VARIATIONS IN SEED QUALITY BETWEEN CERTIFIED SEED LOTS OF PERENNIAL RYEGRASS, AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO NITROGEN SUPPLY AND MOISTURE STATUS DURING SEED DEVELOPMENT

Ten Certified Seed lots of S23 perennial ryegrass produced in different counties in England during 1966, and ten lots produced in 1972, were examined for differences in characters affecting seed quality. The 1966 seed lots differed significantly in 1000–seed weight, germination rate, N content of the seed and seedling dry weight, and there was a significant correlation between seed N content and the seedling weight of the progeny. In both S23 and S24 perennial ryegrass N applied at inflorescence emergence or at anthesis increased N content of the seed and seedling dry weight. In S24 application of N at anthesis increased 1000–seed weight also. When plants of S23 perennial ryegrass were subjected to reduced moisture supplies their seed N content was increased. It is concluded that late N applications to grass seed crops may affect seed quality.     

水分对玉米种子萌发调控的研究

通过观察不同生育时期玉米新鲜种子、胚、去皮新鲜种子以及干种子的发芽情况,发现胚在15-17DAP便可萌发,但鲜种子萌发率很低,去除种皮可提高萌发率但萌发后生长缓慢。表明种子在发育初期便具备了萌发力,胚乳和种皮限制了胚的萌发及幼苗生长。水分对种子萌发有一定影响,种子发育进程中,伴随种子含水量的减少,鲜种子萌发率逐渐升高,对具有脱水耐性的种子进行干燥,可使种子正常发芽。试验发现延长发芽时间鲜种子也可以萌发并正常生长,即种子不经干燥也可从发育状态转向萌发状态。因此,干燥并不是种子萌发的必要条件,只是加速了种子从发育状态向萌发状态的代谢。     

春小麦新春31号种子活力与穗位和籽粒成熟度的关系

为确定新疆主栽春小麦品种新春31号的种子活力与穗位、成熟度的关系,分别在花后15d、20d、25d、30d、35d收获穗上部、中部和下部种子,测量种子长、宽、厚、千粒重等性状,并通过发芽实验分析发芽率、幼苗高度、干鲜重等种子活力指标。结果表明,花后35d收获的穗中部种子发芽率、发芽势均最高。在同一部位,随着收获期的延迟,种子长度、宽度、厚度、千粒重、幼苗干鲜重和种子活力指数呈明显的上升趋势,种子活力指数表现为中部穗位下部穗位上部穗位。经逐步回归分析,种子活力与千粒重和籽粒宽度的相关性最好,因此这两个指标可用作筛选高活力种子的主要指标。     

Effect of temperature regime on germination of seed of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne)

Perennial ryegrass ( Lolium perenne L.) is one of the most valuable temperate pasture grasses in the world. Understanding seed germination in response to temperature can help determine its optimal seeding times. Germination tests for two cultivars of perennial ryegrass (cv. 'Turfstar' and cv. 'Transtar') were conducted by applying thirty-six constant and alternating temperature regimes, ranging from 5 to 40°C (16 h night/8 h day). Responses in germination rate to these temperature regimes were then used to construct a quadratic response surface, giving estimated germination rates with confidence intervals at P  ≤   0·05 for both cultivars. Optimum germination rate occurred over a range of regimes: 15/25, 20/25, 20/30 and 25/30°C. Furthermore, a wide range in diurnal alternating temperatures resulted in maximum seed germination rate for cv. 'Transtar', while no constant temperature regime supported maximum germination rate for cv. 'Turfstar'. A temperature-dependent germination rate function for perennial ryegrass was developed which could be used in the future to predict location-specific optimum seeding times when national or regional monthly temperature data are available.     

60Co-γ射线辐射胡麻种子的诱变效应研究

为探讨辐射对胡麻种子的诱变作用,以800 Gy、1000 Gy和1200 Gy 3种不同剂量的⁶⁰Co-γ射线对6个胡麻品种（系）的种子进行辐射处理,观察其对胡麻种子萌发、农艺性状和品质性状的影响,并确定胡麻的最佳辐射剂量。结果表明,⁶⁰Co-γ射线辐射胡麻种子以后,种子的发芽势、发芽率、株高、工艺长度、每果粒数、千粒重、含油率、亚油酸、油酸和棕榈酸含量均比对照降低,有效分茎数、有效分枝数、单株果数、木酚素、亚麻酸和硬脂酸含量均比对照高。且随辐射剂量的增加,发芽势、发芽率和木酚素含量逐渐下降,根长、苗高、平均单株鲜重、油酸含量先降低再升高,株高、工艺长度、有效分枝数、单株果数、千粒重、亚麻酸、硬脂酸和棕榈酸含量先升高后降低,有效分茎数、单株果数、每果粒数、不实果数、含油率和亚油酸含量均随处理浓度的增高而升高。拐点均出现在1000 Gy,且存在明显的品种间差异。胡麻种子的最佳辐射剂量理论值为1029 Gy。用⁶⁰Co-γ射线处理胡麻种子,出现超亲材料的几率约为10%~21%,且木酚素含量出现超亲材料的几率最大,其次是亚麻酸含量,最后是含油率。高剂量（1200 Gy）有利于含油率和亚麻酸的变异,而低剂量（800 Gy）有利于木酚素的变异。研究结果为胡麻辐射育种和种质创新提供了理论依据。     

外源海藻糖浸种对低温胁迫油菜种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

为提高抗寒性,促进油菜种子发芽及幼苗生长,以甘蓝型油菜品种中油杂19为材料,研究外源海藻糖浸种对低温胁迫下油菜种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响,阐明外源海藻糖浸种的寒害缓解作用.结果表明,在低温处理下(10℃),油菜种子萌发受到抑制,发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数及活力指数均显著下降,平均发芽时间显著延长;种子萌发过程中异柠檬酸裂解...     

Optimum time of combine harvesting for amenity grasses grown for seed

The relationships between, and changes in moisture content, 1000-seed weight, germination percentage and seed yield were determined from anthesis onwards in ten amenity grasses in 1975. These relationships were used to indicate the optimum date for combine harvesting and to give some indication of the consequences which follow if harvest was not carried out at this stage. In all species seed moisture content declined, and 1000-seed weight and germination increased to a maximum value, during ripening.     

干旱胁迫对不同抗旱性小麦种子萌发及幼苗根芽生物量分配的影响

为探讨冬小麦种子萌发期抗旱性与幼苗生物量分配的关系,以小麦抗旱型品种长旱58和干旱敏感型品种漯麦18为材料,采用聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)模拟干旱胁迫的方法,测定和分析了干旱胁迫后小麦种子发芽率、幼苗根冠比、叶绿素含量等16个指标的变化。结果表明,干旱胁迫后,长旱58种子发芽率无明显变化,漯麦18种子发芽率显著下降。干旱胁迫下长旱58种子发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数和干物质转移量显著大于漯麦18,平均发芽时间显著小于漯麦18,长旱58幼苗根、芽的长度和干重及总干重均显著高于漯麦18。干旱胁迫显著增加漯麦18幼苗根冠比,对长旱58萌发第五和第七天的幼苗根冠比无显著影响。干旱胁迫显著降低漯麦18幼苗叶绿素含量,对长旱58无显著影响。由于小麦萌发期幼苗干物质累积取决于种子中营养物质的转移和呼吸消耗,因此推测种子营养物质的快速转移和低呼吸消耗有助于提高小麦萌发期的抗旱能力,促进干旱胁迫下种子萌发和幼苗生长。     

大豆种子抗老化鉴定的方法研究

选用遗传差异相对较大的皖豆24、皖豆25(杂交品种)及合豆3号的种子,在温度为40℃、湿度为85%的条件下老化处理4、8和12 d,研究加速老化过程中不同基因型大豆种子成苗率、发芽率、电导率及单株幼苗干重的变化规律。结果表明:随着加速老化时间的延长种子活力下降;加速老化处理8 d,3个品种的各项鉴定指标均发生改变:品种的成苗率、发芽率及单株幼苗干重显著降低,电导率明显升高,且品种间有显著差异;发芽率和成苗率的变化在品种间具有一致性,电导率、单株幼苗干重的变化和成苗率品种间一致性较差;成苗率和发芽率的相关性最高(r=0.972**)。利用国家大豆微核心种质中的91份资源对老化鉴定方法进行验证,结果在温度为40℃,湿度为85%条件下老化8 d的种子发芽率及老化指数与在自然条件下老化15个月的发芽率及老化指数极显著相关(r=0.943**,0.716**)。综合分析认为,温度为40℃,湿度为85%条件下老化处理8 d,以种子发芽率为活力鉴定指标可作为大豆种子抗老化性的鉴定方法。     

Seed development and seed yield potential of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) populations

Greenhouse and field experiments were carried out to study the seed development and seed yield potential of three populations of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.). These included an ecotype (Bb 1276) collected in the Lombardy Plain region of northern Italy, cv. Tribune, which was derived from this ecotype, and cv. Lemtal, a widely used cultivar from Belgium. Artificial seed shedding techniques in the green-house study showed that Bb 1276 began shedding seed at a higher moisture content than cv. Tribune which in turn was higher than cv. Lemtal. The pattern and rate of shedding was similar for all three populations and generally Bb 1276 and cv. Tribune gave a greater proportion of shed seed than cv. Lemtal. Although the pattern of decline in seed moisture content was similar for all three populations, generally cv. Lemtal had a higher moisture content than cv. Tribune with Bb 1276 the lowest. Cultivar Lemtal had the highest mean 1000 seed weight, and Bb 1276 the lowest, with cv. Tribune intermediate. The field study involving cv. Tribune and cv. Lemtal showed that with the exception of 1000 seed weight, which for cv. Tribune was some 6% lower than that of cv. Lemtal, all the seed yield components were similar. Seed yields taken every 3 days after the standing crop had reached 50% moisture content showed that both cultivars increased in yield until harvest 3. After this date the seed yield of cv. Lemtal remained stable up to harvest 5 while that of cv. Tribune declined. The maximum seed yield of cv. Tribune was achieved at a seed moisture content of 42·9% while that of cv. Lemtal remained stable from 42·3% to 37·5%. The seed moisture content of the two cultivars again showed a similar pattern of decline but it was not possible to show consistent differences between cv. Lemtal and cv. Tribune. The 1000 seed weight of cv. Tribune was lower than that of cv. Lemtal, and the maximum seed weight of cv. Tribune appeared to be achieved earlier. Germination counts taken after harvest showed both populations exhibiting a high level of post harvest dormancy. Later counts taken 3 months after harvest were significantly higher than those taken earlier and there were no differences between cultivars or harvests. The results are discussed in relation to the potential for selecting for improved seed yield potential in Lolium multiflorum Lam. Populations from northern Italy and suggestions are made for maximizing the harvested seed yield of cv. Tribune.     

Effect of seed size on protein and lipid contents,germination and imbibition in true potato seeds

Summary Seeds of an open pollinated crop of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) TPS-2, cv. Kufri Jyoti, were graded into four sizes. There were significant differences between grades for 100-seed weight, the concentrations of total proteins and ethanol soluble proteins, and total lipids and phospholipids. Large seeds contained higher levels (% dry weight) of total proteins, ethanol soluble proteins and alkali soluble proteins than small seeds and they germinated faster and had the highest percentage of germination. Small seeds had the lowest levels of total lipids, phospholipids and water soluble proteins, the longest water saturation time and the lowest germination.     

Quality of Irrigated Water with Nanometer Pottery Tray Treatment and Its Effects on Seed Soaking

To study the impacts of nanometer pottery trays(NPTs) on different rice varieties, three rice varieties, Zhongzheyou 1, Jinzao 47 and Xiushui 09, were treated with four NPTs(NPT-A, NPT-B, NPT-C and NPT-D) with different energies, respectively. The results showed that when the same rice variety was treated with different NPTs or different rice varieties were treated with the same NPT, the impacts on seed germination rate, seedling growth, plant height, panicle length and weight, the number of filled grains, seed-setting rate and 1000-grain weight varied between different rice variety-NPT interaction groups. In general, high energy NPT-C and NPT-D treatments obviously enhanced the functions of most examined rice characters. For example, NPT-C and NPT-D treatments improved the germination rate of all the three rice varieties, and promoted the root growth of seedlings, and increased seedling fresh weight, single panicle weight, filled grain number per panicle, seed-setting rate and 1000-grain weight. On the contrary, low energy NPT-A treatment restrained the seed germination rate in Jinzao 47 and Zhongzheyou 1, and decreased the seedling fresh weight in Zhongzheyou 1. NPT-B treatment restrained the seedling growth in Jinzao 47 but increased the panicle length of Zhongzheyou 1. NPT-A and NPT-C treatments obviously decreased the 1000-grain weight in Xiushui 09. Therefore, when treating crop seeds or plants using nanomaterials or nanotechnologies, different types of crops/varieties should select the nanomaterials or nanotechnologies with suitable energies to reduce the negative effects.     

不同直播方式下种子处理方式对直播稻出苗和产量的影响

为了选择合理的种子处理方式,解决水稻机直播全苗问题,选择杂交稻川优6203、常规稻金农丝苗,在水直播、旱直播方式下,比较了干种子直播、浸泡48 h后直播、浸泡48h催芽至露白后直播、浸泡48 h催芽至半粒谷长后直播等方式对水稻出苗率、基本苗数、有效穗数、颖花数、结实率、千粒重以及产量的影响。结果表明,种子浸泡48 h催芽至露白时播种,有较高的出苗率,可以确保较高的基本苗数。不同种子处理方式对直播稻的有效穗数、千粒重的影响达极显著水平,对颖花数及结实率的影响不显著。在水直播方式下浸泡48 h,催芽露白或至半粒谷长时直播,不仅有利于增加群体数量,还有利于改善产量性状。无论采用水直播还是旱直播方式,宜将种子浸种48 h后催芽至露白时进行机直播,出苗率高,群体足,产量性状合理,可以获得较高产量。     

A comparison of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), hybrid ryegrass (Lolium perenne × L. multiflorum) and timothy (Phleum pratense) under different systems of management

An Italian ryegrass (cv. RvP), a tetraploid hybrid ryegrass (Sabrina), and an early heading timothy (Scots), were compared under 3-cut silage plus aftermath, 5-cut early bite-hay-aftermath and 6-cut simulated grazing managements over 2 harvest years 1974–75. Annual nitrogen applications totalled 375 kg ha^?1 N for the silage and grazing systems and 325 kg ha^?1 for the early bite-hay-aftermath treatment. In 1974, the first harvest year, RvP and Sabrina outyielded Scots timothy. In the dry summer of 1975 the drought tolerance and persistency of Sabrina was superior to RvP, but both grasses gave low yields (approx. 10·0 ha^?1 DM under the conservation managements) and showed a marked fall in production compared with the first year, by RvP of 35% and by Sabrina of 25%. Scots timothy in the second year equalled the ryegrass in total DM yield under the hay management system. Over the 2 years RvP and Sabrina gave similar yields, which were 10% better than Scots timothy, under all managements. RvP and Sabrina are equally suitable for silage production, but second and third silage cuts of RvP require shorter regrowth periods than Sabrina for good quality herbage. Sabrina will also provide leafier grazing than RvP.     

不同温度对辣木种子萌发、幼苗生长及其生理特性的影响

为了探索辣木(M.oleifera Lam.)种子和幼苗对不同环境温度的适应性,设置15、20、25、30、35、40℃等不同温度处理,研究不同温度条件对辣木种子萌发、幼苗生长及生理指标的影响。结果表明:辣木种子发芽的最适温度为25℃,幼苗生长的最适温度为30℃,温度过高或过低都会抑制辣木种子的萌发和幼苗的生长。一定程度的高温和低温胁迫会使辣木种子的发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数等发芽指标以及幼苗的苗高、茎粗、根长、鲜质量增量、壮苗指数等生长指标显著下降。高、低温胁迫还会使辣木幼苗叶片的MDA含量、相对电导率、可溶性糖、SOD活性、POD活性显著增加,使叶绿素相对含量、φ_(Po_、RC/ABS、P_(TR)、P_(ET)、PI_(ABS)显著下降。     

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) seed yield and quality under different forage management systems and irrigation treatments in a Mediterranean environment

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is widely grown as a forage crop due to its good quality characteristics and high adaptability. However, seed yield is generally considered to be of secondary importance and is characterized by fluctuating yields with often poor seed quality. A field experiment using five alfalfa cultivars (Equipe, Iside, Lodi, Robot, Romagnola) was carried out in 1995, 1996 and 1997 at Foggia (southern Italy) to evaluate the effects of four defoliation practices (H1: crop mown during early plant growth; H2: plant desiccation by chemical agent at the end of February; H3: crop mown at early flowering; H4: never cut) and two irrigation treatments (I: irrigation applied from April to beginning of seed filling; NI: non-irrigated control) on seed yield, seed yield components and seed quality (as determined by seed germination with and without accelerated ageing (AA)). The relationships between yield components (stems per m², pods per stem, seeds per pod, 1000-seed weight) were determined by path-coefficient analysis. Irrigation significantly increased seed yield; on average doubling the control yield over the three seasons. However, the potential seed yield (calculated from seed yield components) was, on average, five times the actual seed yield. The two mowing treatments produced consistently higher seed yields than either desiccated or untreated swards. Cultivar differences were evident for seed yield, with Equipe having the highest value (40% higher than the mean of the other cultivars). Irrigation improved the yield primarily because it led on average a greater than four fold increase in the density of stems (the most influential yield component). By contrast, seeds per pod and 1000-seed weight increased in the absence of irrigation. Defoliation treatments had little effect on stems per m², seeds per pod and seed weight, whereas pods per stem were reduced by desiccation. Path analyses calculated across irrigation treatments and years revealed that stems per m² had the largest positive direct effect on alfalfa seed yield under each harvest management (path-coefficient values ≥0.89), and its indirect effects on seed yield via other traits were negligible. Seed quality, as measured by germination percentage both before and after AA, remained relatively consistent across both defoliation and irrigation treatments and cultivars, but was anomalously low in the 1997 irrigated crops. Overall, the highest seed yields were obtained under irrigated conditions when crops were mown during early growth or at early flowering. The potential seed yield of alfalfa varieties is sufficient to guarantee a profitable seed harvest. However, the harvest efficiency of the combine-harvester was low (20% of the potential seed yield); thus, more appropriate harvest techniques should be used.     

花生种子老化过程中的生理生化变化及对田间性状的影响

研究了花生种子人工老化与自然老化过程中的生理生化变化。结果表明，随着老化程度的加深，种子的各项发芽指标逐渐降低，电导率逐渐升高，种子老化后其出苗率降低，出苗速度缓慢，幼苗的健壮度降低，根系数量体积减少，根干重降低，各生育期相差2～5d，总生育期差别不大。     

胚乳裂纹对玉米种子活力指标的影响

以玉米杂交种种子为试验材料,研究胚乳无裂纹、胚乳单裂纹、胚乳双裂纹和胚乳龟裂纹种子的发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数变化。结果表明,24 h内的吸水率表现为龟裂纹种子的吸水率最高,无裂纹种子的吸水率最低。随着胚乳裂纹数的增加其种子发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数均呈降低的变化趋势。胚乳无裂纹的种子发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数显著高于胚乳龟裂纹的种子发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数。种子胚乳无裂纹的幼苗干重显著高于胚乳龟裂纹的幼苗干重。胚乳龟裂纹是导致种子活力降低的原因之一,在种子生产中应该减少胚乳龟裂纹产生。     

PRE-HARVEST DESICCATION OF HERBAGE SEED CROPS AND ITS EFFECT ON SEED QUALITY

Seed crops of perennial ryegrass S321 and tetraploid hybrid ryegrass Sabrina were sprayed with 3 pt diquat in 30 gal. water/ac (4.21 diquat in 337 1 water/ha) a few days before the normal date for harvest. Very low germination values were obtained wben the harvested seed was later tested and the production of abnormal seedlings from the treated crops was attributed to the presence of diquat in the seed. On the basis of these results the use of diquat is not recommended as a pre-harvest desiccant for ryegrass seed crops.     

青蒿素对小麦种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

为了解青蒿素对小麦种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响,运用室内培养皿法,分析了不同浓度的青蒿素溶液浸种后小麦种子发芽率及幼苗高度、根长、整株鲜重、根和茎鲜重及干重、根系活力等指标的变化。结果表明,青蒿素对小麦种子萌发及幼苗生长有抑制作用,且浓度越高,抑制作用越显著。与无菌水对照相比,青蒿素浸种处理显著降低了小麦的种子发芽率、苗高、根长、根鲜重和茎的鲜、干重,增加了根干重和根冠比。小麦的根系活力和可溶性蛋白含量随青蒿素浓度的增加而递减,可溶性糖含量则随之递增,叶绿素含量则呈先升高后降低的趋势,以20mg·L-1处理含量最高。此外,青蒿素浸种处理对小麦幼苗各项指标的影响与15mg·L-1多效唑相似。