Relationship between plasminogen activator production and bovine embryo development in vitro

The relationship of plasminogen activator (PA) production to cell stage, cell number and changes in overall diameter and zona pellucida thickness for bovine embryos developing in vitro was determined. Late morulae to blastocysts (n = 80) were collected nonsurgically from naturally mated, estrous-synchronized, superovulated crossbred beef cows. Embryos were cultured, one embryo per 25-microliters microdrop, for 6 d. At 24-h intervals, embryos were evaluated for stage of development and transferred to fresh microdrops; media were recovered for PA analysis. In addition, embryo diameter and zona pellucida thickness were measured with an ocular micrometer. Plasminogen activator production was determined using a caseinolytic assay with urokinase as the standard. Changes in diameter, zona pellucida thickness and PA production per 24-h interval for each embryo were plotted, and the graphs were cut out and weighed. Sixty-one embryos (76%) completed the hatching process. Total PA production was correlated positively (P less than .005) to embryonic size (r = .40), developmental stage (r = .35) and cell number (r = .35) and negatively, but weakly, correlated to zona pellucida thickness (r = -.13; P = .267). Hatched embryos produced more total PA than embryos that did not hatch (.140 +/- .011 vs .070 +/- .019 g; P less than .01). These results suggest that as embryonic size and cell number increase and development progresses, bovine embryos liberate more PA.     

影响山羊体外胚胎生产的主要因素

研究了不同成熟培养时间（21、242、7 h）、FSH剂量（0、0.02、0.04、0.06 AU/mL）和激素组合（FSH＋LH＋E2、FSH＋LH、LH＋E2、FSH＋E2）、氨基酸以及负压低氧条件（-300 mmHg2、%CO28、%～10%O2）对山羊卵母细胞体外成熟/体外受精（IVM/IVF）的影响。结果表明：山羊卵母细胞成熟培养以24～27 h较为适宜;添加FSH组的受精卵裂率显著高于未添加组（P〈0.01）,添加剂量以0.02～0.04 AU/mL效果为最佳;LH对山羊的IVM/IVF无显著影响;E2添加对山羊IVM/IVF有负面影响,使囊胚发育率显著降低（P〈0.05）。在成熟液中添加必需氨基酸（EAA）和非必需氨基酸（NEAA）均能显著提高受精卵裂率（P〈0.05）。负压低氧环境对山羊卵母细胞的体外成熟无显著影响,但是不利于山羊的体外受精,使受精卵裂率极显著降低（P〈0.01）;负压低氧环境对提高胚胎发育率的作用不明显。     

瘦蛋白(Leptin)对体外培养新生牛脂肪细胞Leptin、HSL基因表达的影响

取单层生长良好的脂肪细胞,采用单因素重复试验,分别添加0、2.5、5、10、50、100μg/L的外源牛重组瘦蛋白(Leptin),培养12h后提取总RNA,每个处理3个重复(孔),应用半定量PCR方法检测外源Leptin对脂肪细胞Leptin mRNA和HSL mRNA水平的影响.结果表明,Leptin对脂肪细胞内Leptin mRNA表达具有抑制作用,但一定浓度的Leptin能提高脂肪细胞内HSL mRNA水平,其中以5μg/L Leptin的作用最为明显;当Leptin的质量浓度超过5μg/L,HSL mRNA表达水平呈下降趋势.     

胰岛素胰高血糖素对体外培养牛脂肪细胞HSL mRNA和ADPN mRNA丰度的影响

动物体内脂肪的沉积过程是脂肪细胞不断分化和细胞内脂肪不断合成、蓄积的过程.脂肪细胞在分化过程中除形态学发乍变化外,细胞内也发生一系列复杂的生物化学变化,因此,脂肪细胞的分化在动物体脂肪沉积的调控过程中起着重要作用[1].     

NGF对牛体外受精和孤雌激活早期胚胎发育的影响

在牛胚胎培养液中分别添加5、10、15、20μg/L神经生长因子（Nerve growth factor,NGF）,观察其对牛体外受精和孤雌激活胚胎体外发育的影响。结果显示：培养液中添加10μg/L NGF,可显著提高牛卵母细胞体外受精囊胚率（35.0%vs 50.0%,0.010.05）。结果表明,10μg/L NGF可促进牛体外受精和孤雌激活早期的胚胎发育。     

重组抵抗素对犊牛肝细胞PC mRNA丰度及其活性的影响

取单层培养72 h生长良好的犊牛肝细胞,采用单因素重复试验,分别添加0、25、50、100、200、400 ng/L的牛重组抵抗素(resistin),每个处理3个重复(每重复2孔).继续培养12 h后分别提取RNA并制备细胞上清液.应用荧光定量PCR方法检测牛重组Resistin对肝细胞糖异生关键酶丙酮酸羧化酶(Pyruvate carboxylase,PC)基因表达的影响,同时用比色法检测其对肝细胞PC酶活性的影响.结果表明,一定浓度的resistin显著下调了肝细胞PCmRNA表达,且降低了PC酶活性.     

神经肽Y对犊牛肝细胞PEPCKmRNA丰度及其活性的影响

取单层培养36 h生长良好的犊牛肝细胞.采用单因素重复试验,分别添加0、50、100、200、500、1 000 ng/L的羊体外合成神经肤Y(Neuropeptide Y,NPY),每个处理3个重复(每个重复2孔),再培养12 h后分别提取RNA和制备细胞上清液.应用荧光定量PCR方法检测外源NPY对肝细胞糖异生关键酶磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧激酶(Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase,PEPCK)基因表达的影响,同时用比色法检测其对肝细胞PEPCK活性的影响.结果表明,一定浓度的NPY显著促进肝细胞PEPCK mRNA表达,增强了PEPCK活性.     

胰岛素、胰高血糖素对体外培养肝细胞DGAT2mRNA的影响

为阐明神经内分泌因子胰岛素、胰高血糖素在奶牛脂肪代谢过程中的调控作用,用荧光定量PCR方法检测胰岛素、胰高血糖素对肝细胞二酰基甘油酰基转移酶（DGAT2）mRNA丰度的影响。结果表明低浓度的胰岛素能促进脂肝细胞内DGAT2mRNA的表达;胰高血糖素抑制脂肝细胞内DGAT2mRNA表达。由此证明：胰岛素和胰高血糖素能直接调控肝细胞中的DGAT2基因mRNA的表达。     

葡萄糖对体外培养的牛脂肪细胞HSL mRNA和ADPN mRNA丰度的影响

在体外牛脂肪细胞培养介质中分别添加0,5,10,15,20,25 mmol/L等不同梯度的葡萄糖,各浓度组均设置3个重复,应用荧光定量PCR技术,观测不同浓度的葡萄糖对体外单层培养的牛脂肪细胞脂联素（ADPN）mRNA与甘油三酯脂肪酶（HSL）mRNA丰度的影响。结果表明,葡萄糖可抑制牛脂肪细胞ADPN mRNA的表达,并促进HSL mRNA的表达。     

牛病毒性腹泻病毒感染牛外周血单核细胞对CD80和CD86 mRNA转录的影响

用非致细胞病变（noncytopathic,NCP）和致细胞病变（cytopathic,CP）型牛病毒性腹泻病毒（BVDV）感染临床健康BVDV检测阴性的荷斯坦奶牛外周血单核细胞（PBMC）,利用实时荧光定量PCR技术对感染后共刺激分子CD80和CD86mRNA转录水平的变化进行定量分析。结果表明,在NCP型BVDV感染牛PBMC后CD80在4h（P〈0.05）和12,24h（P〈0.01）出现2次转录高峰,CD86在6h（P〈0.05）出现转录高峰;CP型BVDV感染后,CD80在24h（P〈0.05）出现转录高峰,CD86在6h（P〈0.05）出现转录高峰。尽管CD80在NCP型BVDV感染后呈现较复杂的动态变化,但结果提示NCP型和CP型BVDV感染均可导致牛PBMC的共刺激分子CD80和CD86基因转录在感染早期明显受到抑制,PBMC的抗原呈递能力受到影响。     

Effect of varying glucose concentrations during in vitro maturation and embryo culture on efficiency of in vitro embryo production in buffalo

This study was aimed to optimize glucose level at different stages of buffalo in vitro embryo production procedure. Three glucose levels (1.5, 5.6 and 10 mm ) along with a control (0 mm ) were used at three phases of in vitro fertilisation (IVF) procedure viz. in vitro maturation (IVM), in vitro culture (IVC‐I) (12–72 hpi) and IVC‐II (72 hpi to 7 dpi). Maturation rate of oocytes was found different under different glucose concentrations, and significantly more number of oocytes reached to MII under 5.6 mm glucose. The glucose levels at each phase (IVM, IVC‐I and IVC‐II) individually had significant effect on blastocyst rate, and the level used at one phase had significant effect on the outcome of next phase. Complete withdrawal of glucose from any of these stages irrespective of concentrations used at subsequent stage/s resulted in significantly lower number of blastocysts. However, the changing levels of glucose had differential effects during different phases of IVF steps. The most prominent effect of glucose level was observed during IVM. The presence of 5.6 mm glucose at all stages was most effective to yield highest blastocyst rate in buffalo IVF system.     

胰岛素、胰高血糖素对体外培养的牛脂肪细胞HSL mRNA和ADPN mRNA丰度的影响

试验在单层培养的新生犊牛脂肪细胞中,分别添加胰岛素（INS）与胰高血糖素（GN）,每个激素设置6个梯度3个重复,通过荧光定量PCR技术,观测2种激素对ADPN mRNA与HSL mRNA丰度的影响。结果表明,胰岛素抑制了脂肪细胞ADPN mRNA与HSL mRNA的表达,胰高血糖素促进了ADPN mRNA与HSL mRNA的表达,且ADPNmRNA与HSL mRNA存在相关性。     

牛卵泡液对牛卵母细胞体外成熟及受精胚发育力的影响

研究了牛卵母细胞体外成熟液和胚胎培养液中添加不同浓度的牛卵泡液对其体外成熟率和受精胚发育力的影响。结果表明:添加10%牛卵泡液的实验组,卵母细胞的成熟率与血清对照组没有显著差异(P>0.05);添加10%卵泡液的实验组与血清对照组相比,卵裂率和囊胚率没有显著差异,却显著高于添加5%和20%牛卵泡液的实验组(P<0.01),且各实验组囊胚内细胞数差异不大(P>0.05)。因此,用10%的牛卵泡液可以取代成熟液和胚胎培养液中的血清,并可降低实验成本。     

Effects of luteinising hormone on embryo production in superovulated cows

Equivalent doses of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) produced the same number of embryos and ova from a single flush irrespective of the luteinising hormone (LH) content of the superovulating drug (P less than 0.108). As the LH content of the FSH increased, the proportion of transferable embryos decreased (P less than 0.001) because the proportion fertilised decreased (P less than 0.001) and the degeneration rate of the fertilised embryos increased (P less than 0.002). FSH-W free from detectable luteinising hormone produced 8.8 embryos per flush of which 5.7 were transferable, representing 7.6 fertilised embryos of which 21 per cent had degenerated. The addition of a very small quantity of LH (FSH/LH ratio more than 500) resulted in 5.8 transferable embryos from a total of 10.6, of which 9.0 had been fertilised and 34 per cent of those fertilised had degenerated. Commercial FSH-P (FSH/LH less than 100) produced 3.3 transferable embryos from a total of 8.1, of which six had been fertilised and 39 per cent of those fertilised had degenerated. The luteinising hormone content of FSH-P has to be controlled and limited for optimum superovulation in cattle.     

The effects of ceftiofur sodium (Naxcel) on bovine oocyte and preimplantation embryonic development assessed by in vitro embryo production techniques

Ceftiofur sodium is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with broad spectrum bactericidal activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria including the beta-lactamase producing strains. In this study, we use in vitro techniques to examine the effects of low and high levels of ceftiofur sodium on the development of bovine oocytes/embryos during oocyte maturation, oocyte fertilization and embryo culture. A total of 8590 oocytes was used in six independent experiments, each in a randomized complete block design. Each replication within each experiment consisted of oocytes from the same abattoir collection of ovaries. There was no difference in embryo development when oocytes were exposed to ceftiofur sodium during oocyte maturation or fertilization at low (10 and 50 μg/mL) or high (100 and 200 μg/mL) concentrations. However, when fertilized oocytes were exposed to concentrations 50 μg/mL during culture, ceftiofur sodium significantly retarded embryo development (e.g. the numbers of ova developing to the morula and blastocyst stages were reduced, and a large proportion of embryos were blocked at the 8-cell stage). We conclude that ceftiofur sodium does not appear to have detrimental effects on oocyte maturation and fertilization. However, long term exposure to high dosages of ceftiofur sodium during post-fertilization culture adversely affects embryo development in vitro.     

Effects of bovine respiratory disease viruses and isoprinosine on bovine leukocyte function in vitro

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from 4- to 6-month-old-calves were inoculated in vitro with bovine herpesvirus-1, parainfluenza-3, or bovine virus diarrhea viruses. No increase in infectious virus progeny was observed; however, the viruses were detected in the cells for at least 96 h post-infection without any significant reduction in cell viability. The three viruses, either alone or in combination, suppressed phytohemagglutinin-induced proliferation of the mononuclear cells. The greatest suppression was observed in cultures inoculated with bovine virus diarrhea virus. Addition of isoprinosine partially restored this viral-induced suppression of proliferative response, and the efficiency of reversal was greater in bovine virus diarrhea virus-infected cells. Interleukin-2 activity was higher in cultures of virus-infected mononuclear cells than in cultures of non-infected cells.     

牛病毒性腹泻病毒感染牛外周血单核细胞对IFN-α、β、γmRNA转录的影响

为了解牛病毒性腹泻病毒（BVDV）感染对干扰素（IFN）mRNA转录时相的影响,探讨宿主-病毒之间的相互关系,用非致细胞病变（noncytopathic,NCP）和致细胞病变（cytopathic,CP）型BVDV感染临床健康BVDV检测阴性的荷斯坦奶牛外周血单核细胞（PBMC）,利用实时荧光定量PCR技术对感染后IFN-α、β、γmRNA转录水平的变化进行定量分析。结果表明,CP型和NCP型BVDV感染PBMC后,Ⅰ型IFN（IFN-α、β）均呈现出不同程度的转录水平上调,且差异极显著（P〈0.01）;只有IFN-α在CP型BVDV感染后4,12h（P〈0.5）出现转录下调。IFN-γ在整个感染过程中均呈现出不同程度的转录水平上调,且差异显著（P〈0.05）。这表明2种生物型BVDV感染可引起PBMC中IFN mRNA转录水平升高。     

A new method for bovine embryo production: a potential alternative to superovulation

Eight cows were used to study the feasibility of transvaginal ultrasound-guided puncture of follicles as a method for the collection of immature oocytes for embryo production in vitro. In six trials at intervals of seven days, 104 oocytes were collected. After in vitro maturation and fertilisation the 104 oocytes were transferred to the oviducts of sheep. Six days later, 75 oocytes were recovered by flushing the oviducts. Twenty-four per cent of the recovered oocytes/embryos had developed into transferable and viable morulae and, or, blastocysts. The data show that this non-surgical and repeated collection of immature oocytes can be used successfully for the in vitro production of bovine embryos. The procedure may produce yields of embryos comparable to those obtainable by conventional superovulation procedures.     

用单胚mRNA差显方法克隆羊早期胚胎发育阻滞形成的相关基因

为探讨山羊体外培养胚胎发育阻滞的发生机理,用单胚mRNA差异显示技术,对来源于体内发育和体外培养的山羊早期8~16细胞期胚胎的基因表达进行了研究,获得体内发育胚胎特异表达的一些片段,并对其中1个片段进行了分析。结果表明,该片段与犬信号肽酶复合体25亚基(SPC25)基因具有92%的同源性。SPC蛋白可通过切除相关前体蛋白的信号肽,成为成熟的分泌蛋白而影响和作用于早期胚胎发育过程。该基因可望对克服早期胚胎发育阻滞有重要作用。