Überprüfung des Kontaminationsrisikos durch polycyclische aromatische Kohlenwasserstoffe im Erntegut von Möhren und Pilzen bei Anwendung von Müllkompost

Examination of the risk of contamination by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the harvested crops of carrots and fungi after the application of composted municipal waste Investigations were conducted to determine if the often high, naturally-occuring concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) present in municipal waste composts could cause hazardous contamination of plants when the composts are used as soil conditioners in agriculture and gardening. Carrots (Daucus carota) and mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus), used as representatives of higher and lower plants, respectively, were cultivated on compost-free or compost-amended substrates. To determine concentrations of PAHs in soils and plants a gas-chromatographic method was employed which allowed benzo(a)pyrene and 12 other PAHs to be determined singly or as isomeric mixtures. In the experiments with Agaricus it was found that fruiting bodies, even though grown in a substrate with very high concentrations of PAHs (i- e., 1000 ppb benzo(a)pyrene), contained no detectible quantities of these compounds. In contrast to this, experiments with carrots showed that there was a direct correlation between PAH concentrations in the substrate and PAH concentrations in both below- and above-ground portions of the plants. The 25 to 40 fold increase of the PAH concentration in the substrate containing waste compost caused an increase of these compounds in the carrot roots by the same factor. The only 2 to 4 fold increment of the PAHs in the corresponding foliage was thought to be mainly due to a relatively great portion of air contamination by which the increase of the PAH quantities entering from below ground to the foliage was not so evident. The concentrations of benzo(a)pyrene used in the present series of experiments with composted waste are 7 to 10 times higher than those found in soil to which compost has been added as in practical agricultural application. Relating the result of the described experiments to actual practice, it could be suggested that the normally very low concentrations of PAHs in below ground plant parts would increase with the use of composted municipal waste, but they would not become greater than the concentrations in above ground plant as caused by contamination from naturally occuring PAHs in the air.     

Schwermetallgehalte im Kultursubstrat und Erntegut des Champignons,Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Singer,beim Einsatz von Müllklärschlammkompost

Heavy metal contents in the culture substrate and in the mushroom, Agaricus bisporus, grown in composts mixed with municipal waste and sewage The addition of increasing quantities of municipal waste compost to conventional horse manure compost resulted in a proportional increase in the heavy metal content of the mixture. The increases ranged between 250% (zinc) and 900% (mercury). Ninety-four to ninety-nine percent of the heavy metals in municipal waste compost are bound in compounds from which they can not be extracted using CaCl₂ solution. The amounts extractable from horse manure compost with CaCl2₂ solution are from 1.5 (zinc)- to 33 (mercury)-times higher. The influences of the increasing quantities of heavy metals in municipal waste — horse manure composts are demonstrable in the content of these metals in harvested mushroom. This, in turn, corresponds to the availability of the metals. The relative enrichment is greatest with mercury, and least with cadmium. The quantities found in mushrooms, with the exception of mercury, fall within the normal range detected in vegetable crops.     

Composting of Source-Separated Household Organics At Different Oxygen Levels: Gaining an Understanding of the Emission Dynamics

Source-separated household organics were composted in a reactor at three oxygen levels, 16%, 2.5% and 1% in the compost gas. Short-chained fatty acids were initially present in the compost material, and were also produced during the mesophilic phase at all three oxygen levels. This indicated that partial anaerobic conditions existed. No NH₃ emissions occurred during the mesophilic phase due to acidic conditions. Composting at 2.5% and 1% O₂ concentrations prolonged the mesophilic phase and reduced the microbial activity as compared to 16% O₂. This led to delayed and decreased emissions of NH₃. Nitrous oxide was not formed during thermophilic conditions. Methane, which was measured at 2.5% and 1% O₂, was only found during thermophilic conditions. The emission of methane indicates that anaerobic conditions occurred during the thermophilic phase. The main reactions regulating pH during composting were outlined involving the ion species VFA, NH₄⁺/NH₃ and CO₂/HCO₃^?/CO₃^2?.     

Einfluß von Müllkompost und Eisenverbindungen auf die Eisen-, Zink- und Manganaufnahme von Sonnenblumen und Mais im Gefäßversuch

Influence of compost and Fe-compunds on the uptake of Fe, Zn and Mn by sunflower and maize in pot experiments The influence of compost and different iron compounds on the uptake of Fe, Zn and Mn from calcareous soils was investigated in a pot experiment using sunflower and maize. Regardless of the iron compounds applied, the addition of compost resulted in an increase of the Zn content in both plant species. The compost treatment without Fe, resulted in a lower Fe content in sunflower and maize. This effect was partly or completely counteracted by the addition of Fe compounds. Very high Zn contents were observed in the Fe – EDTA treatments. The Zn content was further increased when compost was also added. In treatments in which compost was omitted none of the Fe compounds applied increased the Fe content of the plants.     

Management of Cassava Starch Factory Solid Waste (Thippi) through Composting to a Nutrient-Rich Organic Manure

In India, cassava cultivation is confined in South India. In Tamil Nadu, tubers are used as raw material for starch and sago industry. About 8–10 large-scale starch factories and 150–200 small-scale starch and sago production units are generating nearly 40–60 tonnes of solid waste (thippi) per annum creating serious environmental pollution. A study undertaken to manage it through composting to a nutrient-rich organic manure revealed thippi as acidic with low major and micronutrient concentration, high water-holding capacity, good porosity, low bulk density, high starch, fiber, low protein, and cyanide. Composting of thippi with different combinations of raw materials, microbial cultures, and earthworms indicated that thippi enriched with gliricida and cassava leaves and composted with earthworm had the highest nutrient concentration with narrow carbon to nitrogen (C:N) ratio. The mean concentrations of N, phosphorus (P), potassium (K) calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) in thippi compost were 1.32, 3.82, 0.40, 2.18, 0.96, 1.11, 0.08%, 11.23, and 89.93 mg/kg, respectively, which is 3.5, 49,7, 32.5, 8, 185, 100, 2.5, and 12 times than thippi. Thippi compost had low bulk density, starch, without fiber and cyanide but high protein suggesting this protocol as a possible alternative for the management of thippi.     

An Assessment of Bacterial Populations in a Static Windrow Compost Pile

ABSTRACT

Many companies, restaurants, colleges, as well as individual homeowners, have initiated green marketing campaigns, and the composting of food and yard wastes has become commonplace. Thus, it is essential to obtain a more complete understanding of the microbial populations present in such composting processes. The focus of this study was to identify bacterial populations in a static windrow compost pile initiated on a college campus containing food trim and tree debris. Given that the compost pile was initiated during the winter it was uniquely characterized by a pre-mesophilic stage in addition to the characteristic mesophilic, thermophilic, and cooling/maturation stages. Bacteria were cultured from each stage and were identified by sequencing the 16S rRNA gene. Dominating the numbers throughout the study were bacteria within the Bacillus and Bacillus-like genera. Actinobacteria were found primarily within the pre-mesophilic stage. The mesophilic and beginning thermophilic stages displayed the most diversity, characterized by several different genera within the Proteobacteria phylum. In contrast, during the late thermophilic stage, only bacteria within the Bacillus and Brevibacillus genera were cultured. Overall, 49 different species within 27 different genera, 13 families, and 4 phyla, were identified and several genera that have not been commonly associated with household compost. Thus, this study supports a role for the continuation of culture-dependent studies to more completely define the bacterial flora involved in various composting processes.     

添加不同辅料对污泥堆肥腐熟度及气体排放的影响

选择玉米秸秆和木本泥炭两种辅料添加至脱水污泥中进行联合好氧堆肥,研究了秸秆和木本泥炭作为添加剂对污泥堆肥腐熟度和堆肥过程中气体排放(NH_3、CH_4和N_2O)的影响。两种辅料添加量均为初始物料的15%,堆肥在60 L的密闭反应器中共持续35 d。研究结果表明,秸秆作为添加剂与污泥联合堆肥,堆肥产品可以达到卫生标准和腐熟标准。添加秸秆处理整个堆肥过程中累积NH_3、CH_4和N_2O排放量分别为2.2、0.14和0.09 g/kg,NH_3和CH_4排放主要发生在堆肥的升温期和高温期,N_2O排放主要发生在堆肥的后腐熟阶段。添加木本泥炭作为添加剂不能成功启动堆肥,整个堆置过程中未检测到NH_3和CH_4排放,但是在堆肥前期有大量N_2O产生。对于添加秸秆的处理,CH_4、N_2O和NH_3对总温室气体排放的贡献率分别为45%,36%和19%,CH_4所占比重最高。     

Improvement of media for thermophilic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in compost

Thermophilic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) have the potential to reduce ammonium emissions from commercial-scale animal waste composting operations. Two new media have been designed to culture and enumerate thermophilic AOB species. C-1 medium was designed to reflect compost composition. C-2 medium and CQ-2 medium were modified synthetic organic wastewater for the cultivation and enumeration of AOB, respectively. These new media have several advantages over the conventional medium. C-2 medium is effective for nitrification at 50°C, and C-1 and C-2 media support reasonable growth of thermophilic AOB. Furthermore, C-1 and CQ-2 media allow enumeration of thermophilic AOB during the composting process. This is the first report of the successful cultivation and enumeration of thermophilic AOB in compost. These results suggest the possibility of isolation and manipulation of novel thermophilic AOB species for environmental bioremediation.     

Isolation and characterization of novel thermophilic nitrifying Bacillus sp. from compost

A thermophilic nitrifying bacterium, strain T3, was isolated from compost made of animal waste by using a novel selective medium. Strain T3 was classified into the genus Bacillus, close to Bacillus halodurans, but identified as a novel species. To evaluate the effect of adding strain T3 on ammonia emission during the process of composting animal waste, laboratory scale composting was done. Ammonia emission was lower when strain T3 was added than in the control material to which strain T3 was not added. Thermophilic nitrifying bacteria in the strain T3-containing material increased from 6.24 (log value) to 7.55 (log value) on average during the tests. These results suggested the possibility of reducing ammonia emission from composting of animal waste by adding strain T3.     

粉煤灰和钢渣处理多种金属污染的酸性土壤，金属有效性的衰减研究

The objectives of this work were to determine the potential mineralization of various organic pollutants that are likely found in compostable materials during composting, and to evaluate the participation of the microflora of the thermophilic and maturation composting phases in pollutant mineralization. Four composts were used: a biowaste compost (BioW), a municipal solid waste compost (MSW), a green waste compost (GW) and a co-compost of green waste and sludge (GW+S). In each composting plant, two samples were withdrawn: one in the thermophilic phase (fresh compost) and one in the maturation phase (mature compost) to have the microflora of thermophilic and maturation phases active, respectively. The mineralization of 5 organic pollutants, 3 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (i.e., phenanthrene, fluoranthene and benzo(a)pyrene), 1 herbicide (dicamba) and 1 polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB, congener 52), was measured in a laboratory setting during incubations at 60 ℃ in fresh composts and at 28 ℃ in mature composts. All molecules were 14 C-labeled, which allowed the mineralization of the molecules to be measured by trapping of produced 14CO2 in NaOH. Their volatilization was also measured by trapping molecules on glass wool impregnated with paraffin oil. Mineralization of the organic molecules was only observed when the maturation microflora was present in the mature composts or when it was inoculated into the fresh compost. Phenanthrene mineralization of up to 60% in the fresh GW+S compost was the only exception. Mineralization of PAH decreased when the complexity of the PAH molecules increased. Mineralization of phenanthrene and fluoranthene reached 50%-70% in all mature composts. Benzo(a)pyrene was mineralized (30%) only in the MSW mature compost. Dicamba was moderately mineralized (30%-40%). Finally, no PCB mineralization was detected, but 20% of the PCB had volatilized after 12 d at 60 ℃. No clear difference was observed in the degrading capacity of the different composts, and the major difference was the larger mineralizing capacity of the maturation microflora compared with the thermophilic microflora.     

Evaluation of Compost for Use as a Soil Amendment in Corn and Soybean Production

The purpose of this research project was to 1) evaluate rate of compost application and 2) to compare compost with uncomposted raw material and inorganic fertilizer N application upon maize and soybean growth and productivity, and upon soil characteristics. During the first three years of the study, the source of uncomposted material and compost was food waste and ground newsprint. During years 4 to 9 of the study, the source of uncomposted material and compost was dairy cow manure and wood chips. Application rates in field site 1 were 0, 11.2, 22.4, 33.6 and 44.8 Mg ha^?1 compost, 44.8 Mg ha^?1 uncomposted material and 140 kg ha^?1 fertilizer N (as urea). Application rates in field site 2 were 0, 22.4, 44.8, 67.2 and 134.4 Mg ha^?1 compost, 134.4 Mg ha^?1 uncomposted manure and 180 kg ha^?1 fertilizer N (dry matter basis). The high rates of compost application significantly raised organic matter levels, and available P and K compared to inorganic fertilizer N. Uncomposted manure and increasing compost application rates significantly increased grain yield, number of kernels per plant and plant weight. Composting significantly reduced pathogen indicator bacteria concentrations. The data of this study suggest that on these high organic matter soils 22.4 Mg ha^?1 to 44.8 Mg ha^?1 are optimal compost application rates.     

添加腐熟菌剂对园林绿色废弃物堆肥化效果的影响

通过添加微生物菌剂堆肥化处理园林绿色废弃物,量化堆肥过程中主要参数,了解添加微生物菌剂对园林绿色废弃物的堆肥化效果。试验结果表明:添加微生物菌剂可以增加堆体的腐熟程度,表现在菌剂处理温度增加量高于对照处理,特别是在堆置中后期;菌剂提高堆体的电导率值,以堆肥为基质测定的种子发芽率高于对照处理10%左右;相比对照处理,菌剂处理增加了堆体的有机质含量1.8%,对大肠菌含量影响不明显。园林绿色废弃物堆肥各指标均符合国家有机肥标准,均达到无害化处理的效果。     

Bodengesellschaft auf und neben einer Mülldeponie

Soil association upon and near to a waste disposal site Soils of a waste disposal site and a moraine slope in the neighbourhood were mapped and analyzed, to see whether they are related soils and that means soil associations after Schlichting. Erosion/sedimentation-processes as well as translocated gases and waste fluids influenced the different soils of the landscape so that these soils are related with each other by soil forming processes.     

Effect of Green Waste Compost and Mycorrhizal Fungi on Calcium,Potassium, and Sodium Uptake of Woody Plants Grown Under Salt Stress

Sodium chloride is the most often used chemical to malt ice and snow on the roads and has negative effects on the roadside environment. Searching for ways to improve the conditions for growth of trees and shrubs near the roads becomes an urgent matter. One such method of improving growth conditions for plants under salinity might be to use organic matter (green waste compost) and mycorrhizal fungi. This study studied the effect of application in soil different salts on several trees and shrubs growth in growing media. Also, effect of green waste compost and arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) added to the growing medium was evaluated in terms of growth and K⁺, Ca⁺², and Na⁺ uptake. The highest pH of the growing medium was noted when sodium carbonate was used. The pH ranged from 8.7 to 9.0 after eight doses of sodium carbonate. The pH of the growing medium was also significantly higher regardless of whether or not green waste compost or mycorrhizal fungi were used. The type of growing medium had a great effect on the growth of most of the trees, but among shrubs the growing medium was only important for Cornus alba, Sambucus nigra, and Spiraea vanhouttei. Growth of all these plants was much better under salinity when green waste compost or green waste compost with AM fungi was used. In all the cases, when salinity of the growing medium retarded growth of trees and shrubs, sodium chloride was the compound that had the strongest growth retarding effect. Leaf ionic composition was significantly affected by salinity in the growing medium, and in some cases also by micorhizal fungi. The type of growing medium had various effects on sodium uptake, depending on species. In most cases, the addition of green waste compost to the growing medium caused a greater amount of sodium in the leaves of tested plants. The use of mycorrhizal fungi had no effect on the uptake of sodium, compared to the control plants (without AM fungi).     

Changes in Thermophilic Bacteria Population and Diversity during Composting of Coal Fly Ash and Sewage Sludge

The thermophilic bacteria in compost made from coal flyash-amended sewage sludge were isolated and identified using theBiolog system to investigate the effect of coal fly ash on thethermophilic decomposition of sewage sludge during composting. Atotal of 8 species of Bacillus were isolated from thecompost and Bacillus brevis was the dominant speciesduring the entire composting process. The present resultsdemonstrate that the Biolog system is a fast and simple methodfor identifying bacterial species in compost, provided thatoptimum conditions could be achieved for the Bacillusculture. Adding coal fly ash as an amendment did not change thedominant bacteria species during composting, but decreased thepopulation and diversity of thermophilic bacteria species due tothe high alkalinity and salinity. Fewer thermophilic bacteriawere detected in ash-amended sewage sludge compost than insludge compost. There was also reduced metabolic activityobserved in the ash-amended sludge compost from the data ofCO₂ evolution and weight loss. Although ash amendmentdemonstrated a negative effect on the population and diversityduring thermophilic phase, it did not cause any significanteffect on compost maturity.     

Pesticide Screening in a Commercial Yard Waste And Biosolids Compost

The presence of pesticides in compost is of interest because of possible health, production and ecological risks. The presence of over 50 pesticides was assessed in raw yard waste, milled yard waste, and a finished compost (yard waste:biosolids) at a commercial compost facility in Florida. These pesticides were comprised of 38 herbicides, eight insecticides and two fungicides. Of the pesticides monitored for in this study, only atrazine, 4,4-DDE, alpha chlordane, gamma chlordane, and endosulfan I were detected, and were only present in raw yard wastes.     

Compost Use in Plant Nurseries: Hydrological and Physicochemical Characteristics

A study was conducted to collect, classify and analyze a large number of compost samples to establish a database for determining the relative quality of different types of composts and their potential use based on their hydrological and physicochemical characteristics. Special attention was devoted to the use of compost for flower growing, which extended the analysis to include substrates, such as peats and organic substrates for pot coltures. Some 64 samples of various composts were collected directly from production plants in northern Italy. Depending on the starting raw materials, compost samples were grouped in six categories: sludge compost; animal manure compost; slaughterhouse waste compost; source separated MSW compost; raw MSW compost and yard waste compost. At the same time, 52 samples chosen from among peats and organic substrates, for professional growers and amateur gardeners, were obtained or bought from greenhouses, garden centres and shops. Hydrological and physicochemical properties of the 116 samples (composts, peats and substrates) were determined including: easily available water (EAW), water buffering capacity, (WBC), air capacity, total porosity, bulk density, real density, pH, specific electrical conductivity, cation exchange capacity, organic carbon and ash     

Menge und Verteilung des Stickstoffs in Fulvo-, Humin- und Kieselsäure-Huminsäuren eines Müll-Klärschlamm-Kompostes

Amount and distribution of nitrogen in fulvic-, humic- and silico humic acids from a garbage-sewage sludge compost During the course of composting for 106 days of a mixture of solid wastes and sewage sludge subsamples were taken at different time intervals. They were extracted for fulvic-, humic- and silico-humic acids which in turn were fractionated for different nitrogen fractions. Basic nitrogen fractions such as amino acids (AS), amino sugars (AZ), real amide nitrogen (ADe), pseudo amide nitrogen (ADp), remainder nitrogen of the hydrolysate (RNHY) and total nonhydrolyzable nitrogen (ΣNnhy) have been determined. The most pronounced transformations of nitrogen within the organic matter of the compost took place during the first 10–14 days of composting.     

Proteolysis in Hispánico cheese manufactured using a mesophilic starter,a thermophilic starter,and bacteriocin-producing Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis INIA 415 adjunct culture

Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis INIA 415, a strain harboring the structural genes of bacteriocins nisin Z and lacticin 481, was used as adjunct culture in the manufacture of Hispánico cheese with a mesophilic starter and a thermophilic starter of high aminopeptidase activity. Addition of the bacteriocin producer promoted early lysis of mesophilic and thermophilic starter bacteria. Extracellular aminopeptidase activity in 7-day-old cheese made using mesophilic and thermophilic starters plus bacteriocin producer was 3.0-fold the level reached in cheese made without the bacteriocin producer. Proteolysis in cheese made with mesophilic and thermophilic starters plus bacteriocin-producing adjunct culture after 25 days of ripening was 1.5-fold the level reached in cheese made without the bacteriocin producer, and the level of total free amino acids was 2.9-fold the level found in cheese made without the bacteriocin producer. Cheese made with mesophilic and thermophilic starters plus bacteriocin producer received the highest scores for flavor quality and flavor intensity and reached in 25 days the flavor intensity score of a 75-day-old cheese made without the bacteriocin producer.     

盐含量对餐厨垃圾好氧堆肥腐殖化过程及微生物演变的影响

含盐量过高会对堆肥有机质腐殖化过程产生抑制作用,但作用规律仍不清楚。该研究以餐厨垃圾为研究对象,以不添加盐分的处理为对照,设置添加食用盐的处理作为试验组（添加质量分数分别为0.5%、1%和1.5%）,进行好氧堆肥,研究不同盐分含量对基本腐熟度指标、有机质组成、腐殖质（Humus,HS）的影响,并结合微生物群落结构和相关性统计分析阐明其作用规律。结果表明,4个处理温度、碳氮比（C/N）、有机质组成等达到腐熟要求,但盐分添加提高了堆体电导率（Electrical Conductivity,EC）,添加比例达到1.5%时,高温期缩短至13 d,种子发芽指数（seed Germination Index,GI）降低至65.5%,总有机物降解率降低6.5%,有机质腐殖化过程受到限制。高通量测序和相关性分析的结果表明,添加1.5%盐分主要通过抑制高温双岐菌（Thermobifida）、糖单孢菌（Saccharomonospora）和曲霉（Aspergillus）、毛孢子菌（Trichosporon）的活性,降低总糖、木质纤维素等有机物质的降解和后续HS形成,从而限制餐厨垃圾堆肥过程中腐殖化效果的提升。本研究将为餐厨垃圾等农村有机废弃物处理技术应用提供理论指导。