石灰性土壤中铁的生物有效性及其影响因素

本文分析了我国华北地区和西北地区主要石灰性土壤的铁素状况。结果表明,黄绵土、灰钙土和棕钙土的有效铁含量较低;(土娄)土和粘质黄潮土的有效铁较高;而黑垆土和轻质地黄潮土居中。根际土壤的有效铁和无定形铁含量均显著地高于非根际土壤。     

杉木人工林土壤微团聚体中铁铝氧化物与微生物的分布及其关系

[目的]探究亚热带红壤区土壤微团聚体中铁铝氧化物与微生物的分布及其关系,为该区域土壤结构的改良提供理论依据.[方法]以亚热带红壤区典型林分杉木人工林为对象,研究不同粒级微团聚体胶结物中铁铝氧化物含量、结合态有机碳含量和微生物群落多样性在不同土层中的分布,并分析各形态铁铝氧化物含量与微生物群落多样性的关系.[结果]微团聚...     

可溶性有机碳在典型土壤上的吸附行为及机理

定量分析可溶性有机碳(DOC)在不同土壤上的吸附行为可为DOC在不同地区土壤中的去向及污染风险评估提供理论基础。本研究以河南潮土(包括砂质、壤质和黏质3种质地)、江苏黄泥土、江西红黏土和海南砖红壤等典型土壤为吸附介质,采用一次平衡法比较了DOC在不同土壤中的吸附容量及平衡液中DOC的结构变化。结果表明,供试土壤对DOC的吸附可用修正的Langmuir模型拟合。最大吸附量(Q_(max))从高到低依次为红黏土(2 892.67 mg/kg)、砖红壤(1 969.77 mg/kg)、黏质潮土(1 803.03 mg/kg)、黄泥土(1 003.84 mg/kg)、壤质潮土(989.31 mg/kg)和砂质潮土(441.18 mg/kg)。黄泥土的亲和系数(k)最大(2.53×10~(–3)),其次为砖红壤、红黏土和3种潮土。吸附后,除砂质潮土和壤质潮土外,其他土壤平衡液的芳香性均降低。相关性分析表明无定形氧化铝显著影响了Q_(max),而氧化铁的形态(无定形、络合态和低结晶态)决定了k值大小。红黏土、砖红壤和黄泥土更容易吸附DOC中的芳香族成分,主要吸附机制可能为配位体交换;砂质潮土和壤质潮土主要为阳离子架桥,而黏质潮土同时存在这两种吸附机制。     

有机肥与植物种类对铁肥形态转化及其有效性的影响

通过盆栽试验的方法，研究了牛粪和植物种类对石灰性土壤中铁肥形态转化及其有效性的影响。结果表明，牛粪施用改变了土壤中铁（含外源铁）的有效性及其在各形态铁间的分配，从长期的观点来看，牛粪施用能提高土壤铁的有效性，有利于土壤铁有效供给的维持，与花生相比，油菜对土壤铁具有更高的利用和活性能力，种植油菜后，土壤交换态铁被耗竭，而有效铁、氧化锰结合态铁和无定形氧化铁结合态铁的含量明显提高。有机肥的合理施用和铁效率差异性植物间的轮作或间作是增加、维系土壤铁有效性的重要农艺措施。     

硼在土壤中的吸附-解吸及其对植物吸收硼的影响

本文对湖北省几种主要旱地土壤进行了硼的吸附－解吸实验,同时对这些土壤上油菜幼苗吸收硼进行了试验,并用Ｆｒｅｕｎｄｌｉｃｈ和Ｌａｎｇｍｕｉｒ等温吸附方程对实验结果进行了拟合。从中发现,一些土壤硼的解吸存在着明显的滞后解吸现象,这种现象可用滞后系数来定性描述。     

旱作黄潮土中铁元素的有效性研究

通过对不同季节采集的不同质地类型土壤样品中有效铁、有机质和酸碱度的化验分析及对小麦、花生、黄瓜进行根外喷施0．5％硫酸亚铁溶液对比研究，认为在旱作黄潮土中铁元素的有效性与土壤粘粒含量和有机质含量呈正相关，雨季土壤大于旱季土壤，而酸碱度的相关性不明显；花生、黄瓜对铁素营养的敏感性大于小麦。根外喷施铁肥应优先在质地较粗的旱季土壤和花生、黄瓜上应用。     

土壤铁锰氧化物对铜离子富集作用的初步研究

土壤中的铜是以多种形态存在的,其中以被铁锰氧化物所吸附的铜较为引人重视,一是因为铁锰氧化物吸附容量大;二是铁锰氧化物吸附态铜易受环境因素(如pH和Eh)影响而变化。吸附态铜在铜的各个形态的动态平衡之间,处在一个关键的位置,因此,应对它进行更多的研究。     

土壤锌、铁、铜、锰形态的分布及其与植物有效性的关系

The distribution of various fractions of Zn,Fe,Cu and Mn in 15 types of soils in China and its relationship with plant availability were studied.Fractions of various elements were found to have some similar characterstic distribution regularities in various types of soils,but various soil types differed to varying degrees in the distribution of each fraction.Soil physico-chemical properties,such as pH,CEC and the contents of OM,CaCO3,free Fe,free Mn and P2O5,were significantly correlated with the distribution of elemental fractions,and a significant correlation also existed between the distribution and plant availability of elemental fractions.Various fractions of each element were divided into two groups based on their plant availability.The correlation between the distribution of combination fractions and plat availability indicated a significantly or an extremely significantly positive correlation for Group I but a significantly or an extremely significantly negative correlation for Group II.Therefore,the fractions in Goup I were primary pools of available nutrients,while those in Group II could hardly provide available nutrients for plants.Decreasing the transformation of corresponding elements into fractions of Group II and increasing the storage capacity of various fractions of Group I were an important direction for regulation and controlling of soil nutrients.However,some Particular soils with too high contents of Zn,Fe,Cu and Mn should be regulated and controlled adversely.     

Survival of Aporrectodea caliginosa and its effects on nutrient availability in biosolids amended soil

Few earthworms are present in production agricultural fields in the semi-arid plains of Colorado, where earthworm populations may be constrained by limited water and/or organic matter resources. We conducted a 12-week laboratory incubation study to determine the potential of a non-native endogeic earthworm (Aporrectodea caliginosa) to survive in a low-organic matter Colorado soil (1.4% organic C content), supplemented with or without biosolids, and to determine the effects of A. caliginosa on soil microbial biomass and soil nutrient availability. A factorial design with three main effects of A. caliginosa, biosolids addition, and time was used. Data was collected through destructively sampling at one, two, four, eight, and twelve weeks. During the 12-week study, 97.5% of the worms in the soil survived, and the survival of the earthworms was not significantly affected by the addition of biosolids. The addition of biosolids, however, did significantly reduce the gain in mass of the earthworms (8% mass gain compared to 18% in soil without biosolids). The presence of A. caliginosa significantly increased soil NH₄-N, and NO₃-N concentrations by 31% and 4%, respectively, which was less than the six fold increases in both soil NH₄-N, and NO₃-N concentrations supplied from biosolids. Microbial biomass carbon was not affected by A. caliginosa, but microbial biomass N was affected by an earthworm × biosolids interaction at week 1 and 12. We concluded that A. caliginosa can survive in a low-organic matter Colorado soil under optimal moisture content and that once established, A. caliginosa can provide modest increases in inorganic N availability to crops Colorado agroecosystems.     

酸性根际肥对石灰性土壤pH和铁有效性的影响研究

在无植物栽培的条件下通过肥料在土壤中的扩散试验研究酸性根际肥对石灰性土壤 pH值、有效铁含量的影响 ,利用盆栽试验验证对石灰性土壤上花生缺铁失绿黄化症的矫正效果。结果表明 ,酸性根际肥 (pH 1.0～ 2 .0 )中的酸在土壤中扩散的影响半径可达 6cm ,但对土壤pH降低作用最显著的是在距肥料 2cm内 ;在施肥 2 8d内 ,距肥料 2cm处 ,土壤 pH值降低了 0 .9个单位 ,土壤铁有效性 (DTPA浸提量 )增加了 5 .9mg kg ;施用酸性根际肥可使花生叶绿素SPAD值与叶片活性铁含量显著提高 ,克服了花生缺铁黄化症状 ,使施肥区 (肥料周围 2cm内 )土壤pH值显著降低 ,并显著提高了该区土壤铁的有效性和花生对土壤Fe的吸收量。     

Review on iron availability in soil: interaction of Fe minerals,plants, and microbes

Purpose

The rationale of this paper is to review the state of the art regarding the biotic and abiotic reactions that can influence Fe availability in soils. In soil, the management-induced change from oxic to anoxic environment results in temporal and spatial variations of redox reactions, which, in turn, affect the Fe dynamics and Fe mineral constituents. Measuring the Fe forms in organic complexes and the interaction between bacteria and Fe is a major challenge in getting a better quantitative understanding of the dynamics of Fe in complex soil ecosystems.

Materials and methods

We review the existing literature on chemical and biochemical processes in soils related with the availability of Fe that influences plant nutrition. We describe Fe acquisition by plant and bacteria, and the different Fe–organic complexes in order to understand their relationships and the role of Fe in the soil carbon cycle.

Results and discussion

Although total Fe is generally high in soil, the magnitude of its available fraction is generally very low and is governed by very low solubility of Fe oxides. Plants and microorganisms can have different strategies in order to improve Fe uptake including the release of organic molecules and metabolites able to form complexes with Fe^III. Microorganisms appear to be highly competitive for Fe compared with plant roots. Crystalline Fe and poorly crystalline (hydro)oxides are also able to influence the carbon storage in soil.

Conclusion

The solubility of crystalline Fe minerals in soil is usually very low; however, the interaction with plant, microbes, and organic substance can improve the formation of soluble Fe^III complexes and increase the availability of Fe for plant growth. Microbes release siderophores and plant exudates (e.g., phytosiderophores, organic acids, and flavonoids), which can bind and solubilize the Fe present in minerals. The improved understanding of this topic can enable the identification of effective solutions for remedying Fe deficiency or, alternatively, restricting the onset of its symptoms and yield’s limitations in crops. Therefore, development and testing of new analytical techniques and an integrated approach between soil biology and soil chemistry are important prerequisites.     

土壤微生物量氮的动态及其生物有效性研究

采用盆栽试验和15N示踪技术对玉米生长期间不同施肥处理黑土土壤微生物量氮的动态变化及其与土壤氮素组分、玉米吸氮量之间的关系进行研究。结果表明,在玉米生长期间,施肥并没有影响土壤微生物量氮的变化趋势,但不同施肥处理土壤微生物量氮的含量明显不同。玉米植株残体的加入,增加了土壤微生物量氮的数量,降低了土壤微生物对肥料15N的释放率。土壤微生物量氮与土壤全氮含量呈极显著的正相关(r=0.727**),与土壤碱解氮及玉米吸氮量之间均呈显著正相关(相关系数分别为0.528* 和0.536*)。土壤微生物量氮和土壤氮素组分对作物吸氮量的通径分析表明,土壤微生物量氮的有效性近于土壤矿质态氮、高于土壤酸解有机氮和非酸解氮。土壤微生物量氮是作物吸收氮素的有效来源。     

Residual effects of organic acid-treated phosphate rocks on some soil properties and phosphate availability

The effects of the application of organic acid-treated phosphate rocks on the growth and nutrient uptake of Italian rye grass (Lolium multiflorum Lam. cv. Tachiwase) and some properties of the soil were evaluated in a greenhouse pot experiment. Phosphate rocks (PRs) collected from six countries; China, Florida (USA), Jordan, Sri Lanka, Togo, and Tanzania, were treated with 1 M oxalic or tartaric acid at the ratio of 2.5 mL g^-1 PR. The organic acid-treated PRs, containing 12–31% water soluble P, were applied to a granitic regosol (pH 5.8) at 200 mg P pot^-1 (4 kg soil). Untreated PRs and single superphosphate (SSP) were included in the treatments. Italian ryegrass was grown for 175 dafter planting (DAP) with ample supply of other nutrients and water. Shoots were harvested at 56, 119, and 175 DAP and the soils were analyzed for pH and Olsen-P after the experiment. Application of organic acid-treated PRs consistently increased the dry matter yield and P uptake of the plants compared with the application of untreated PRs at each harvest, but they were less effective than SSP. A larger amount of P (calculated per unit water-soluble P applied) was recovered from the organic acid-treated PRs than from SSP. The amount of residual extractable P in the soils with the organic acid-treated PRs was about the same as or significantly larger than that in the soil treated with SSP. Soil pH was also significantly higher than in the control and SSP soils. The results suggest that organic acids could be used to improve the P availability of PRs to plants with favorable residual effects in terms of available P and soil pH, without exerting any adverse effects on plant growth or nutrient acquisition.     

Extraction of soil boron for predicting its availability to plants

Abstract

Field and greenhouse studies were conducted in Prince Edward Island (P.E.I.) on soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), and rutabaga (Brassica napobrassica, Mill). Plant B concentrations were compared to soil B extracted by hot water, 0.05M HCl, 1.5M CH₃COOH, and 0.01M CaCl₂. The r values for extractable soil B versus plant B were: hot water (0.67), 0.05M HCl (0.82), 1.5M CH₃COOH (0.78), and hot 0.01M CaCl₂(0.61). Results of soil B from the 0.05M HCl extracts were generally found to give the best correlation and linear regression among the four extractants tested for predicting the B availability to plants. Overall, the 0.05M HCl proved to be the best extractant and is recommended for predicting the available B status of acid soils. The probability of error with 0.05M HCl is less since it is shaken for a fixed period of time as opposed to subjective error which could be introduced in monitoring the boiling time using hot water. Since HCl is the cheapest among the chemical extractants used it would be most suited for determining soil B in countries with poor economic resources.     

水磷一体化对磷素有效性与磷肥利用率的影响

水肥一体化是发挥水肥耦合效应提高养分效率的重要途径,然水磷一体化研究较少。本文在模拟滴灌条件下研究了液体磷肥和固体颗粒磷肥(TSP)及其不同施用方法对土壤磷移动性、各形态无机磷含量动态变化的影响,比较了玉米磷素营养与磷肥利用率对不同磷源及其施用方式的响应,旨在提出滴灌条件下磷肥高效利用的最优策略。研究结果表明:1)与TSP肥料分次施用相比,液体磷肥分次施用更能提高土壤磷素有效性,在各土层Ca2-P与树脂磷(resin-P)平均含量分别提高12.4%与21.6%,且可显著提高磷在土壤中的移动性(P0.05),resin-P含量的垂直下降幅度降低56.5%;2)与TSP分次施用相比,液体磷肥分次施用的土壤中高活性无机磷含量(Ca2-P、resin-P及Na HCO3-P之和)占无机磷总量的比例提高21.0%,而低活性无机磷含量(Ca10-P与residue-P之和)占无机磷总量的比例则下降10.1%,说明液体磷肥分次施用可减小磷肥在土壤中的固定转化;3)玉米地上部干物质、叶片吸磷量和植株磷素累积吸收量均对不同磷源与施用方式有明显响应(P0.05),液体磷肥分次处理的玉米生物量、吸磷量及肥料利用率分别比TSP肥料分次处理提高27.1%、34.6%及61.4%。水磷一体化施用可提高磷在土壤中的移动性和有效性,减少磷的固定转化,显著改善玉米磷素营养,并明显提高磷肥利用率。     

农用聚磷酸铵在土壤中的有效性研究进展及在农业上的应用

近年来,农用聚磷酸铵作为一种新型肥料逐渐进入我国化肥领域,常用作高浓度液体复合肥料的基础磷肥。聚磷酸铵pH值近中性,结晶温度低,具有螯合性、缓释性,有着很大发展空间。本文综述了聚磷酸铵在土壤中有效性(溶解性与移动性)的影响因素,重点分析水解速率、土壤矿物、土壤质地与水分对聚磷酸铵在土壤中的有效性,并分析聚磷酸铵在农业上的应用与发展前景。     

Cadmium occurrence in soil organic matter and its availability to wheat seedlings

Experiments were performed concerning the influence of soil organic matter on Cd availability to wheat seedlings. Cadmium added to soil was bound by alkali soluble humic substances through linkages so strong that it was not removable by seedlings under toxic limit. Cadmium linked by organic matter was principally found in fulvic acids, and after polyamide chromatography of the latter, all fulvic Cd was completely recovered in first fraction which contained the major part of aminoacid compounds. These findings suggest that interactions between Cd and proteic substances, frequently reported in studies on animal tissues, are active in soil too.     

土壤硫素形态及其转化研究进展

本文综合国内外有关资料 ,阐述了土壤有机硫和无机硫在土壤中的形态、转化及其有效性 .明确了土壤有机硫形态的分级方法、有机硫的矿化及其影响因素以及外源无机硫和有机硫在土壤中的转化及生物有效性 .