Erosion of galilean satellite surfaces by jovian magnetosphere particles

The Galilean satellites of Jupiter-Io (J1), Europa (J2), Ganymede (J3), and Callisto (J4)-are embedded in the intense ion and electron fluxes of the Jovian magnetosphere. The effect of these particles on the icy surfaces of the outer three satellites depends on the fluxes and the efficiency of the sputtering of water ice by such particles. Recent laboratory measurements provided data on the erosion of water ice by energetic particles and showed that it occurs much faster than would be expected from normal sputtering theory. The Voyager spacecraft encounters with Jupiter provided the first measurements of ion fluxes (energies greater, similar 30 kiloelectron volts) in the vicinity of the Galilean satellites. Using the laboratory sputtering data together with particle measurements from the Voyager 1 low-energy charged particle experiment, the effects of erosion on the surfaces of J2 to J4 are estimated. It is shown that the surface of Europa could be eroded by as much as 100 meters over an eon (10(9) years). Column densities of water vapor that could be produced around the three satellites from particle bombardment of their surfaces are also calculated, and the sources and losses of oxygen in the gravitationally bound gas produced by sputtering or sublimation are estimated.     

Changes in Earth's albedo measured by satellite

NASA global satellite data provide observations of Earth's albedo, i.e., the fraction of incident solar radiation that is reflected back to space. The satellite data show that the last four years are within natural variability and fail to confirm the 6% relative increase in albedo inferred from observations of earthshine from the moon. Longer global satellite records will be required to discern climate trends in Earth's albedo.     

Models of the Earth's Core

Combined inferences from seismology, high-pressure experiment and theory, geomagnetism, fluid dynamics, and current views of terrestrial planetary evolution lead to models of the earth's core with the following properties. Core formation was contemporaneous with earth accretion; the core is not in chemical equilibrium with the mantle; the outer core is a fluid iron alloy containing significant quantities of lighter elements and is probably almost adiabatic and compositionally uniform; the more iron-rich inner solid core is a consequence of partial freezing of the outer core, and the energy release from this process sustains the earth's magnetic field; and the thermodynamic properties of the core are well constrained by the application of liquid-state theory to seismic and laboratory data.     

Evolution of the Earth's Atmosphere

We living things are a late outgrowth of the metabolism of our Galaxy. The carbon that enters so importantly into our composition was cooked in the remote past in a dying star. From it at lower temperatures nitrogen and oxygen were formed. These, our indispensable elements, were spewed out into space in the exhalations of red giants and such stellar catastrophes as supernovae, there to be mixed with hydrogen, to form eventually the substance of the sun and planets, and ourselves. The waters of ancient seas set the pattern of ions in our blood. The ancient atmospheres molded our metabolism.     

Energetic electrons in the magnetosphere of jupiter

Observations of energetic electrons ( greater, similar 0.07 million electron volts) show that the outer magnetosphere of Jupiter consists of a thin disklike, quasitrapping region extending from about 20 to 100 planetary radii (R(J)). This magnetodisk is confined to the vicinity of the magnetic equatorial plane and appears to be an approximate figure of revolution about the magnetic axis of the planet. Hard trapping is observed within a radial distance of about 20 R(J). The omnidirectional intensity J(0) of electrons with energy greater, similar 21 million electron volts within the region 3 r 20 R(J) is given by the following provisional expression in terms of radial distance r and magnetic latitude theta: J(0) = 2.1 x 10(8) exp[-(r/a) - (theta/b)(2)]. In this expression J(0) is particles per square centimeter per second; a = 1.52 R(J) for 3 相似文献   

监督分类技术在高分辨率卫星影像中的应用

随着社会对专题影像数据需求的逐渐增大 ,要求的提高 ,低分辨率卫星影像制作的专题数据在许多领域已不能满足要求 .该文介绍了利用QuickBird卫星影像制作专题数据的方法 ,以及结合生产实际满足社会需求的实例     

基于环境卫星影像的水稻种植面积提取方法研究

以环境卫星为数据源对泰兴市水稻面积进行提取,选择水稻与其他作物光谱差别最大的时期作为水稻识别的最佳时期,在利用影像原始光谱信息的基础上,分析和提取多种分类特征,运用支持向量机法、CART决策树法和最大似然法进行分类,提取水稻面积。结果表明支持向量机的分类精度最高,总体精度为80.38%,Kappa系数为0.74。说明当样本量较少时,支持向量机可以更好地利用多源信息,具有更高的分类精度。     

基于高分辨率卫星影像的城市土地利用调查研究--以扬州市建成区为例

高分辨率卫星由于空间分辨率高、获取快捷、处理方便等优势,目前已被广泛应用到城市建设和管理中。本研究以“中国资源二号”高分辨率卫星数据和相应的ETM影像以及与GPS相结合对江苏省扬州市建成区2002年、2003年进行城市土地利用的研究,探讨了高分辨率遥感数据在城市土地利用中的应用。     

Earth's core and the geodynamo

Earth's magnetic field is generated by fluid motion in the liquid iron core. Details of how this occurs are now emerging from numerical simulations that achieve a self-sustaining magnetic field. Early results predict a dominant dipole field outside the core, and some models even reproduce magnetic reversals. The simulations also show how different patterns of flow can produce similar external fields. Efforts to distinguish between the various possibilities appeal to observations of the time-dependent behavior of the field. Important constraints will come from geological records of the magnetic field in the past.     

Enceladus' varying imprint on the magnetosphere of Saturn

The bombardment of Saturn's moon Enceladus by >20-kiloelectron volt magnetospheric particles causes particle flux depletions in regions magnetically connected to its orbit. Irrespective of magnetospheric activity, proton depletions are persistent, whereas electron depletions are quickly erased by magnetospheric processes. Observations of these signatures by Cassini's Magnetospheric Imaging Instrument allow remote monitoring of Enceladus' gas and dust environments. This reveals substantial outgassing variability at the moon and suggests increased dust concentrations at its Lagrange points. The characteristics of the particle depletions additionally provide key radial diffusion coefficients for energetic electrons and an independent measure of the inner magnetosphere's rotation velocity.     

Earthquakes and the Earth's Wobble

Observational evidence is presented in support of the hypothesis that large earthquakes excite the earth's natural wobble and produce the observed secular polar shift. Previous theoretical calculations based on elasticity theory and earthquake statistics had predicted a significant effect. There appear to be some premonitory signs of large earthquakes in the pole path.