫对文冠果保护酶系统酶活性的影响研究

以文冠果水培枝为试验材料,对6个高温梯度、4种培养液处理条件下其叶中多酚氧化酶(PPO)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶活性(CAT)进行了测定与分析.结果表明:文冠果的POD酶当温度在35℃时酶活力出现一明显峰值;CAT酶当温度在45℃时酶活力出现一个明显峰值;SOD、PPO酶在温度为35℃和45℃时先后出现明显峰值;POD和CAT酶在植物体内起作用的温度范围不同,温度在45℃之前,CAT酶起主要作用,温度高于45℃后POD酶起主要作用.不同铜、锌元素的水培液处理对PPO、SOD活性影响均达到显著水平,即处理4:Cu(3)Zn(3)对PPO、SOD活性影响极其显著,其显著性依次4:Cu(3)Zn(3)＞3:Cu(3)Zn(0)＞2:Cu(0)Zn(3).保护酶系统酶活性与文冠果的生理代谢以及抗逆性有关.     

温度胁迫对黑木耳菌丝相关酶活性的影响

以黑木耳菌株“沈8-9”为试验材料，研究了25℃和35℃条件下的菌丝体形态，观测了不同生长时期相关酶的活性、耳片形态和产量等的变化。结果表明，在高温胁迫下，黑木耳菌丝体生长速度、色泽、长势等形态特征均受到一定影响；高温胁迫后，菌包培养期丙二醛（MAD）含量增加，谷胱甘肽还原酶（GR）和多酚氧化酶（PPO）活性升高，超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性下降。耳芽期和出耳期过氧化氢酶（CAT）和SOD活性下降。栽培试验结果表明，菌丝体受高温胁迫后，影响其出耳时间；而且对产量和品质均有不同程度的影响。     

Effects of radiation from 188Re on smooth muscle cell proliferation

AIM: Although endovascular radiotherapy inhibits neointimal hyperplasia, the exact alterations induced by β-particles irradiation remain to be elucidated. The objective of this study was to investigate the ability and the cellular mechanism of local β^-particles emission from ¹⁸⁸Re to inhibit vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs). METHODS: The SMCs in vitro were irradiated by ¹⁸⁸Re with single doses of 2.6 Gy-25.8 Gy. The effects of β-particles on SMCs, such as effective irradiate doses, the period of inhibition for SMCs proliferation, the changes of cell proliferation rate and DNA synthesis rate, cell cycle progression and related gene expression, were investigated by cell count, [³H]-TdR incorporation, cell cycle progression analysis, cell viability and immunocytochemistry, respectivecy. RESULTS: β-particles irradiation with dose of 5.2 Gy could inhibit significantly SMCs proliferation. At dose of 20.6 Gy DNA synthesis inhibitory rate was 92%, SMCs proliferation rate was only 3%. Renoval of ¹⁸⁸Re did not abolish the inhibitory effects of β-particles on SMCs proliferation. The expression of P53 was up regulation and PCNA was down regulation after irradiation. CONCLUSION: β-particles from ¹⁸⁸ Re was significantly effective and permanent in inhibiting SMCs proliferation, and inhibitory effect was in dose-dependet manner ED50was 5 Gy, the best dose to inhibit SMCs proliferation was 20 Gy. β-particles irradiation induced SMCs to occur G₀/G₁ arrest, damaged the ability of SMCs reproliferation and led to cell clonogenic death. P53 and PCNA had regulatiory effects on SMCs proliferation after β-particles irradiation.     

Effect of L-Arg on plasma content of endothelin and expression of c-fos mRNA in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy

AIM:To study the effect of L-Arg on plasma content of endothelin (ET) and the expression of proto-oncogene c-fos mRNA in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy. METHODS: The level of c-fos mRNA were measured by in situ hybridization. The ET in plasma were measured by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS:After eight weeks of treatment with L-Arg, the expression of c-fos decreased markedly (P＜0.01). The ET content in plasma also decreased significantly by L-Arg(P＜0.01).CONCLUSION: Plasma ET content and the expression of c-fos in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy could be decreased by L-Arg administration.     

多效唑对猕猴桃离体试管苗生长及内源激素的影响

多效唑（ＰＰ３３３）处理猕猴桃试管苗，降低了其生长强度；植株体内的ＧＡ３、ＩＡＡ和ＺＴ含量下降，ＡＢＡ的含量上升，乙烯释放率增加；并且能降低外源的ＧＡ３和ＩＡＡ促进生长的作用，而外源的ＧＡ３和ＩＡＡ又能不同程度地逆转多效唑的抑制作用，使植株恢复生长。     

Proteomic analysis between pathological scars and normal skin

AIM: To investigate and screen the sensitive proteins in the formation mechanism of pathological scars by comparing the results of differential proteomic analysis between pathological scars and normal skin.METHODS: Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis was used to detect the protein expression profiles in 8 keloid patients, 8 hypertrophic scar patients and 3 matched normal skin patients.The proteins that showed differential expression of over 4-fold change were cut and analyzed by MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry.RESULTS: A two-dimensional protein profiling comparison between pathological scars and normal skin was successfully established.On average, 2 978 spots in keloid, 2 975 spots in hypertrophic scar and 3 053 spots in normal skin were identified using gel analysis software.Compared with normal skin, there were totally 36 differentially-expressed proteins in keloid and hypertrophic scar identified from the spots of over 4-fold change, including 16 proteins in both keloid and hypertrophic scar (8 up-regulated and 8 down-regulated), 11 only in keloid (9 up-regulated and 2 down-regulated) and 9 only in hypertrophic scar (4 up-regulated and 5 down-regulated).CONCLUSION: Proteomic analysis can identify the proteins with variance of pathological scars versus normal skin, thus providing probable new clues to reveal the formation mechanism of pathological scars.     

Compositional and Functional Properties of Saskatoon Berry and Blueberry

Abstract

Saskatoon berry (Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt., Rosaceae) and blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L., Ericaceae) are substantially equivalent in all characteristics that are important to the consumer, including fruit color, shape, size, nutrition, texture, and uses. In addition, both fruits are native to North America and they have practically identical historical uses and known health benefits. Their composition, processing, nutritional value and metabolism, intended uses, and levels of undesirable substances are compared.     

Cryopreservation of shoot apices of hawthorn in vitro cultures originating from East Asia

The objective of this study was to establish a cryopreservation protocol for hawthorn shoot apices (Crataegus pinnatifida Bge.). Cryopreservation was carried out via encapsulation–dehydration, vitrification, and encapsulation–vitrification on shoot apices excised from in vitro cultures. We began by showing that cold-acclimation enhanced the regrowth of cryopreserved apices from 10.0 to 65.5% in encapsulation–dehydration. We then decided that the encapsulation–dehydration method was an optimal cryopreservation method for hawthorn shoot apices in terms of its high recovery after cryopreservation as well as its ease of use compared with vitrification and encapsulation–vitrification. In encapsulation–dehydration, the protocol leading to optimal regrowth was as follows: after cold-acclimation at 5 °C in the dark for 2 weeks, excised shoot tips were pretreated for 24 h at 25 °C on hormone-free Murashige and Skoog [Murashige, T., Skoog, F., 1962. A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue culture. Physiol. Plant. 15, 473–497] (MS) basal medium with 0.4 mol/L sucrose, then encapsulated and precultured in liquid MS medium with 0.8 mol/L sucrose for 16 h at 25 °C. Precultured beads were dehydrated for 6 h at 25 °C in the dessicator containing 50 g silica gel to a moisture content of 15.3% (fresh-weight basis) before cryostorage for 1 h. In addition, we examined the effect of adding glycerol to both the alginate beads and loading solution to enhance regrowth after cryopreservation in encapsulation–dehydration. In the present study, it was shown that adding 0.5 mol/L glycerol resulted in high regrowth percentages (82.5–90.0%) in four Crataegus species.     

Coupling past management practice and historic landscape change on John F. Kennedy Space Center,Florida

Historic landcover dynamics in a scrubby flatwoods (Tel-4) and scrub landscape (Happy Creek) on John F. Kennedy Space Center were measured using aerial images from 1943, 1951, 1958, 1969, 1979, and 1989. Landcover categories were mapped, digitized, geometrically registered, and overlaid in ARC/INFO. Both study sites have been influenced by various land use histories, including periods of range management, fire suppression, and fire management. Several analyses were performed to help understand the effects of past land management on the amount and spatial distribution of landcover within the study sites. A chi-squared analysis showed a significant difference between the frequency of landcover occurrence and management period. Markov chain models were used to project observed changes over a 100-year period; these showed current management practices being effective at Tel-4 (restoring historic landscape structure) and much less effective at Happy Creek. Documenting impacts of past management regimes on landcover has provided important insight into current landscape composition and will provide the basis for improving land management on Kennedy Space Center and elsewhere.     

XBP-01 accelerated apoptosis induced by oxidized low density lipoprotein in vascular smooth muscle cells

AIM: Previous studies performed with XBP-01 in vitro indicated that XBP-01 could inhibit vascular smooth muscle cells from being transformed into foam cell and could eliminate the atherosclerotic plaque in C57BL/6J mouse. This experiment is to investigate its mechanism of eliminating plaques in vitro. METHODS: The cultured porcine artery smooth muscle cells incubated with XBP-01 of 0.1 mg/L for 24 h after preincubated with oxidized low density lipoprotein of 15 mg/L for 72 h in vitro. The samples were analyzed by fluorescence microscope, confocal microscope system and flow cytometry. RESULTS: Apoptosis was triggered by being incubated with oxidized low density lipoprotein and this process was accelerated additionally by being incubated with XBP-01. CONCLUSION: XBP-01 can be effective in eliminating atherosclerotic plaque by accelerating the process in which oxidized low density lipoprotein induced smooth muscle cell apoptosis.     

Metallothionein inhibits homocysteine-induced proliferation of rat vascular smooth muscle cells

AIM:To investigate the effect of metallothionein(MT) on proliferation of rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) stimulated by homocysteine and its mechanism. METHODS:VSMCs proliferation was measured by [³-H]-TdR incorporation, mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK)activity were determined by immunoprecipitation method, the intracellular contents of MT and malondialdehyde (MDA)were assayed by -hemoglobin saturation method and TBA reaction, respectively, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage was measured by NADH oxidation. RESULTS:Hcy(10^-6-10^-4 mmol/L) stimulated [³-H]-TdR incorporation by the VSMCs in a concentration-dependent manner. Compared with control, [³-H]-TdR incorporation in VSMCs treated with 0.1 mmol/L Hcy was increased by 4.2 fold (P＜0.01). Meanwhile, Hcy enhanced MAPK activity, MDA formation and LDH release (P＜0.01)in a concentration-dependent manner. Treatment of VSMCs with MT alone did not change above parameters, compared with control. However, MT (10^-6-10^-4 mol/L)attenuated significantly Hcy-stimulated proliferation of VSMCs (P＜0.01)in a concentration-dependent manner. And MT inhibited obviously Hcy-induced activation of MAPK activity, MDA formation and LDH release. Preincubation of VSMCs with 0.5 mmol/L ZnCl₂ for 6 h induced an increase cellular MT content by 5.7-fold (P＜0.01). The MT-overexpressed VSMCs resisted Hcy-stimulating action on MAPK activity, MDA formation and LDH leakage (P＜0.01). CONCLUSION:These results show that MT has an inhibitory effect on Hcy-induced VSMCs proliferation, and that MT could inhibit Hcy-stimulated MAPK activity and lipid peroxidation.     

The effect of exposure on landscape scale soil surface temperatures and species distribution models

Species distribution models (SDMs) often use elevation as a surrogate for temperature or utilise elevation sensitive interpolations from weather stations. These methods may be unsuitable at the landscape scale, especially where there are sparse weather stations, dramatic variations in exposure or low elevational ranges. The goal of this study was to determine whether radiation, moisture or a novel estimate of exposure could improve temperature estimates and SDMs for vegetation on the Illawarra Escarpment, near Sydney, Australia. Forty temperature sensors were placed on the soil surface of an approximately 12,000 ha study site between November 2004 and August 2006. Linear regression was used to determine the relationship with environmental factors. Elevation was correlated more with moderate temperatures (winter maximums, summer minimums, spring and autumn averages) than extreme temperatures (summer maximums, winter minimums). The correlation (r ²) between temperature and environmental factors was improved by up to 0.38 by incorporating exposure, moisture and radiation in the regressions. Summer maximums and winter minimums were predominately determined by exposure to the NW and coastal influences respectively, while exposure to the NE and SW was important during other seasons. These directions correspond with the winds that are most influential in the study area. The improved temperature estimates were used in Generalised Additive Models for 37 plant species. The deviance explained by most models was increased relative to elevation, especially for moist rainforest species. It was concluded that improving the accuracy of seasonal temperature estimates could improve our ability to explain the patchy distribution of many species. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.