2003年国家甜菜品种区域试验部分品种适应性分析

通过对2003年国家甜菜品种区域试验结果的8个品种统计分析,利用LSD值分别测验品种主效应值、地点主效应值和品种×地点互作效应值间的差异,分析了各品种的适应性;进一步求得各参试品种的稳定性统计参数——品种×地点互作方差估计值和变异系数,据此对参试品种的稳定性进行了测定。结果表明:所有的参试品种都表现出了较好的稳定性,具有广泛的适应性。     

2002年国家甜菜品种区域试验品种适应性分析

通过对2002年国家甜菜品种区域试验结果的统计分析,求得各参试品种的适应性统计参数——品种×地点互作方差估计值和变异系数,据此对参试品种进行适应性分析。结果表明:所有的参试品种都表现出了较好的稳定性,具有广泛的适应性。     

国家甜菜品种区域试验品种稳定性分析

对1999年国家甜菜品种区域试验结果进行统计分析,求得各参试品种的稳定性统计参数,即品种(V)×地点(U)互作方差估计值()和变异系数(iCKvu),据此对参试品种分析了稳定性,结果表明:所有的参试品种都表现出了较好的稳定性,具有广泛的适应性和使用价值。ik^2vu     

第六届国家甜菜品种区域试验部分品种稳定性分析

通过对第六届（１９９１～１９９３）全国甜菜品种区域试验结果的统计分析，计算了各参试品种的稳定性统计多数，即品种（×地点（ｕ）互作方差估计值和变异系数并依此对试品种进行了稳定性分析，结果在明：ＫＨ－５、甜研３０１和８６３０５是稳定性极好的品种，适子广泛种植，ＫＷＳ５１７３是丰产性极好的品种，但稳定性较差，只适应在品种（Ｖ）×地点（Ｕ）互作效应较高的地区使用。     

2006年国家甜菜品种区域试验品种稳定性测定

通过对2006年国家9个甜菜品种区域试验结果的统计分析,求得品种×地点互作效应值(WU)ij、变异系数(iCKvu),并据此对参试品种进行了稳定性测定和适应性分析.结果表明:品种Beta807、KWS0143、ZM203、D0316表现出了较好的稳定性,有广泛的适应性.品种Beta807、KWS0143、ZM201、ZM203、KWS9145的产糖量水平较高,在生产中有较大的使用价值.品种TY309、ZM201的含糖率水平较高,并且具有很好的稳定性,在需要高糖品种的地区,可优先加以利用.     

2009年国家甜菜品种区域试验品种稳定性测定

通过对2009年国家甜菜品种区域试验结果的统计分析,求得品种×地点互作效应值(VU)ij、变异系数(iCKvu),并据此对9个参试品种进行了稳定性测定和适应性分析。结果表明:品种Beta796、HI0479、SM-412、KWS5440、SR-411、STD8728表现出了较好的稳定性,有广泛的适应性。品种Beta796、KWS5440、SR-411的产糖量水平较高,且稳定性好,在生产中有较大的使用价值,应优先使用。品种HTP0781、SM-412的含糖率水平较高,并且具有很好的稳定性,在需要高糖品种的地区,可优先加以利用。     

国内外甜菜品种在宁夏引黄灌区含糖率的适应性稳定性分析

本文就国内外甜菜品种在宁夏引黄灌区的区域试验结果进行了分析, 计算了各参试品种含糖率对环境指数的回归系数(b) 及回归方程式,并对各参试品种的含糖率作了适应性和稳定性分析。结果表明:宁甜单优1 号、宁甜双优1 号、KWS9103、92cb18 、新单优1 号5 个品种的稳定性较好,适于广泛种植;宁甜202 、ND9530、ND9529、甜研305、吉甜301、双丰316 六个品种的含糖率性状不稳定,只适应在品种(V) ×地点(L) 互作效应较高的地区使用;96073 品种适宜种植于低糖地区。     

2008年国家甜菜品种区域试验品种稳定性测定

通过对2008年国家甜菜品种区域试验结果的统计分析,求得品种×地点互作效应值(VU)ij、变异系数(iCKvu),并据此对参试品种进行了稳定性测定和适应性分析。结果表明:品种ZM202、ND41、CH9301、HI0466、HI0474、XJT9902表现出了较好的稳定性,有广泛的适应性。品种Beta6872、KWS3148、KWS4125、HI0466、HI0474的产糖量水平较高,在生产中有较大的使用价值。品种D03169、2005-21的含糖率水平较高,并且具有很好的稳定性,在需要高糖品种的地区,可优先加以利用。     

2005年国家甜菜品种区域试验适应性分析

通过对2005年国家甜菜品种区域试验结果的统计分析,求得品种×地点互作效应值、变异系数,并据此对参试品种进行了稳定性测定和适应性分析。结果表明:品种BTS356、ZD211、ZM201、ZD212、KWS9145、内2265、ZD204表现出了很好的稳定性,有广泛的适应性。BTS356、ZD211、ZM201、KWS9145的产糖量水平很高,有较大的使用价值。BTS356在洮南、张北、呼和浩特、大同、黄羊镇表现出了特别适应性,ZD211在呼和浩特、塔城表现出了特别适应性,ZM201在塔城表现出了特别适应性,KWS9145在巴盟、黄羊镇、塔城表现出了特别适应性。品种2001-10、TY309的含糖率水平较高,并且具有很好的稳定性,在需要高糖品种的地区,应优先加以利用。     

2010年国家甜菜品种区域试验品种稳定性测定

通过对2010年国家甜菜品种区域试验结果的统计分析,求得品种×地点互作效应值(VU)ij、变异系数(iCKvu),并据此对参试品种进行了稳定性测定和适应性分析。结果表明:8个参试品种中SR-496表现出了很好的稳定性,有广泛的适应性,产糖水平较高,有很大的使用价值。品种ZM205、ST21015、HI0936表现出了较好的稳定性。ST21015的产糖水平最高,有较大的使用价值。ZM205、HI0936产糖水平一般,可做调剂品种使用。品种Beta866、KWS9442、2003-18、ST0918的稳定性较差。Beta866、KWS9442的产糖水平较高,应有选择地加以利用。2003-18含糖性状有明显优势,需要品种的高糖性状,可以选择使用。ST0918的产糖量水平较低,生产上使用没有优势。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).