Peste des petits ruminants in Ethiopian goats

Summary An outbreak of disease characterised by fever, ocular and nasal discharge, coughing and sneezing, oral necrosis, diarrhoea, enteritis and pneumonia in goats was shown by the use of specific cDNA probes to have been peste des petits ruminants, confirmed for the first time in Ethiopia. Both morbidity and mortality rates were high in goats but sheep were not affected.

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Peste De Pequeños Rumiantes En Caprinos En Etiopia

Resumen Se presentó por vez primera en Etiopía, un brote de peste de pequeños rumiantes, la que fue detectada mediante el uso de de sondas cADN especificas. La enfermedad se caracterizó por fiebre, descargas ocular y nasal, tos, estornudos necrosis oral, diarrea, enteritis y neumonia. Tanto la morbilidad como la mortalidad fueron altas en caprinos pero no en ovinos.

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Peste Des Petits Ruminants Chez Des Chevres Ethiopiennes

Résumé Une maladie caractérisée par de la fièvre, des écoulements nasal et oculaire, de la toux et des éternuements, une nécrose orale, de la diarrhée, de l'entérite et une pneumonie est apparue chez des chèvres. L'utilisation de sondes à ADNc spécifiques a montré qu'il s'agissait de la peste des petits ruminants, confirmée pour la première fois en Ethiopie. Les taux de morbidité étaient élevés chez les chèvres mais les moutons n'étaient pas affectés.

     

Experimental peste des petits ruminants (goat plague) in goats and sheep.

In order to study the pathomorphology and immunohistochemistry of peste des petits ruminants, four goats and two sheep were inoculated intranasally with the Malig-Yemen strain of peste des petits ruminants virus. The animals developed fever, nasal discharge, oral erosions, cough and diarrhea. One goat and one sheep died and one moribund goat was killed. Three animals survived the infection. At necropsy, erosive stomatitis, pneumonia and gastroenteritis were found. Histopathologically the pneumonocytes and epithelial cells of the ileum had eosinophilic cytoplasmic and nuclear inclusions. By an indirect immunoperoxidase method, the nuclei and cytoplasm of the ileal epithelial cells of one goat contained positively (brown) stained antigen, which corresponded to viral nucleocapsids by electron microscopy. Virus appeared to be released through the microvilli of the epithelial cells. We also confirmed the formation of giant cells due to peste des petits ruminants virus.     

The isolation of adenoviruses from goats affected with peste des petits ruminants in Nigeria.

Mucosal scrapings from the large intestine of two goats that had died from peste des petits ruminants (PPR) in separate outbreaks in Nigeria were examined for viruses. A mixed viral infection of PPR virus (morbillivirus) and adenovirus was confirmed in both goats. The adenoviruses did not conform to any of the ovine and bovine serotypes recognised; the two isolates were considered different serotypes. It is concluded that, although the role of adenoviruses in the epizootiology of PPR in Nigeria is difficult to appraise, they are probably commensals. This is believed to be the first report of the isolation of adenoviruses from goats.     

The isolation of peste des petits ruminants virus from Nigerian sheep and goats.

Four isolates of peste des petits ruminants virus were obtained from sick Nigerian sheep and goats. One was identical antigenically with the prototype Senegalese strain. A cross relationship was found between peste des petits ruminants virus and rinderpest virus based on neutralisation in vitro.     

Evidence of identification of peste des petits ruminants from goats in Egypt

Peste des petits ruminants virus was isolated from young goats in an outbreak of the disease for the first time in Egypt. Affected goats showed symptoms simulating rinderpest, disease in cattle. The mortality rate was about 30%, and morbidity reached 90%. History, clinical symptoms, postmortem lesions, and diagnosis were discussed.     

Pathogenicity of attenuated peste des petits ruminants virus in sheep and goats

Progressive loss of virulence for goat kids was noticed when peste des petits ruminants (PPR) virus was passaged in Vero cells. While goats inoculated with the 60th passage suffered from the clinical PPR disease and mortality, goats inoculated with the 80th passage did not show any sign of the disease. If the progressive loss of virulence of the virus with passage continues, it will not be long before a homologous PPR vaccine will be obtained at the National Veterinary Institute, Vom.     

Prevalence of peste des petits ruminants among sheep and goats in India

This study measured the clinical prevalence of peste des petits ruminants (PPR) among sheep and goats in India between 2003 and 2009 by analyzing clinical samples from suspected cases of PPR that were submitted to the Rinderpest and Allied Disease Laboratory, Division of Virology, IVRI, Mukteswar for PPR diagnosis. PPR outbreaks were confirmed by detecting PPR virus (PPRV)-specific antigen in the clinical samples. Clinical samples (blood, nasal swabs, spleen, lymph node, kidney, liver, intestine, and pooled tissue materials) were taken from a total of 592 sheep and 912 goats in different states of India and screened for the presence of PPRV antigen using a monoclonal antibody-based sandwich ELISA kit. A total of 20, 38, and 11 laboratory-confirmed PPR outbreaks occurred among sheep, goat, and combined sheep and goat populations, respectively. Our findings provide evidence of widespread PPR endemicity in India. The underlying reasons could be variations in husbandry practices in different geographical regions, agro-climatic conditions, and livestock migration. Furthermore, decrease in the number of PPR outbreaks over time might be due to the effectiveness of current live PPR vaccines and timely vaccination of target species. Vaccination against PPR has been practiced in India since 2002 to control this disease.     

Pathogenicity of peste des petits ruminants virus isolated from Egyptian goats in Egypt

2 Egyptian goats and Boscat rabbits were experimentally inoculated with peste des petits ruminants (PPR) local Egyptian strain (PPR, Egypt 87). The inoculated animals contracted the disease with minor clinical manifestations, accompanied by rise of neutralizing antibodies to PPR virus. Virus was isolated from ocular and nasal secretions, buffy coat, spleen, and liver. No contact infection was observed between inoculated and healthy goats.     

Persistent detection of peste de petits ruminants antigen in the faeces of recovered goats

Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) disease was confirmed in West African Dwarf goats. They were managed symptomatically with antibiotics and antidarrhoeics. Following clinical recovery, faeces were collected every week from 40 recovered goats to monitor excretion of the PPR virus haemagglutinins in their faeces. All the 40 recovered goats shed the PPR virus haemagglutinins for 11 weeks post recovery. Nine goats (22.5%) continued shedding the viral antigen 12 weeks post recovery. There was correlation between weekly mean haemagglutination titre of the PPR virus and time post recovery with r = -0.7504 (p < 0.01).     

Pathological and immunohistochemical study of experimental peste des petits ruminants virus infection in goats

Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is an emerging, economically important viral disease of goats and sheep in the Indian subcontinent. In the present investigation, 15 hill goats were experimentally infected with 2 ml of 10% splenic suspension of a virulent isolate of PPR virus (PPR/Izatnagar/94) that had caused heavy mortality (>75%) in goats during 1994 outbreaks in northern India. More than 86% (13 of 15) animals died between 9 and 13 days post inoculation at the height of temperature or when temperatures were declining. Necropsy findings included congestion of gastrointestinal tract (GIT), nasal sinuses, consolidation of antero-ventral lobes of lungs, engorged spleen, and occasionally oedematous lymph nodes. Histopathological examination of major organs of GIT revealed degeneration and necrosis of labial mucosa, severe mucosal and submucosal congestion, degeneration and necrosis of intestinal epithelium and lymphoid cell depletion from Peyer's patches along with presence of syncytia at times. Lungs showed broncho-interstitial changes and presence of intracytoplasmic and intranuclear eosinophilic inclusions in alveolar macrophages and syncytial cells. These changes in lungs were frequently complicated with serofibrinous pneumonia (57%, eight of 14). Lymphocytolysis and occasional syncytia formation were evident in the lymphoid tissues. Immunohistochemical (IHC) findings included presence of PPR virus antigen in the labial, intestinal, and bronchiolar epithelial cells, pneumocytes, macrophages and syncytial cells in lungs, and lymphoid (intact and necrotic) and reticular cells in lymphoid organs. The findings of the study indicated the highly virulent nature of the PPR virus isolate (PPR/Izatnagar/94), causing 100% mortality and characteristic pathological changes in the target organs such as lungs, intestines and lymphoid tissues. The results of the IHC study suggested that indirect immunoperoxidase could be an alternative method in the absence of more sophisticated methods of laboratory diagnosis of PPR virus infection in goats.