外源CaCl2预处理对高温胁迫烟草叶片光合作用的影响

 【目的】研究喷施不同浓度CaCl2对高温胁迫下烟草叶片光合荧光特性及活性氧清除酶系统的影响,探讨外源Ca2+对高温胁迫下烟草叶片光合作用的保护机制。【方法】以烟草品种K326为材料,喷施0、10、20、30 mmol?L-1CaC12,43℃高温处理2 h,测定处理前后及恢复1 d 后烟草叶片光合速率、叶绿素荧光诱导动力学曲线、丙二醛(MDA)含量、过氧化氢(H2O2)含量和抗氧化酶活性等生理指标。【结果】高温胁迫下,CaCl2处理缓解了净光合速率(Pn)和PSII最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)的降低程度。施钙显著缓解了PSII反应中心电子传递受阻程度和放氧复合体受破坏的程度,使PSII维持较高的活性。施钙明显激活了高温胁迫下烟草叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)的活性,减少了H2O2的积累;膜脂过氧化产物MDA含量显著降低。以喷施20 mmol?L-1 CaCl2时,烟草叶片的抗氧化酶活性较高,光合活性最高。【结论】施钙增强了烟草叶片抗氧化酶活性,H2O2的积累降低,从而减轻了高温胁迫对烟草叶片PSII反应中心和放氧复合体(OEC)的破坏,提高了烟草叶片的耐热性。     

Mn、Cd单一及其复合胁迫对伊乐藻生长及生理生化的影响

以不同浓度Mn2+、Cd2+单一及其复合胁迫处理7 d的伊乐藻为实验材料,研究了Mn2+、Cd2+单一及其复合处理对伊乐藻叶片叶绿素、可溶性蛋白、丙二醛(MDA)、过氧化氢(H2O2)、超氧阴离子(O-2·)含量以及抗氧化酶[超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)]活性的影响。结果表明,低浓度的Mn2+(≤1 mg·L-1)能够促进叶绿素和可溶性蛋白的合成,刺激MDA、H2O2、O-2·的生成,抗氧化酶活性也逐步上升;高浓度时,叶绿素和可溶性蛋白含量开始减少,MDA、H2O2、O-2·含量仍继续上升,伊乐藻叶片内酶活性机制受到不同程度的抑制,SOD继续上升,POD、CAT开始下降。Cd2+胁迫下,叶绿素和可溶性蛋白的含量随着浓度的增加而降低,呈明显的剂量-效应关系,MDA、H2O2、O-2·含量均显著增加,抗氧化酶活性均随着Cd2+浓度呈先上升后下降的趋势,Cd2+浓度0.01 mg·L-1时CAT活性达到最大,1 mg·L-1时SOD、POD活性达到最大。Cd2+对植物生理生化的影响较Mn2+大,伊乐藻对Cd2+污染的抵御能力较差。高浓度重金属胁迫时,SOD起主要的保护作用,POD和CAT的保护作用相对降低。Mn2+和Cd2+复合胁迫较单一胁迫对伊乐藻的影响大,Mn2+含量较高时表现为协同作用。     

低温弱光对辣椒叶片光合特性和生理特性的影响

本文以辣椒幼苗为材料,研究了低温弱光(16℃/4℃,100μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1))和低温(16℃/4℃,300μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1))对辣椒叶绿素含量、光合作用、叶绿素荧光参数和生理特性的影响。结果表明,当低温弱光或低温处理时,叶片叶绿素含量、净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、初始荧光(F_o)、最大荧光(F_m)、最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)和光化学猝灭系数(qP)都降低,但叶片胞间CO_2浓度(C_i)增大;随着低温弱光或低温处理时间的延长,降低越明显,且低温弱光处理下降幅度更大。不同的处理下,叶片MDA含量先降低后升高,低温弱光处理下MDA含量高于低温处理,叶片SOD和Pro含量都先升高后降低。综合分析表明,低温弱光处理对辣椒造成的伤害比低温处理更为严重。     

促生内生细菌对毛竹叶片叶绿素荧光参数的影响

[目的]研究促生内生细菌对毛竹叶片叶绿素荧光参数的影响。[方法]通过竹腔注射的方法,将促生内生细菌菌株CT-B09-2、JL-B06、WYS-A01-1接种至Ⅱ度毛竹,测定毛竹叶片叶绿素荧光参数的变化。[结果]促生内生细菌能够提高毛竹叶片最小初始荧光(F0),增加毛竹叶片叶绿素含量,提高毛竹的光合作用速率、暗适应叶片最大荧光(Fm)、传递给PSⅡ的电子数量、可变荧光(FV)、PSⅡ潜在活性(FV/F0)、PSⅡ反应活性、原初光能转化效率(FV/Fm)、叶片的光能转换效率。[结论]该研究可为促生微生物菌剂的开发提供理论基础。     

镉胁迫对不同品种葡萄叶片生长的影响

选用鄞红和金手指2个葡萄品种,通过盆栽试验,研究在不同浓度氯化镉(Cd Cl2·2H2O)处理下,镉在植株叶片中的积累及葡萄叶片叶面积、叶绿素含量、相对电导率和丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)含量的变化。结果表明:随着镉处理浓度的增加,叶片中镉含量、相对电导率、MDA含量均显著升高,叶片叶面积、叶绿素含量均显著减少,且2个葡萄品种叶片对镉胁迫的敏感性和耐受性存在显著差异,金手指葡萄对于土壤镉污染更为敏感。     

胞外ATP对菜豆光合能力的影响

【目的】研究胞外ATP对菜豆(Phaseolus vulgaris L.)叶片光合能力的影响,为探讨胞外ATP对植物光合作用的调节作用提供参考。【方法】以"农普12号"菜豆幼苗叶片为材料,以去离子水处理为对照,研究不同浓度(0.01,0.1,1.0mmol/L)胞外ATP及其结构类似物AMP-PCP(胞外ATP受体的竞争性抑制剂)对菜豆叶片光合指标和叶绿素荧光参数的影响。【结果】胞外ATP可以显著提升菜豆叶片的气孔导度(GH2O)、蒸腾速率(E)、胞内CO2浓度(Ci)和净光合速率(Pn),但对PSⅡ潜在最大光化学量子效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ光适应下实际光化学效率(Y(Ⅱ))、非光化学荧光猝灭系数(NPQ)和光化学荧光猝灭系数(qP)等叶绿素荧光参数没有显著影响。AMP-PCP可以显著降低Pn;也可以促使E、GH2O和Ci降低,但与对照相比均未达到显著水平;对叶绿素荧光参数也均无显著影响。【结论】胞外ATP能够促进菜豆叶片气孔开放调节,提高叶片净光合速率。     

外源H_2O_2处理对两种小麦叶绿素荧光和叶绿素的影响

[目的]研究不同浓度H2O2处理对2种小麦幼苗叶绿素荧光和叶绿素的影响。[方法]以小麦品种宁春四号和西旱二号幼苗为材料,采用室内水培试验。[结果]对于宁春四号,200μmol/L H2O2处理使得初始荧光(F0)、最大荧光(Fm)、PSⅡ处调节性能量耗散的量子产量Y(NPQ)、光化学淬灭(qP)和非光化学淬灭(NPQ)明显低于对照;不同浓度的H2O2处理使得幼苗叶片叶绿素a(Chla)、叶绿素b(Chlb)和叶绿素总量均显著降低。50、100和200μmol/L H2O2处理下西旱二号幼苗叶片Chla含量和F0显著降低,PSⅡ的最大量子产量(Fv/Fm)、实际光化学反应效率(Y(Π))、电子传递速率(ETR)、qP和NPQ均增大,而Chlb和叶绿素总量无显著变化。[结论]与宁春4号相比,外源H2O2胁迫使西旱2号小麦幼苗叶片PSⅡ反应系统更开放,光合机构的损伤较严重。     

低温弱光胁迫对辣椒叶片生理特性和光合特性的影响

以辣椒幼苗为材料,研究低温弱光[16℃/4℃,100μmol/(m~2·s)]和低温[16℃/4℃,300μmol/(m~2·s)]对辣椒叶绿素含量、光合作用、叶绿素荧光参数和生理特性的影响,为辣椒冬春设施生产中的温、光、肥管理提供理论依据。结果表明,当低温弱光或低温处理时,叶片叶绿素含量、净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、初始荧光(F_o)、最大荧光(F_m)、最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)和光化学猝灭系数(q_P)都降低,随着低温弱光和低温处理时间的延长,降低越明显,且低温弱光处理下降幅度更大;但叶片胞间CO_2浓度(C_i)增大。不同处理下,叶片丙二醛(MDA)含量呈逐渐升高趋势,低温弱光处理下MDA含量高于低温处理,叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和脯氨酸(Pro)含量呈逐渐降低趋势。结果表明,低温弱光处理对辣椒造成的伤害比低温处理更为严重。     

磷对滴水观音光合作用的影响

为探索水体中磷对植物光合作用的影响,分析光合作用对植物的净化能力,采用水培法研究不同浓度磷对滴水观音光合作用的影响。研究表明,在0～1.204mg/L磷浓度时,滴水观音叶片中的叶绿素含量、净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率明显上升,而丙二醛(MDA)和胞间CO2逐渐降低;当磷的浓度超过1.024mg/L时,叶片中的叶绿素含量、净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率开始显著下降,而叶片中胞间CO2和MDA含量则逐渐上升。结论:低磷促进植株叶绿素的合成,提高植株光合作用;高磷则抑制植株光合作用,并对植株产生胁迫作用。     

微波预处理对镉胁迫引起小麦幼苗脂质过氧化伤害的防护作用

采用水培试验在150 μmol/L Cd2+溶液胁迫下研究外源微波预处理对小麦幼苗生长和生理特性的影响.试验结果表明:①镉胁迫下,小麦幼苗生长受到抑制,叶片丙二醛(MDA)含量、过氧化氢(H2O2)含量及超氧自由基(·O2-)产生速率显著增加(P＜0.05),抗氧化酶活性、抗氧化物质含量及叶绿素含量显著降低.②微波预处理5s和10s均能显著提高镉胁迫下小麦幼苗的生长;同时抑制镉胁迫下小麦幼苗叶片MDA含量、H2O2含量及超氧自由基(·O2-)产生速率的上升,显著提高(P＜0.05)超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)及过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性,增加谷胱甘肽(GSH)、抗坏血酸(AsA)、叶绿素a、叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素及叶绿素(a+b)含量.表明外源微波预处理可缓解镉胁迫对小麦幼苗生长的抑制作用,缓解镉胁迫引起的膜脂过氧化,保护细胞膜减少或免受损伤,提高植物抗镉胁迫的能力.     

镉/铬胁迫对谷子幼苗生长和NADPH氧化酶及抗氧化酶体系的影响

为了探讨重金属镉(Cd)、铬(Cr)胁迫对谷子幼苗生长和生理的影响,采用营养液培养法,检测不同浓度的Cd、Cr胁迫对谷子幼苗生长以及过氧化氢(H_2O_2)含量、叶绿素含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量、NADPH氧化酶和抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明:不同浓度(50/1000μmol·L~(-1))两种金属(Cd、Cr)胁迫下,谷子幼苗株高、根长显著减小(P0.05),H_2O_2和MDA含量升高,叶绿素含量降低;随Cd、Cr的浓度升高,根和叶片中NADPH氧化酶活性显著增强,高浓度Cd、Cr可导致过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性显著升高;同时Cd、Cr诱导编码NADPH氧化酶基因Sirboh D和Sirboh F的表达,而超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性呈低浓度增加高浓度下降的趋势。由此可知,Cd、Cr对谷子幼苗的胁迫使其发生一系列生理指标变化,造成植株不同程度损伤,植株自身则通过增强抗氧化酶活性对机体起到保护作用。     

铅胁迫对紫穗槐光合作用及生理生化特征的影响

以紫穗槐幼苗为材料,通过盆栽试验,研究不同浓度（0、100、300、600 mg·kg^-1）铅（Pb）胁迫条件下,紫穗槐叶片中的丙二醛（MDA）含量、抗氧化酶（SOD、POD、CAT）活性等生理指标和光合作用参数以及叶绿素荧光参数对 Pb 胁迫的响应。结果表明：紫穗槐叶片中 MDA 含量和电解质外渗率随着 Pb 胁迫程度的增加呈升高趋势,Pb 胁迫提高了紫穗槐叶片中抗氧化酶 SOD、POD 的活性;100 mg·kg^-1 Pb 胁迫处理下,紫穗槐净光合速率（Pn）显著高于对照组;Pb 胁迫浓度达到 300 mg·kg^-1 时,紫穗槐抗氧化酶活性、相对叶绿素含量（SPAD 值）显著升高;600 mg·kg^-1 Pb 胁迫下 CAT 活性开始有所降低,光合作用降低主要受非气孔限制因素的影响,对紫穗槐叶绿素荧光特性未造成严重损伤。说明紫穗槐对环境中 Pb（600 mg·kg^-1）污染的耐受能力较强。     

芦苇对阿特拉津胁迫的生理响应及其与耐受性的关系

为揭示阿特拉津胁迫下芦苇的生理响应规律及其与芦苇耐受性的关系,通过水培实验研究了阿特拉津对芦苇叶绿素含量、抗氧化酶(SOD和POD)活性和叶绿素荧光参数的影响,并以植物相对生长率为耐受性指标,利用逐步回归法分析了各生理指标与耐受性的关系。结果表明:≤8 mg·L~(-1)阿特拉津胁迫1周,芦苇虽可正常存活,但相对生长率受到显著抑制;胁迫2周时,生长停止;叶绿素a(Chla)和叶绿素b(Chlb)随处理浓度的增加而降低。POD活性胁迫1周时显著增强,胁迫2周时最低和最高浓度处理(0.5、8 mg·L~(-1))较1周时有所下降,与对照无显著差异;而SOD活性随处理浓度增加无显著变化。随处理浓度的增加,F_v/F_m和F_v/F_0显著降低,qN显著增加,而胁迫2周较1周时qN显著下降。研究表明,芦苇对阿特拉津比较敏感,但在短期内(1周)表现一定的耐受性,主要是通过增强非光化学淬灭能力来保护叶绿体,从而保持一定浓度的叶绿素来维持光合作用的物质基础,抵抗来自阿特拉津的胁迫。     

小金海棠实生树阶段转变过程中miR156表达及氧化还原平衡态的相关性分析

为证明苹果实生树童性变化与氧化还原平衡态的相关性,采取小金海棠实生树不同节位的叶片,测定miR156相对表达量,H2O2含量以及CAT、APX和GR酶活性。结果小金海棠实生树个体生长发育过程中miR156相对表达量从1.4m高度显著降低。叶片H2O2含量,CAT、APX和GR酶活性均随节位逐渐升高。表明植物体内活性氧清除机制的CAT途径和抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽循环均随个体发育逐渐增强。     

盐胁迫下德景天叶片超微弱发光与光合作用的关系

以德景天(Sedum hybridum)为材料,分析NaCl胁迫及活性氧调控NaCl胁迫下德景天叶片UWL与光合作用的变化及两者之间的关系。结果表明,在盐胁迫过程中,对照和盐胁迫下景天叶片的净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、气孔导度(G_s)、胞间二氧化碳浓度(C_i)和叶绿素a(Chla)、叶绿素b(Chlb)和叶绿素总量(Chl)均呈下降趋势,同时UWL强度下降;盐胁迫下以上光合指标均低于对照,同时UWL强度也低于对照。进一步采用H_2O_2和苯甲酸钠处理盐胁迫过程中,NaCl处理(对照)、NaCl+H_2O_2处理和NaCl+苯甲酸钠处理下景天叶片的P_n、T_r、G_s、C_i、Chla、Chlb和Chl均下降,同时UWL强度下降;H_2O_2处理的以上光合指标均低于对照,UWL强度也低于对照;苯甲酸钠处理的光合指标和UWL强度均高于对照。相关性分析也表明,盐胁迫下及活性氧处理盐胁迫下UWL强度均与各光合指标呈明显正相关。结果说明,盐胁迫下及活性氧处理盐胁迫下,UWL强度随着景天叶片光合作用的下降而降低,光合作用与UWL的产生有关。     

Coordinated effects of root autotoxic substances and Fusarium oxysporum Schl. f. sp. fragariae on the growth and replant disease of strawberry

Effects of hydroxybenzoic acid, an important autotoxic substance in roots, on plant growth, photosynthesis and Fusarium oxysporum occurrence in succession cropping of strawberry were evaluated in this paper. It was found that plant growth was negatively regulated by hydroxybenzoic acid or inoculation with F. oxysporum. Compared with these single factor treatments, the combination of the hydroxybenzoic acid treatment and F. oxysporum inoculation caused more severe inhibition in plant growth, greatly enhanced the occurrence of disease symptoms, and significantly decreased the chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and intercellular CO₂ concentration. In the meantime, the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters in strawberry were also significantly affected. After the application of hydroxybenzoic acid, the original chlorophyll fluorescence rapidly increased, resulting in a combined corresponding decrease in the maximum chlorophyll fluorescence and the chlorophyll fluorescence transformation efficiency. The effects of hydroxybenzoic acid treatment on the above chlorophyll fluorescence parameters from inoculation were delayed. Similarly, the coordination of hydroxybenzoic acid and F. oxysporum showed an elevated negative effect on the degree of inhibition of leaf photosynthesis more than the single factor treatments.     

Nitrogen Dioxide-Induced Responses in Brassica campestris Seedlings： The Role of Hydrogen Peroxide in the Modulation of Antioxidative Level and Induced Resistance

This article investigates the responses of Brassica campestris seedlings to an acute level of nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) exposure in a plant growth chamber, and examines whether pretreating plants with hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) will alleviate NO₂-caused injury. Twenty-eight-day-old B. campestris plants sprayed with 10 mmol L⁻¹ H₂O₂ aqueous solution (corresponding to approximate 1.0 mg H₂O₂ per single plant) were exposed to different concentrations of NO₂ (0.25, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 μL L⁻¹, respectively) for 24 h under controlled environment. To measure the plant biomass, the plants were fumigated with the same NO₂ concentrations as mentioned above for 7 h per day (8.00-15.00) for 7 days. As a control, charcoal filtered air alone was applied. Data were collected on plant biomass, total chlorophyll, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, nitrate and nitrate reductase (NR), antioxidative enzymes, ascorbate (ASA), and malondialdehyde (MDA), immediately after exposure. The results showed that exposure to a moderate dose of NO₂ (e.g., 0.25 μL L⁻¹) had a favorable effect on plants, and the dry weight of the above-ground part increased, whereas the exposure to high NO₂ concentrations (e.g., 0.5 μL L⁻¹ or higher) caused a reduction in the plant biomass and the total chlorophyll, when compared with the control. In addition, at 0.5 μL L⁻¹ or higher NO₂ concentrations, prominent increases in the MDA level and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and NR activities were observed. Exposure to 1 μL L⁻¹ and higher NO₂ resulted in necroses appearing on older leaves, and an increase in catalase (CAT) activity, decrease in ASA content, increased accumulation of NO₃, and reduction in photosynthesis, when compared with the controls. No changes were detected in stomatal conductance under NO₂ fumigation. The pretreatment with 10 mmol L⁻¹ H₂O₂ alleviated significantly NO₂-caused biomass decrease and photosynthetic inhibition when compared with H₂O₂-untreated plants. Under NO₂ fumigation, further induction in SOD and CAT activities occurred in H₂O₂ treated plants when compared with H₂O₂-untreated plants. The effect of NO₂ on the ASA and MDA contents was also absent in H₂O₂-treated plants. However, the H₂O₂ treatment did not alter the nitrate content and NR activity in plants under NO₂ fumigation. The H₂O₂ treatment caused a lower rate of stomatal conductance. Taken together, these data suggest that fumigation with an acute level of NO₂ causes oxidative damage to B. campestris seedlings. The H₂O₂ pretreatment markedly protects plants against NO₂ stress and this may be associated with inducible antioxidative level. NO₂ fumigation contributes, at least in part, to the enhanced levels of nitrate in B. campestris leaves.     

Active oxygen metabolism in the floral buds and leaves of the new cytoplasm male sterile (CMS) line and its maintainer line of non-heading Chinese cabbage

The cytoplasm male sterile (CMS) line and its maintainer line of the newly-bred non-heading Chinese cabbage were taken as experimental materials. The production rate of superoxide anion radical (O₂ ⁻), contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) as well as ascorbate peroxidase (APX) were determined in buds of different developmental stages and leaves during vegetative and florescence stages. As showed by the results, there were higher levels of MDA and H₂O₂ contents, higher O₂ ⁻ production rate and higher activities of SOD, POD, and CAT in the buds of the CMS lines than that in the buds of the fertile lines, while the APX activity was different from the other three enzymes above. There were differences in activities of protective enzymes in leaves but no significant differences in MDA contents and O₂ ⁻ production rate, which showed that the differences in metabolism of active oxygen between CMS and its maintainer were mainly apparent in reproductive organs. __________ Translated from Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University, 2006, 29(1): 18–22 [译自: 南京农业大学学报]     

Cd对湿地匍灯藓叶绿体损伤与活性氧的影响

为探讨不同镉(Cd)浓度胁迫对湿地匍灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum)叶绿体、Cd的亚细胞分布及活性氧代谢的影响,设置了4个Cd浓度梯度(0、1、5、10 mg·L~(-1)),采用浸没培养方法对湿地匍灯藓进行处理。结果表明:随Cd胁迫浓度增加,细胞损伤加大,叶绿体严重皱缩成球状,同时细胞空泡化程度也逐渐加重。Cd在亚细胞组分中的分布为:细胞壁细胞器可溶部分。随Cd浓度增加,细胞器中Cd累积量增加;随Cd胁迫浓度的增加,湿地匍灯藓体内超氧阴离子自由基(O_2~-·)的产生速率先降后升,过氧化氢(H_2O_2)的含量则持续上升,均在10 mg·L~(-1)时达到最大值,与对照相比,二者分别增加了7.9%和13.7%;与之对应,抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性和谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性均显著增加,与对照相比,两种酶活性分别增加了947%和430%、810%和765%、712%和1125%;藓体内抗坏血酸含量与Cd存在剂量效应关系,尤其是还原型抗坏血酸(ASA),与对照相比分别增加了42.7%、72.7%和89.2%。综上所述,进入藓体内的Cd可能通过攻击叶绿体,使APX变性失活,诱导活性氧产生;而抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽途径可能是湿地匍灯藓体内主要的活性氧清除机制。     

高温胁迫对辣椒果实活性氧代谢的影响

以辣椒品种“驻椒22”为试材,研究辣椒果实相应高温胁迫活性氧代谢的影响,为预防辣椒果实灼伤及果实优质生产提供依据。研究结果表明：高温胁迫使辣椒果实中O_{2·生产速率、H2O2含量、MDA含量升高,明显增强了辣椒果实中的POD、SOD、APX、CAT的活性,提高了PRO和可溶性蛋白含量。在高温胁迫下,辣椒果实中出现了维持活性氧代谢的清除能力,减缓了高温对细胞膜的伤害。}