锈病对鸭茅的危害及防治

锈病是危害鸭茅的主要病害之一,不仅严重影响鸭茅的饲草产量和品质,同时也是造成鸭茅在云南难以有效进行种子生产的重要原因之一。鸭茅锈病的发生和流行与气温和降雨等气象因子关系密切。选择抗锈病品种是降低鸭茅锈病危害的有效手段,采用合理的混播组合、适时收获利用并结合化学防治可以有效降低锈病对鸭茅的危害。     

锈病对鸭茅的危害及防治

锈病是危害鸭茅的主要病害之一,不仅严重影响鸭茅的饲草产量和品质,同时也是造成鸭茅在云南难以有效进行种子生产的重要原因之一。鸭茅锈病的发生和流行与气温和降雨等气象因子关系密切。选择抗锈病品种是降低鸭茅锈病危害的有效手段,采用合理的混播组合、适时收获利用并结合化学防治可以有效降低锈病对鸭茅的危害。     

播种方式对燕麦和饲用豌豆饲草产量及品质的影响

为研究青海省适宜的禾豆混播方式，本研究以行距为30 cm,25 cm,20 cm和15 cm混播、间作、单播燕麦(Avena sativa)和饲用豌豆(Pisum sativum)两种饲草，分析研究不同混播方式下饲草产量及营养品质，以期为青藏高原高寒地区燕麦与饲用豌豆混播草地的建植提供参考。结果表明：间混作对饲草相对生长速率及饲草总产量均具有显著影响，其中混播处理的草产量高于间作处理。不同播种行距对饲草产量具有显著影响，饲草产量从高到低依次排序为：30 cm>25 cm>15 cm>20 cm。间混作对饲草营养成分具有显著影响，其中混播处理的粗蛋白含量高于间作处理，中性洗涤纤维含量低于间作处理，说明同行混播更有利于提高饲草品质；行距为30 cm与25 cm时，其各营养指标相对优于其他两个行距。通过合理的群体空间结构配置可以提高草产量，其中混播间距30 cm处理综合表现最优，其次为间作行距30 cm播种。     

一年生野生大豆与青贮玉米混作对饲草产量及品质的影响

试验选用2个野生大豆品种与青贮玉米进行混播栽培,研究其对青贮玉米饲草的产量及发酵后品质的影响。研究表明,野生大豆与青贮玉米混播可显著提高饲草产量,与对照组相比,饲草产量分别显著提高15.34%、16.53%;混播可提高饲草品质,可显著提高饲草粗蛋白质含量,与对照组相比,饲草粗蛋白质分别提高17.51%、23.52%。随着发酵时间的延长,粗蛋白质含量呈先升高后降低的趋势,粗脂肪的含量也随着发酵时间的升高,可溶性糖含量和粗纤维含量在发酵期间呈逐渐降低趋势,钙含量和磷含量在发酵期间无明显变化。     

不同建植模式、不同刈割时间间隔对鸭茅牧草产量和锈病的影响

锈病是鸭茅的主要病害之一,严重影响鸭茅产量与饲用品质。鸭茅对锈病的易感性已成为限制其在我国南方被更广泛利用的重要因素之一。草地的生产能力是评价牧草是否具有建植价值的标准之一。为弄清鸭茅混播豆科牧草、鸭茅单播条件下,刈割对牧草产量和鸭茅锈病的防控作用,研究设计了不同刈割间隔处理[30d、45d、60d、不刈割(CK)],以鸭茅单播为对照,观察不同刈割间隔处理对鸭茅锈病和鸭茅混播豆科牧草产量的影响。结果得出:(1)刈割处理对不同建植模式下鸭茅锈病具有一定的控制作用,且混播豆科牧草(紫花苜蓿、白三叶)较鸭茅单播模式更易控制鸭茅锈病。(2)鸭茅+紫花苜蓿、鸭茅+白三叶混播的产量高于鸭茅单播,尤其是鸭茅+紫花苜蓿。(3)不同刈割间隔处理的年干物质产量差异显著,间隔30d刈割和45d刈割处理的年干草产量较高。本研究得出,豆禾混播草地提高了牧草的产量,鸭茅+紫花苜蓿混播尤为明显,且合理刈割,既能增加草地产量,也可有效控制鸭茅锈病。     

滇西北高海拔地区小黑麦与饲用豌豆混播草地综合评价

为探究滇西北高海拔地区提高牦牛养殖补饲水平、促进产业结构调整、实现高原特色畜牧业绿色健康发展的草地建植模式。在迪庆藏族自治州香格里拉市小中甸县开展了小黑麦(×Triticosecale Wittmack, T)和饲用豌豆(Pisum Sativum,F)混播试验,对不同处理下的饲草产量、品质和土壤养分等进行评价。结果表明：饲用豌豆与小黑麦适当混播在一定程度上可增加饲用豌豆的株高,有利于田间收获;适宜混播可有效提高饲草产量,混播比例T∶F为40∶60可获得较高的饲草产量,与小黑麦单播相比,干草产量增加59%,鲜草产量增加113.1%;与饲用豌豆单播相比,干草产量增加18.9%,鲜草产量增加10.1%;该比例下的粗蛋白含量为18.5%;较小黑麦单播处理,小黑麦与饲用豌豆适宜混播可改善土壤速效磷和速效钾含量。综合考虑饲草产量、品质和表层土壤性状,得出小黑麦与饲用豌豆混播最佳比例是40∶60。     

云南暖温带不同季节饲草混播组合筛选及养分测定

在云南暖温带开展了夏季、冬季、饲草的混播组合及冬春季补饲牧草豆科品种的筛选试验。试验结果表明,夏季饲草混播组合以三得利紫花苜蓿＋内农一号苏丹草组合牧草产量最高,为3.7t/hm2,但组合间的牧草产量差异不大（P〉0.05）,各组合的豆科牧草所占比例均较低。青贮混播组合以玉米＋扁豆的牧草产量最高,达到20.4t/hm2,...     

垂穗披碱草与紫花苜蓿不同时期交叉混播效果研究

为探讨不同播期下垂穗披碱草（Elymus nutans）与紫花苜蓿（Medicago sativa）交叉混播效果及该种植模式对垂穗披碱草生长的影响,本研究以垂穗披碱草与紫花苜蓿为材料在国家牧草体系张家口试验站开展试验研究。试验先机播垂穗披碱草,同时在其播种行人工开沟交叉播种紫花苜蓿,设15 d为1个紫花苜蓿播期,共4个播期处理,在垂穗披碱草抽穗期测定植物盖度、产量及品质。结果表明：垂穗披碱草播种后15 d混播紫花苜蓿及与紫花苜蓿同期交叉混播会影响垂穗披碱草的生长,但这两播期处理在草地建植当年可以显著提高植被盖度、产量和品质;垂穗披碱草播种30 d后与紫花苜蓿交叉混播,混播组合中垂穗披碱草占优势且牧草总产量及饲草品质下降。建议在张家口坝上地区建立人工草地时,先播种垂穗披碱草,30天内补播紫花苜蓿效果较好。     

一年生黑麦草与光叶紫花苕在关岭自治县的混播种植试验

试验以关岭自治县的一年生黑麦草和光叶紫花苕混播草地为研究对象,对混播草地的牧草生物量、生长情况进行测定分析,探讨不同混播比例对植物生长及产量的影响。结果:不同比例混播牧草产量依次为:50%黑+50%紫100%黑40%黑+60%紫60%黑+40%紫70%黑+30%紫80%黑+20%紫100%紫。结论:鉴于试验区饲草应兼具产量和品质的优势,推荐一年生黑麦草和光叶紫花苕按1∶1的混播方式进行种植。     

一年生青刈禾 豆草混播试验

一年生禾、豆草混播试验结果:(1)混播产量高,丹麦444与箭舌豌豆混播青干草产量达350.4kg/亩,较单播丹麦444提高19.2％;巴燕3号燕麦与箭舌豌豆混播产草量为单播的138.9％;(2)单播燕麦青干草产量,丹麦444是巴燕3号的214.3％;(3)混播青刈饲草粗蛋白质含量较单播提高1.9—3.5个百分点;(4)混播经济效益好。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …