基于淡水鱼类资源的现状分析与保护方案探索

为进行环保部关于生物多样性评价试点工作,对内陆水系的淡水鱼类资源进行了调查和采集,共采集到野生鱼类153种,分别隶属于15个目31个科,其中鲤形目2科79种,占51.6%,在山东淡水鱼资源中占优势。对所调查的120个县级单元内淡水鱼类分布的区域性进行了分析,提出了保护建议。     

胭脂鱼的人工繁殖及养殖技术

胭脂鱼是鲤形目胭脂鱼科鱼类在中国的唯一代表,生活在长江和闽江中,口下位,食底栖生物,是一种大型淡水经济鱼类,体重可达50kg。在鱼种阶段,称大帆三间,有观赏价值,在成鱼阶段,称黄排或火烧鳊,有食用价值。因此,胭脂鱼是驯化为池塘、湖泊和水库的放养对象。为了满足池塘、湖泊和水库的放养需要,必需有计划地进行胭脂鱼的人工繁殖。2002年4月开始,湖北省仙桃市水产技术推广中心承担了市科委下达的“胭脂鱼人工繁殖及养殖”的项目,通过多年的人工繁殖和养殖试验,下面就本项目的技术工作作如下总结。     

蒙古国鱼类物种资源保护概况

蒙古国境内渔业资源丰富,但其资源保护级别和致危因素各不相同.现对蒙古国鱼类物种资源保护级别进行分类,并对其鱼类物种主要致危因素进行总结.蒙古国有本土鱼类76种,其中濒危物种11种,近危物种3种,无危物种12种,未予评估物种16种,数据缺乏物种22种,其余为未命名、推测或绝迹物种,不做讨论.     

鱼类营养研究综述(上)

现在已经研究确定了一些鱼类的营养需要:①斑点叉尾(鱼回)、鲑鳟类、鲤、罗非鱼和日本鳗鲡的氨基酸需要量和脂肪酸需要量;②斑点叉尾(鱼回)、鲑鳟类对大多数矿物元素、维生素的需要量;③鲤、日本鳗鲡、罗非鱼和其他有鳍鱼类、甲壳类对某些矿物元素、维生素的需要量。据此可以配制养殖鱼类的饲料。鱼类的营养需要与畜禽的主要区别在于:①鱼类要求较低的饲料能量蛋白比(鱼类:每100克饲料消化能千卡数与粗蛋白克数之比为8～10,而家畜为15～20);鱼类需     

洪湖鱼类物种组成及影响因素评价

通过2004年3个时间段对洪湖5个取样点鱼类资源的调查分析，结合历史资料，结果有：共记录到鱼类42种，隶属6目11科；以鲫、黄颡鱼、餐条和红鲌为优势种，草鱼、鲶、鳜、乌鳢等较大型鱼类在数量上呈下降趋势；对鲤、鲫的年龄组成分析表明种群呈低龄化趋势。针对鱼类资源的现状，对影响因素进行了初步评价，并提出保护建议。     

4种鲤科鱼类线粒体atp6基因差异分析

目的:通过对武昌鱼、鲫鱼、草鱼和鲢鱼4种鱼类线粒体atp6基因序列的差异性开展研究和分析,为鲤科鱼类的系统发育关系、遗传特异性、遗传资源的保护研究提供参考。方法:通过常规的酚-氯仿抽提法提取4种鲤科鱼基因组DNA,以基因库中的草鱼(HQ891005)线粒体基因组序列为模板设计引物,对4种鱼的线粒体atp6基因序列进行PCR扩增和测序,将测序结果与GenBank上公布的17种鱼类(其中鲤科鱼类8种、鲭科鱼类3种、鲑科鱼类2种、鳅科、慈鲷科、近魟科、狗母鱼科鱼类各1种)线粒体基因组序列进行比对,构建系统进化树。结果:4种实验鲤科鱼类与GenBank上下载的8种鲤科鱼进行比对,通过分析这12种鲤科鱼类的线粒体atp6基因(436bp)的核苷酸序列中T、C、A和G平均含量分别为29%、28%、30%和13%,在建立的系统进化树中,12种鲤形目鱼被分成两部分,一部分中是11种鲤形目鱼,它们的亲缘关系为45;剩余一目的胭脂鱼和灯笼鱼目的杂斑狗母鱼被分为第二部分,亲缘关系为52。4种鲤科鱼类的亲缘关系,与同属间较近,与不同属的较远。     

鲤鱼的人工繁育方法

鲤鱼为鲤形目、鲤科、鲤属的一种经济鱼类,在全国各地均有分布,是我国最重要的养殖鱼种之一。     

甘肃秦州珍稀水生野生动物国家级自然保护区鱼类资源调查报告

通过对甘肃秦州珍稀水生野生动物国家级自然保护区涉及的8条河流采取实地调查取样、走访了解、查找资料等相结合的等方法,并在调查流域分段布设小刺网或用小型电鱼器捕获鱼类进行资源调查,结果表明本次调查共捕获鱼类508尾,渔获物主要以小型鱼类为主;根据现场调查,保护区鱼类共有28种,隶属于3目5科24属。     

日本鳗鲡和欧洲鳗鲡的营养研究进展

鳗鲡（鳗鱼）是我国经济鱼类之一,更是近年来名特优水产养殖种类之一。鳗鲡属鳗鲡目,鳗鲡亚目,鳗鲡科,为肉食性鱼类。对日本鳗鲡的营养需要量的研究,早在２０世纪６０年代就已经开始,日本和我国台湾省等学者在这方面作了大量研究。目前对蛋白质、必需氨基酸、必需脂肪酸、钙、磷等需要量已大体研究清楚,对维生素和微量元素的缺乏症也作了一些试验,但对其确切需要量还缺乏深入研究。本文对日本鳗鲡和欧洲鳗鲡在营养需要和饲料组成及其特点存在种间差异等作以浅述。１营养元素１１维生素维生素在生物生长过程中有着不可替代的作用,对…     

芦芽山自然保护区生物多样性概述

山西芦芽山国家级自然保护区地处山西省吕梁山脉北端,目前已查明保护区内有高等植物4门102科954种;脊椎动物26目68科300种;其中鸟类有17目47科248种,兽类有6目15科41种,两栖爬行类有3目6科11种,真菌种类有9目26科75种;是华北地区有重要科学研究价值和保护价值的生物物种基因库。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.