Wild Ungulate Slaughtering and Meat Inspection

The different phases of production of farmed and hunted wild game fresh meat are described. The importance of reducing the stress resulting from handling procedures (capture, restraint, transport) before the slaughtering of animals is highlighted, due to its adverse effects on meat quality. The hygienic and animal welfare criteria to be adopted in the slaughtering of wild game are described. The importance of carcass inspection immediately after slaughtering is stated, so that meat can be destined for human consumption. Possible alterations occurring in fresh and refrigerated meat, that are capable of compromising its consumability, are presented.     

Wild Ungulate Slaughtering and Meat Inspection

The different phases of production of farmed and hunted wild game fresh meat are described. The importance of reducing the stress resulting from handling procedures (capture, restraint, transport) before the slaughtering of animals is highlighted, due to its adverse effects on meat quality. The hygienic and animal welfare criteria to be adopted in the slaughtering of wild game are described. The importance of carcass inspection immediately after slaughtering is stated, so that meat can be destined for human consumption. Possible alterations occurring in fresh and refrigerated meat, that are capable of compromising its consumability, are presented.

     

试论破解中国“调猪”向“调肉”转变困境的方法

文章论述了"调猪"向"调肉"转变的历史背景,进行了冷却肉代替常温鲜肉的可行性论证,加强对冷却肉营养价值高,口味几乎与常温鲜肉媲美等关于冷却肉的知识宣传,让冷却肉成为肉类消费主流产品,是破解"调猪"向"调肉"困境的主要方法。尖锐指出目前排名前十的猪企纷纷布局的,大城市大型屠宰和肉联厂项目,是走"调猪"的老路和死胡同,会造成极大的资源浪费。提出在生猪主产区建立肉联厂,充分利用和整合现有肉联厂资源,配齐官方兽医,加强产地检疫和屠宰检疫,加快非洲猪瘟快速检测试纸的研发,加强冷却肉加工、质量控制技术研究和国家标准的制订,中国肉类加工企业协会,承接国家主管部门移交的肉类加工社会管理职能等建议,供同行参考。     

Parasites in meat: a challenge for veterinarians in meat hygiene

Meat hygiene is an important instrument of preventive public health since the end of the nineteenth century. The methods used during ante-mortem and post-mortem inspection are partly quite traditional. This is in particular true for the identification of parasites in meat. The aim of this review was to present facts on aetiology, prevalence and importance of meat-borne parasitic hazards. The capacity and the limits of the ante-mortem and post-mortem inspection for the identification of parasitic hazards are considered. Further, suggestions for the improvement of the meat hygiene are given. Cysticercosis, Toxoplasmosis and Sarcocystosis are exposed in detail. With regard to Cysticercosis, the integration of serological methods in the inspection procedure could result in a tenfold improvement of diagnostical sensitivity. With regard to Toxoplasmosis, it is obvious that meat containing Toxoplasma-cysts may reach the consumer, as animals infected with Toxoplasma gondii can neither be recognised in the ante-mortem inspection nor in the meat inspection. Systematical serological investigations on farm level would allow an appropriate judgement during meat inspection and minimize the consumer exposure to this parasite. Further, reliable methods for the detection of Toxoplasma-cysts have to be developed. With regard to Sarcocystosis, the compulsory inspection of the muscle surfaces to recognise a "massive infection with Sarcocystis" is very doubtful in its interpretation. There is a need for suitable microscopic, serological and molecular biological methods for the detection of Sarcocystis-species and reliable informations on the seroprevalence of the parasite in slaughtering animals.     

夏洛莱牛和西门塔尔牛育肥及屠宰性能对比试验研究

[目的]试验旨在研究青海省引进夏洛莱牛的育肥效果、屠宰性状和肉质品质,评估夏洛莱牛在青海省推广及杂交利用的可行性,[方法]在青海锦绣农业发展有限公司开展了引进6月龄夏洛莱牛与本地自繁6月龄西门塔尔牛的育肥对比试验,最后对15月龄夏洛莱牛和本地西门塔尔牛进行屠宰性能测定,分析其屠宰性能、胴体和肉质品质的差异。[结果]结果表明,夏洛莱牛在青海西宁育肥后可达到屠宰率57.80%,净肉率46.40%,胴体产肉率80.30%,肉骨比4.23,各项指标均优于本地西门塔尔牛;夏洛莱牛肉中必需氨基酸含量及必需脂肪酸含量分别为7.96%和3.29%,与本地西门塔尔牛无显著差异。[结论]综上所述,夏洛莱牛具有良好的生长性能和屠宰性能,其肉质营养水平与本地西门塔尔牛接近,因此,夏洛莱牛适合在本地育肥并推广。     

Motivation and Characterization of Finnish Meat Inspection Veterinarians

A questionnaire survey on the factors affecting the motivation and work attitudes of Finnish veterinary meat inspectors was conducted. Traditional meat inspection on the slaughtering line and in the emergency department took up most of the weekly work time (15.8% and 15.8%, respectively). Emergency slaughtering (29%) and general hygiene control (29%) were considered the most important tasks of veterinary meat inspectors. Assurance of meat safety (68%) was cited as the most important single reason for meat inspection. Veterinary meat inspectors were of the opinion that they do not play an important role in the training of slaughterhouse personnel, although they considered training to be a very important means for promoting hygienic work methods among workers. Three orientations of the respondents toward meat inspection and slaughterhouse operations were revealed from the survey: hygiene, education, and emergency slaughter work orientation. Meat inspection veterinarians may feel isolated from the other personnel responsible for maintaining quality and hygiene. The orientation and possible isolated position of veterinary meat inspectors should be given more attention in both the basic undergraduate and postgraduate training of veterinary meat inspectors.     

First isolation of Trichinella britovi from a wild boar (Sus scrofa) in Belgium

Since 1992, when the European Union Council Directive requires that wild boars (Sus scrofa) hunted in EU for commercial purpose should be examined for Trichinella, the infection has not been detected in wild boars from Belgium, despite serological evidence of the presence of anti-Trichinella antibodies in wildlife and previous reports of Trichinella larvae in this host species. In November 2004, Trichinella larvae were detected in a wild boar hunted near Mettet, Namur province (Southern Belgium). Larvae were identified as Trichinella britovi by polymerase chain reaction methods. This is the first report of the identification of Trichinella larvae from Belgium at the species level. The detection of T. britovi in wildlife in Belgium is consistent with findings of this parasite in other European countries and confirms the need to test game meat for Trichinella to prevent its transmission to humans.     

西藏不同品种藏系绵羊育肥屠宰后肉品质的分析

为了分析不同品种藏系绵羊育肥后的羊肉品质,以阿旺绵羊、岗巴绵羊、彭波半细毛羊、安多绵羊4种3岁龄的藏系绵羊种公羊为研究对象,在同一饲养管理条件下,采用半舍饲+青草+秸秆+配方精饲料的方式育肥3个月后屠宰,取每只种公羊的背最长肌1 kg,进行羊肉品质分析。结果表明:①岗巴绵羊肉感官评分最高,总体可接受性也最好,其肉质特性为亮度值最大(L*值为43.09),光泽度最好;其肉剪切力为2 960 g、硬度为1 140 g、内聚力为0.419 kPa、弹力为0.25 N,质构品质最佳;其肉持水力为34.3%,蒸煮损失率为30.3%,肉质鲜嫩柔软。②岗巴绵羊肉的总脂肪酸含量、饱和脂肪酸含量、不饱和脂肪酸含量最高,分别为5.96、2.89、3.08 g/100 g。③除阿旺绵羊以外,以上3个品种藏系绵羊肉的必需氨基酸与总氨基酸的比值、必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸的比值均超过或接近联合国粮农组织与世界卫生组织提出的标准,其中,安多绵羊肉的氨基酸总量以及必需氨基酸总量均为最高,分别为22.8、9.89 g/100 g干物质。由该试验结果可以得出,岗巴绵羊肉感官评分最高、食用品质最佳、加工品质最好;安多绵羊肉的营养价值最高。     

不同屠宰方式对猪肉品质的影响

选用不同致晕、放血法及烫毛方法对140头杜长大和杜大长三元杂商品猪进行屠宰,测定其肌肉的肉色、pH值、剪切力、失水率等指标。结果表明：在其他条件相同的情况下,烫毛水温为60℃时,烫毛6min,胴体质量最佳。电击致晕生猪,采用悬挂放血,有出现PSE猪肉的倾向;而CO2致晕生猪,采用水平放血或悬挂放血,肉质指标差异不显著。较好的组合是：电击致晕生猪,采用水平放血;而CO2致晕生猪,采用悬挂放血较好。     

牛胴体热剔骨肉块成熟处理试验

本试验研究了36头肉牛屠宰后热胴体分割部位肉块排酸处理提高嫩度的效果,结果显示：热胴体分割牛肉块成熟处理能够达到提高牛肉嫩度的目的。在生产上应用时,实施肉块在胴体上成熟处理72h,分割后的肉块再成熟处理96h即二次成熟处理牛肉品质较好。     

Significance of Escherichia coli O157 in sheep at slaughter in Switzerland

The importance of latent zoonoses has increased in recent years in view of foodborne diseases: (i) the "healthy" animal repesents a reservoir for specific pathogens; () no pathological-anatomical changes in the carcass and its organs show the presence of these pathogens; and (iii) these pathogens may enter the food chain via hygienic weak points in the slaughtering process. To estimate the risks involved and to take appropriate measures, analysis of the slaughtering process should be complemented by collecting data relating to the carriage of the animals of latent zoonotic pathogens. From October 2004 to June 2005, fecal samples from 630 slaughtered sheep were enriched and then examied by IMS technique and by PCR to assess the prevalence of E. coli O157 (OE). Seven samples (1.1%), distributed throughout the whole examination period, were found to be positive. To assess the potential pathogenicity for humans, E. coli O157 strains were isolated by colony hybridization and further characterized. The isolated strains fermented Sorbitol, showed four different H tys (H7, H12, H38, H48), and were all negative for stx. One O157:H7 strain harbored the gene for intimin (eae) in combination with ehxA, and paa. In consequence, the potential health hazard from sheep meat related to O157 STEC seems current not to be of particular importance in Switzerland. Results emphasize the fact that E. coli O157 are not always STEC but may belong to other pathotypes as nontraditional EPEC.     

Nationwide survey of hepatitis E virus infection among wildlife in Japan

In Japan, hepatitis E virus (HEV) causes hepatitis in humans through the consumption of raw or undercooked meat, including game meat. In the present study, nationwide surveillance of HEV infection among a total of 5,557 wild animals, including 15 species, was conducted in Japan. The prevalence of anti-HEV antibodies in wild boar was 12.4%, with higher positive rates in big boars (over 50 kg, 18.4%) than in small individuals (less than 30 kg, 5.3%). Furthermore, HEV RNA was more frequently detected in piglets than in older boars. Interestingly, the detection of HEV among wildlife by ELISA and RT-PCR suggested that HEV infection in Sika deer was a very rare event, and that there was no HEV infection among wild animals except for wild boar, Sika deer and Japanese monkeys. In conclusion, wild boar, especially piglets, are at high risk of HEV infection, while other wild animals showed less risk or no risk of HEV transmission.     

鸡肉品质营养调控技术研究进展

鸡肉不但具有高蛋白、低脂肪和低胆固醇的优点,而且肉质嫩滑、滋味鲜美,目前肉鸡产量大幅提高与肉品质的下降之间的矛盾日益突出。鸡肉品质受到遗传、营养、饲养和屠宰加工等多种因素的影响。国内外大量研究表明通过营养调控技术能较好地改善鸡肉品质。文章就肉质评定指标、肉质影响因素及鸡肉品质营养调控现状进行综述,以期为相关技术实际应用提供参考。     

荒漠草原放牧与舍饲对滩羊屠宰性能与肉品质的影响

为探究荒漠草原放牧与舍饲对滩羊屠宰性能和肉品质的影响,本研究将39只3月龄滩羊公羔分为荒漠草原放牧组(GZ)、限时放牧4 h补饲组(TG)和舍饲组(SF)3组,测定滩羊的屠宰性能与肉品质指标.结果显示:SF组滩羊的宰前活重、胴体重、屠宰率、净肉率和肉骨比显著优于TG组,TG组滩羊除肉骨比和净肉率外,显著优于GZ组(P<...     

BSE--consequences for slaughtering,cutting and employer's protection

The conventional slaughtering of cattle includes some critical process stages where a carry over of BSE-risk material (brain, spinal cord) on the meat can occur. These processes are captive bolt stunning, cut off the head and first of all sawing the spine lengthways. Alternative stunning methods like electrical stunning or concussion stunning are under investigation, nevertheless they are in the moment no useful alternatives for most of the slaughter houses. The most promising methods available at present for minimising the risk appear to be in manual cattle slaughtering boning the entire carcass, either still warm or refrigerated and in industrial beef cattle slaughtering extraction of the spinal cord by vacuum from the whole carcass followed by conventional sawing or completely sawing out the spine including spinal ganglia. Working processes, including the cutting or exposure of risk material, are a risk for the employer's too. Special protective measures must be taken.     

Commercial moose meat production in SwedenLa production commerciale de viande d'élan en SuèdeGewerbliche produktion von elchfleisch in Sweden

Moose meat is produced commercially in Sweden by the hunting of wild, free-range animals. Extensive forests, continual rejuvenation of the browse resource, a moderate climate, and the relative absence of natural causes of mortality contribute to the maintenance of a large and productive moose population. Hunting rights are owned by the landowner and both hunting rights and harvested animals are marketed. Exported moose meat is federally inspected and carcasses are processed in federally approved abattoirs. One commercial operation studied in detail in 1979 had fewer than 1% of its processed carcasses condemned. All traumatized tissue was removed from carcasses during processing. Weight loss associated with carcass cooling plus removal of traumatized tissue averaged 10% of fresh carcass weight. The average retail value of boneless moose meat sold on the Swedish market in 1979 was approximately U.S. $10.00 per kg. The annual moose harvest in 1981 totalled 152 000 animals with an estimated total carcass yield of 19.7 million kg. The present level of commercial production is insufficient to meet the demands of foreign or domestic markets. Not all harvested moose are marketed, however, and the commercial sale of moose meat is increasing, a trend that will probably continue if the recent levels of moose harvest are maintained.     

莱芜猪胴体切块质量预判

本文以莱芜猪肉质育种为例，介绍了在屠宰线上对胴体的肉色、大理石纹、特别是肌内脂肪进行主观评定预测的简单易行的方法，其结果可用于肉质选种选育。     

草原红牛肉用性能微卫星标记的研究

选用草原红牛、利木赞牛与草原红牛杂交后代共计40头作为试验牛群体，以内牛线性体型评分方法中的肌肉度评分性状和屠宰肉用性状作为衡量其肉用性能的指标，利用SPSS软件分析了8个微卫星位点基因标记与肉用性能的关系。结果表明，BM2113等位基因C（142bp）对净肉重和净肉率性状有正面影响；IDVGA46等位基因C（211bp）对内用性能有负面影响；BM1824等位基因A（171bp）时腰厚性状有正效应；TGLA44等位基因E（221bp）对髻甲、腰厚、臀部外形等肌肉度评分性状和体质量、胴体重以及净肉重等屠宰肉用性状有正面影响。     

甘南牦牛肉成熟过程中剪切力、钙激活酶变化规律分析

为研究甘南地方牦牛肉品质对甘南牦牛肉成熟过程中剪切力和Calpains活性的变化规律进行测定与分析,结果表明:牦牛肉在排酸嫩化过程中剪切力、钙激活酶呈现规律性变化,刚宰后到宰后第2天剪切力逐渐上升到最大值6.14kg,之后逐渐降低,宰后第4d降至4.82kg。宰后当天即开始排酸,第3～4d基本完成酸成熟过程,第1～9d钙激活酶光密度值由不足0.1逐渐提升到近0.7,说明整个成熟过程钙激酶的活性呈现下降的趋势。