果园土壤中结合态腐殖质组成特征

通过化学分析方法研究延边地区典型苹果梨园盛果期土壤剖面中结合态腐殖质的空间分布特征.结果表明:(1)A1层(0-22 cm)松结态腐殖质含量表现为苹果梨园＞荒地,高出荒地42.61％,至A2层(22-53 cm)2种土壤松结合态腐殖质含量下降幅度分别60.79％,36.45％;苹果梨园土壤A1层的松结态腐殖质表聚现象比荒地土壤剧烈;在A1、A2层,松结态FA含量表现为苹果梨园＜荒地,HA/FA比以苹果梨园明显高于荒地.(2)苹果梨园稳结态腐殖质含量随土壤深度增加而下降,荒地土壤呈先升后降再升趋势;A1、A2层稳结态腐殖质含量表现为苹果梨园＜荒地;苹果梨园稳结态FA含量随土壤深度增加呈现升一降一升趋势;苹果梨园稳结态HA含量随土壤深度加深而减小,且A2层稳结态FA含量表现为苹果梨园明显小于荒地;A2层HA/FA比表现为荒地＞苹果梨园.(3)2种土壤紧结态腐殖质含量均随土层深度增加而减小;A1层表现为苹果梨园＜荒地,A2层表现为苹果梨园＞荒地.(4)A1层松结态腐殖质相对含量表现为苹果梨园＞荒地,A2层相反;A1、A2层稳结态腐殖质含量表现为苹果梨园＜荒地;紧结态腐殖质含量相当.苹果梨园松结态腐殖质含量表现为A1＞A2,稳结态腐殖质含量表现为A1＜A2.松/紧比在A1层表现为苹果梨园＞荒地,A2层表现为苹果梨园＜荒地;苹果梨园土壤A1层松结态∶稳结态∶紧结态为3.4∶2.0∶4.6,A2层为2.1∶3.2∶4.7.     

核磁共振波谱法在腐殖质研究中的应用

总结介绍了核磁共振波谱法在腐殖质研究中的应用情况及进展，包括^13C核磁共振波谱的应用、腐殖质的组成、腐殖质的网状结构模型及腐殖质研究的环境意义等。     

腐殖质在工业污染场地土壤修复中的应用综述

随着城市化发展和产业结构调整,大量遗留的工业污染场地对生态环境和人类健康构成严重威胁,新的修复技术和修复材料亟待开发,腐殖质作为天然有机材料对污染场地土壤修复的作用已经引起研究人员的广泛关注。综述了土壤腐殖质的结构与性质、分离与纯化方法,在此基础上阐述了腐殖质在工业污染场地土壤修复,特别是有机污染物和重金属修复中的作用,并介绍了腐殖质作为有机修复剂在土壤修复工程实践中的应用现状,最后提出腐殖质在土壤修复中还需要重点研究的方向,以期为腐殖质作为新的工程材料在土壤修复中的开发利用提供理论基础和技术参考。     

生物质炭结构性质及其对土壤有效养分和腐殖质组成的影响

生物质炭是具有高度热稳定性和较强吸附特性的含碳物质,不同来源生物质炭的结构性质可能存在着很大的差异。为此对2种自制的不同来源生物质炭和1种商业黑炭进行了结构表征,并研究了添加生物质炭对土壤有效养分和腐殖质组成的影响。结果表明,不同来源的生物质炭在结构上有明显区别：秸秆生物质炭的芳构化程度和热稳定性最低,脂族性最强;商业黑炭缩合程度和热稳定性最高,脂族性最弱;松枝生物质炭介于二者之间。向土壤中添加秸秆生物质炭和松枝生物质炭培养45d后,土壤有机碳含量、胡敏酸和富里酸含量、有效养分含量都有不同程度的增加,同时胡敏酸的色调系数ΔlgK降低,对土壤有机碳的长期保存有积极意义。     

覆草对果园土壤腐殖质组成和生物学特性的影响

在杏园和苹果园覆盖麦草,研究其对土壤腐殖质组成、微生物区系及土壤酶活性变化的影响。结果表明：覆草显著提高了土壤腐殖质的含量,褐腐酸（HA）含量及褐腐酸与黄腐酸比值（HA／FA）增大;重组腐殖质和松结态、紧结态腐殖质含量增高,尤其是松结态腐殖质不仅绝对含量提高,而且与重组腐殖质及紧结态腐殖质的相对含量也明显提高。覆草增加了土壤细菌、放线菌及氨化细菌和纤维分解菌的数量,降低了硝化细菌数量;同时提高了土壤多酚氧化酶、蔗糖酶、碱性磷酸酶、脲酶、纤维素酶活性,对过氧化氢酶活性影响不大。     

红松人工林腐殖质组成及其结合形态研究

 运用野外调查与实验分析相结合的方法,对不同生长发育阶段红松人工林（林龄25、45、58、68 a）和红松混交林（林龄60a）根际与非根际土壤有机质含碳量、腐殖质组成与结合形态进行了研究。结果表明:不同年龄阶段红松人工纯林、红松混交林土壤有机质含碳量、腐殖质各组分含碳量随土层深度的加深而降低,并且根际土壤高于非根际土壤。就土壤腐殖质组成而言,除林龄58a红松人工林根际土壤和45a红松人工林非根际土壤外,其他林型土壤胡敏酸含碳量均高于富里酸含碳量;胡敏酸与富里酸比值（HA/FA）在1.00～2.45之间;土壤重组腐殖质、松结态腐殖质、稳结态腐殖质含碳量大小顺序为林龄58>68>25>45a;红松混交林除紧结态腐殖质外,其他腐殖质各组分含碳量均高于红松人工林。     

长期施肥条件下土壤养分的动态和平衡——Ⅱ.对土壤氮的有效性和腐殖质氮组成的影响

长期施用有机肥、化肥或二者配合施用均增加了土壤全氮、碱解氮、酸解氮和植物吸收氮量,提高了土壤氮的有效性,其后效可保持至第3年;土壤腐殖质的胡敏酸氮减少,富里酸氮增加。富里酸氮易被6mol/L HCl水解,水解氮占71.4％～74.2％;胡敏酸氮比较稳定,水解氮占40％～45％。在水解氮中,氨基氮的比例为2/3～3/4,铵态氮为1/4～1/3。胡敏酸中非水解氦的主要成分是杂环化合物氮(37.5％～52.5％),其次是苯系化合物氮(31％～35.2％)和非苯系化合物氮(10.6％～26.7％)。长期施用有机肥和化肥,杂环氮比例减少,苯系和非苯系化合物氮比例增加。胡敏酸表层氮占1/3左右,核心氮占2/3左右,施用有机肥和化肥,胡敏酸表层氮增加,核心氮降低。     

蜉金龟堆肥施入后土壤腐殖质表征及特性研究

采用元素组成、红外光谱及差热分析对土壤施用蜉金龟堆肥后腐殖质结构特征的变化进行表征。元素分析结果表明,与对照处理相比,土壤施用蜉金龟堆肥后焦磷酸钠浸提胡敏酸(NaHA)、氢氧化钠浸提胡敏酸(PAHA)、焦磷酸钠浸提富里酸(NaFA)及氢氧化钠浸提富里酸(PAFA)的碳含量增加,H/C减小,表明施肥后土壤腐植酸(胡敏酸和富里酸)的芳香性增加。差热分析结果表明,与NaHA相比,对照处理和施蜉金龟堆肥PAHA的高温放热峰消失,说明PAHA的热稳定性低于NaHA;而NaFA在两种处理中的中温反应热也均高于PAFA,进一步说明了氢氧化钠浸提腐植酸的热稳定性高于焦磷酸钠浸提的腐植酸。红外光谱结果表明,两种提取剂提取的土壤腐植酸均含有大量的芳香化合物和碳水化合物。综上,两种提取剂对土壤腐植酸在热性质及官能团的组成上存在着差异性。     

中国土壤系统分类均腐殖质特性应用中的问题和意见

中国土壤系统分类,以均腐殖质特性(Rh值≤0.4)作为分异特征,建立了均腐土纲。经对172个具有暗沃表层、符合美国土壤系统分类软土的单个土体进行Rh值计算,有46个不具均腐殖质特性,占26.7%,其中黑龙江省占的比例较大,达1/3,主要是由于荒地和新开垦的土地以及具寒性土壤温度状况的土壤,表层腐殖质含量高所致。将这部分发育很好的土壤归入雏形土纲,是值得商讨的。     

秸秆还田深度对黑土腐殖质和酶活性的影响

在田间条件下对耕地黑土3个土层(0~15、15~30、0~30 cm)进行玉米秸秆还田试验,研究不同秸秆还田深度土壤腐殖质各组分含量、土壤酶活性的变化及其相关性。结果表明:还田深度0~15、15~30、0~30cm土壤总有机碳含量与初始相应层次土壤分别增加9.5%、9.9%、10.7%,与0~15 cm相比,秸秆还田深度为15~30 cm时,有利于土壤有机碳的积累。与初始相应层次土壤比,未秸秆还田的土壤总有机碳含量降低了5.8%。土壤各组分有机碳含量与土壤蔗糖酶活性之间显著(或极显著)相关,土壤胡敏素碳含量与土壤过氧化氢酶活性之间显著相关,土壤富里酸碳含量与土壤脲酶活性之间显著相关。     

Effect of earthworms on decomposition processes in raw humus forest soil: A microcosm study

Summary The earthworms Lumbricus rubellus (Hoffmeister) and Dendrobaena octaedra (Savigny) were studied in the laboratory to determine their effects on decomposition and nutrient cycling in coniferous forest soil. CO₂ evolution was monitored, and pH, PO ₄ ^3– –P, NH ₄ ⁺ –N, NO ₃ ^– –N, total N, and total C in the leaching waters were measured. After three destructive samplings, numbers of animals, mass loss, pH, and KCl-extractable nutrients were analysed.The earthworms clearly enhanced the mass loss of the substrate, especially that of litter. L. rubellus stimulated microbial respiration by 15–18%, whereas D. octaedra stimulated it only slightly. The worms significantly raised the pH of the leaching waters and the humus; L. rubellus raised the value by 0.2–0.6 pH units and D. octaedra by 0.1–0.4 units. Both worms increased N mineralization. Although the biomass of both worms decreased during the experiment, the N released from decomposing tissues did not explain the increase in N leached in the presence of earthworms. The worms influenced the level of PO ₄ ^3– –P only slightly.     

生物炭对紫色土中腐植酸淋溶的影响

为了减少紫色土腐植酸的流失,提高龙川江流域紫色土肥力,采用土柱室内模拟方法,通过模拟降雨淋溶,研究了不同生物炭处理下(CK、1%、3%、5%和10%)对紫色土淋溶液p H值、电导率、体积以及胡敏酸和富里酸的影响。结果表明:在29 d试验过程中,淋溶液的p H值和电导率随着生物炭比例增加而增加;与CK相比,在1%、3%、5%和10%的生物炭处理条件下紫色土水分损失分别减少了6.33%、10.13%、16.46%和25.32%;胡敏酸浓度和累积淋失量随着生物炭比例增加而减小;除了1%和3%之外,富里酸浓度和累积淋失量也随着生物炭比例增加而减小;生物炭比例为10%的处理条件下对紫色土淋溶液中胡敏酸和富里酸浓度及累积淋失量最小,胡敏酸浓度和累积淋失量分别为1.46 mg/L、0.12 mg,富里酸浓度和累积淋失量分别为149.64 mg/L、29.60 mg,该处理有利于更大程度吸附胡敏酸和富里酸,减少其流失。     

红壤腐殖质组成变化特点及其与肥力演变的关系

本文根据面上采样分析和田间定位试验结果,研究红壤腐殖质组成性质变化特点及其与红壤肥力演变的关系。结果表明,旱地红壤腐殖质的H/F比值主要分布在0.1 ~ 0.4,红壤水稻土主要分布在0.3 ~ 0.7,且有从南到北升高,从东到西降低的变化趋势;红壤腐殖质的H/F比值与土壤有机碳含量呈正相关,但在停止外源碳进入8年后,土壤腐殖质的H/F比值和E4值有升高的趋势,侵蚀降低红壤腐殖质的H/F比;土地利用方式的变更由于改变了系统的物质循环状况,对土壤腐殖质的H/F比有明显影响,荒草地和次生林地改为园地,明显提高土壤有机碳含量和腐殖质的H/F比值。     

Adsorption strength of zinc for soil humus

In the previous paper (1), the author reported that when zinc sulfate and zinc-EDTA were added to soils, the percentage of exchangeable zinc, which has a lower degree of adsorption strength, to the total zinc adsorbed was higher in mineral soils, and the percentage of chelated zinc, which has higher degrees of adsorption strengths, was higher in humic soils. and that the percentage of chela ted zinc increased with the progress of humification in humic soils.     

Adsorption strength of zinc for soil humus

Soil humus plays a significant role in the cation exchange of a soil. YOSHIDA (1) showed that, as a general rule, divalent ions such as calcium and magnesium were adsorbed more strongly onto humus than monovalent ions such as ammonium and potassium in an ion-exchange reaction. He did not, however, describe the behavior of heavy metal ions. BREMNER et al. (2) first suggested that soil organic matter forms complexes with polyvalent cations. HIMES and BARBER (3) found that soil organic matter reacts with divalent metal ions in a manner similar to the chelation reaction. Reviews of the soil organic matter-metal complex have been written by BREMNER et al. (2) and KAWAGUCHI, MATSUO and KYUMA (4).     

红壤复合胶体腐殖质的特性

对闽北6个样品测定结果表明,红壤复合胶体中C、N含量较高,其腐殖质的C/N和HA/FA、胡敏酸的芳构化度和腐殖质氧化稳定性系数均较重组小,而松结合态/紧结合态腐殖质的比值则较大.这些特性有利于土壤养分保存与供应和改善土壤结构.     

光散射技术在土壤胶体颗粒相互作用研究中的应用

由于测试手段的限制,目前对土壤中粒径为0·001～1μm的"超微粒子"之间相互作用的微观效应研究还未引起足够的重视。本文从散射角和悬液颗粒密度两个方面讨论了光散射技术在土壤胶体研究中的应用条件,探讨了土壤胶体颗粒凝聚动力学机制及形成的聚合体结构特征。结果表明:(1)对于本实验所用黄壤悬液,应用光散射准确测定的散射角范围为90°～135°,初始颗粒密度范围为1·90×10-3～0·119gL-1。(2)在自相关曲线平滑地衰减至基线且散射光强保持不变的条件下,可以用光散射技术准确测定土壤胶体颗粒凝聚过程中有效直径、最可几粒径及粒径分布的变化,反映凝聚动力学规律。(3)在298K、90mmolL-1KNO3体系中用动态光散射测得黄壤胶体颗粒凝聚动力学为扩散控制团簇聚集机制,用静态光散射测得形成的聚合体分形维数为1·56±0·02。     

Some characteristics of the humus in soil types (part 3) composition groups of humus

In most literature on soil, the term humus has been used as synonymous with soil organic matter, on the other hand, it has been applied to a portion of soil organic matter that has decomposed and has lost the structure of the original matter, from which it has derived. Scheffer and Schachtschabel ¹⁾ defined the humus not synonymously with soil organic matter, but, in a broad sense, as all the dead organic substances which are accumulated on the soil surface as well as in the soil layer, and undergo continually decomposition, alteration, and synthetic reactions. According to them, the composition groups of humus are divided into non-humic and humic, and the latter group is sub-divided into (1) fulvic acid and humo-lignin acid, (2) humic acid, (3) humin, and (4) humus coal. Some natures of these composition groups of humus are shown in Table 1.     

粘土矿物对土壤腐殖质化学性质的影响

Chemical characteristics of humic substances in soils with different mineralogical characteristics and under different utilization paterns in Zhangpu,Fujian Province,together with two pairs of cultivated soils in North China Plain were studied by chemical analysis,visible and IR spectroscopy and ^13C NMR spectrometry.For soils in Zhanpu the HA/FA ratio and both the aromaticity and the degree of humification of HA were higher in soils with montmorillonite as the predominant clay mineral than in those with kaolinite as the predominant clay mineral,provided these soils were under the same utilization pattern.While for each pair of soils with similar mineralogical characteristics the HA/FA ratio was higher and the C/H ratio and the contnet of carboxyl group of HA were lower in paddy soil than in upland soil.Among the upland soils(or paddy soils)studied the Ha/FA ratio of soil in Zhangpu with kaolinite as the predominant clay mineral was the lowest,and that of soil in Zhangpu with montmorillonite as the predominant clay mineral was the highest .the lowest.and that of soil in Zhangpu with montmorillonite as the predominant clay mineral was the highest It was concluded that the presence of montmorillonite favored the fromation and maturation of humic acid.