A novel convenient process to obtain a raw decaffeinated tea polyphenol fraction using a lignocellulose column

Lignocellulose prepared from sawdust was investigated for its potential application in obtaining a raw decaffeinated tea polyphenol fraction from tea extract. Tea polyphenols having gallate residues, namely, (-)epigallocatechin gallate (EGCg) and (-)epicatechin gallate (ECg), were adsorbed on the lignocellulose column, while caffeine was passed through it. Adsorbed polyphenols were eluted with 60% ethanol, and the elute was found to consist mainly of EGCg and ECg. The caffeine/EGCg ratio was 0.696 before lignocellulose column treatment, but it became 0.004 after the column treatment. These results suggest that the lignocellulose column provides a useful and convenient process of purification of tea polyphenol fraction accompanied by decaffeination.     

Factors affecting the levels of tea polyphenols and caffeine in tea leaves

An isocratic HPLC procedure was developed for the simultaneous determination of caffeine and six catechins in tea samples. When 31 commercial teas extracted by boiling water or 75% ethanol were analyzed by HPLC, the levels of (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate (EGCG), and total catechins in teas were in the order green tea (old leaves) > green tea (young leaves) and oolong tea > black tea and pu-erh tea. Tea samples extracted by 75% ethanol could yield higher levels of EGCG and total catechins. The contents of caffeine and catechins also have been measured in fresh tea leaves from the Tea Experiment Station in Wen-Shan or Taitung; the old tea leaves contain less caffeine but more EGCG and total catechins than young ones. To compare caffeine and catechins in the same tea but manufactured by different fermentation processes, the level of caffeine in different manufactured teas was in the order black tea > oolong tea > green tea > fresh tea leaf, but the levels of EGCG and total catechins were in the order green tea > oolong tea > fresh tea leaf > black tea. In addition, six commercial tea extracts were used to test the biological functions including hydroxyl radical scavenging, nitric oxide suppressing, and apoptotic effects. The pu-erh tea extracts protected the plasmid DNA from damage by the Fenton reaction as well as the control at a concentration of 100 microg/mL. The nitric oxide suppressing effect of tea extracts was in the order pu-erh tea >/= black tea > green tea > oolong tea. The induction of apoptosis by tea extract has been demonstrated by DNA fragmentation ladder and flow cytometry. It appeared that the ability of tea extracts to induce HL-60 cells apoptosis was in the order green tea > oolong > black tea > pu-erh tea. All tea extracts extracted by 75% ethanol have stronger biological functions than those extracted by boiling water.     

Determination of tea polyphenols and caffeine in tea flowers (Camellia sinensis) and their hydroxyl radical scavenging and nitric oxide suppressing effects

The native occurrence of tea polyphenols, namely, (-)-epicatechin, (+)-catechin, (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate, (-)-epicatechin, and (-)-epicatechin 3-gallate, and caffeine in tea flowers was assessed by an isocratic HPLC procedure. The levels of total catechins and caffeine were determined in tea flowers collected from 10 different species of Camellia sinensis. The results showed the levels of total catechin ranged from 10 to 38 mg/g, whereas the level of caffeine ranged from 3 to 8 mg/g. Levels of catechins and caffeine in tea leaves and various teas were also determined and ranged from 2 to 126 mg/g and from 23 to 49 mg/g, respectively. Both tea flower and tea leaf extracts exert their strong hydroxyl radical scavenging effects in the Fenton reaction system and nitric oxide suppressing effects in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. Most tea flowers contain less caffeine, but comparable amounts of total catechins, compared to tea leaves and teas. The present study demonstrates that both tea flowers and tea leaves contain appreciable amounts of catechins and caffeine. It is likely that tea flowers might be useful for making alternative tea beverages.     

用超临界CO2脱除绿茶浓缩液中咖啡碱的工艺研究

对绿茶浓缩液中咖啡碱的超临界CO₂萃取工艺进行了研究，通过4因素正交试验探讨了浓缩液的浓度、操作压强、操作温度、萃取时间对咖啡碱脱除率的影响。结果表明，超临界CO₂萃取技术可以有效地脱除绿茶浓缩液中大部分的咖啡碱，在此基础上完成了用超临界CO₂脱除绿茶浓缩液中咖啡碱的连续作业试验，从而获得了加工脱咖啡碱绿茶浓缩液或速溶绿茶的新工艺。     

Total phenol, catechin, and caffeine contents of teas commonly consumed in the United kingdom.

Levels of total phenol, catechins, and caffeine in teas commonly consumed in the United Kingdom have been determined using reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Tea bags or tea leaves were purchased from local supermarkets and extracted in boiling water for 5 min. The resulting data showed considerable variability in both total phenols [80.5-134.9 mg/g of dry matter (DM) in black teas and 87-106.2 mg/g of DM in green teas] and catechins (5.6-47.5, 51.5-84.3, and 8.5-13.9 mg/g of DM in black, green, and fruit teas, respectively); this was most probably a result of differing agronomic conditions, leaf age, and storage during and after transport, as well as the degree of fermentation. Caffeine contents of black teas (22-28 mg/g of DM) were significantly higher than in less fermented green teas (11-20 mg/g of DM). The relative concentration of the five major tea catechins ranked EGCG > ECG > EC > EGC > C. The estimated U.K. dietary intakes of total tea catechins, calculated on the basis of an average tea consumption of three cups of tea (200 mL cup, 1% tea leaves w/v), were 61.5, 92.7, and 405.5 mg/day from fruit teas, black teas, and green teas, respectively. The coefficients of variation were 19.4, 88.6, and 17.3%, respectively, indicating the wide variation in these intakes. The calculated caffeine intake ranged between 92 and 146 mg/day. In addition, many individuals will consume much larger quantities of tea, of various strengths (as determined by the brewing conditions employed). This broad spread of U.K. daily intakes further emphasizes the need for additional research to relate intake and effect in various population groups.     

Evaluation of the hypolipemic property of Camellia sinensisVar. ptilophylla on postprandial hypertriglyceridemia

A naturally decaffeinated tea, Camellia sinensis var. ptilophylla (cocoa tea), has long been popular in southern China as a healthy beverage. Our experiments indicate that a single oral administration of 500 mg/kg of cocoa tea extract suppresses increases in plasma triacylgycerol (TG) levels when fed with 5 mL/kg of olive or lard oil in mice and that the inhibition rates are 22.9% and 31.5%, respectively, compared with controls. Under the same condition, cocoa tea extract did not affect the level of plasma free fatty acid. Likewise, the extract reduced the lymphatic absorption of lipids at 250 and 500 mg/kg. Also, cocoa tea extract and polyphenols isolated from cocoa tea inhibit pancreatic lipase. These findings suggest that cocoa tea has hypolipemic activity, which may be due to the suppression of digestive lipase activity by the polyphenols contained within the tea.     

Designed polar cosolvent-modified supercritical CO2 removing caffeine from and retaining catechins in green tea powder using response surface methodology

This study examines cosolvent-modified supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) to remove caffeine from and to retain catechins in green tea powder. The response surface method was adopted to determine the optimal operation conditions in terms of the extraction efficiencies and concentration factors of caffeine and catechins during the extractions. When SC-CO2 was used at 333 K and 300 bar, 91.5% of the caffeine was removed and 80.8% of catechins were retained in the tea: 3600 g of carbon dioxide was used in the extraction of 4 g of tea soaked with 1 g of water. Under the same extraction conditions, 10 g of water was added to <800 g of carbon dioxide in an extraction that completely removed caffeine (that is, the caffeine extraction efficiency was 100%). The optimal result as predicted by three-factor response surface methodology and supported by experimental data was that in 1.5 h of extraction, 640 g of carbon dioxide at 323 K and 275 bar with the addition of 6 g of water extracted 71.9% of the caffeine while leaving 67.8% of the catechins in 8 g of tea. Experimental data indicated that supercritical carbon dioxide decaffeination increased the concentrations of caffeine in the SC-CO2 extracts at 353 K.     

Caffeine as main interfering compound in radioimmunoassay of aflatoxin B1 in coffee samples

The content of caffeine in coffee extracts prepared for radioimmunoassay of aflatoxin B1 was determined by gas chromatography. The extracts from coffee beans and decaffeinated coffee contained 1.76-4.60 and 0.71-0.85 g caffeine/kg, respectively. These concentrations of caffeine caused false results in radioimmunoassay of aflatoxin B1 in the range 1.0-2.8 micrograms/kg for coffee beans and 0.3-0.4 micrograms/kg for decaffeinated coffee.     

萌芽前叶面喷施硒酸钠提高茶叶含硒量及品质

  【目的】  探究在茶树不同生育时期叶面喷施不同硒肥对夏茶产量、品质及硒含量的影响,为生产富硒茶提供技术依据。  【方法】  田间试验在浙江嵊州进行,供试茶树品种为‘中茶108’。 试验采用二因素列区设计,主处理为硒肥种类(A因素),副处理为硒肥喷施时期(B因素)。主处理设喷施清水对照(A0)、硒酸钠(A1)、亚硒酸钠(A2)和酵母硒(A3);副处理设夏茶顶芽萌发前(5月12日,B1)与1芽1叶期(5月20日,B2)两个喷施时期。硒肥喷施浓度均为Se 50 mg/L,硒肥溶液喷施量为1.8 L/m2。当茶树蓬面1芽2叶占比达30%左右时,每个小区随机选取30 cm×30 cm茶蓬,调查蓬面新梢总数、1芽2叶数量、1芽2叶长度和百芽重。同时,取1芽2叶新梢样品,测定茶多酚、儿茶素、咖啡碱、游离氨基酸、花青素以及硒含量。  【结果】  与A0B1处理相比,A3B1处理茶树萌展值显著降低了0.14,但对茶树蓬面新梢总数无明显影响;A2B1处理茶树1芽2叶新梢长度和百芽重分别显著降低了1.04 cm和1.94 g。A1B2和A3B2处理茶树蓬面新梢总数分别显著降低了17.66和22.33,但不影响其萌展值;A1B2显著降低茶树1芽2叶新梢长度和百芽重,分别降低0.88 cm和1.70 g。A1B1和A2B1处理的茶叶总硒含量分别显著提高了1.15和1.47 mg/kg,有机硒含量分别显著提高了1.13 和1.38 mg/kg,但A3B1处理未显著提高茶叶硒含量。A1B2、A2B2和A3B2处理均显著提高了茶叶总硒和有机硒含量,其中总硒增加量分别为5.97、7.88 和2.61 mg/kg,有机硒含量分别增加了5.17、7.51和2.48 mg/kg。另外,A1B1显著降低了茶叶咖啡碱、没食子酸和儿茶素含量;A1B2处理显著降低了茶叶游离氨基酸含量,但显著增加了茶多酚和儿茶素总量,儿茶素组成中的没食子酸、表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯和表儿茶素没食子酸酯等酯型儿茶素显著增加。  【结论】  夏茶萌芽前喷施外源硒能够提高茶叶总硒和有机硒含量,改善茶叶品质,尤以硒酸钠的效果最好。     

新型茶皂素硫酸钠合成及其修复土壤重金属污染研究

经水提-沉淀法从茶籽饼提取茶皂素,以其为原料设计合成了新型绿色茶皂素基螯合剂(茶皂素硫酸钠)。对其表面性能进行研究发现,其表面张力低于茶皂素,而HLB值、起泡力及稳泡性均优于茶皂素。同时考察了振荡时间、螯合剂浓度、pH及离子强度对螯合剂去除重金属率的影响。结果表明,重金属去除率随振荡时间和浓度增加而升高,随pH、离子强度增加而降低。得出去除Pb2+、Cd2+离子的最佳工艺:振荡时间为12h,质量分数为7%,pH为5.0,Ca(NO3)2浓度为0.01mol/L,此条件下螯合剂对土壤中Pb2+、Cd2+离子去除率最大,茶皂素硫酸钠对Cd2+离子的去除率大于Pb2+离子,且茶皂素硫酸钠对此2种离子的去除率均优于茶皂素,尤其对Pb2+离子去除率改善效果显著。     

杂交苏丹草镉的吸收与分布规律研究

随着土壤中添加镉量的增加,杂交苏丹草的株高明显降低,生物量显著下降。镉添加量为40mg kg土的处理,杂交苏丹草株高和地上部的生物量分别只有对照的48%和8.4%。不加镉的对照,杂交苏丹草根、茎、叶的含镉量分别为3.2,2.7,3.2μg g-1,各部位含镉量没有显著差异;而在添加镉的土壤中,则呈现出根>茎>叶的变化规律;土壤添加镉的量越大,杂交苏丹草各部位含镉量越高,当镉添加量为40mg kg-1土时,根、茎、叶的含镉量分别为451.9,132.5,79.4μg g-1。杂交苏丹草植株中镉含量与土壤中镉的添加量呈现为显著的直线正相关,镉的累积量呈现为先上升后下降的规律。     

Capillary electrophoretic determination of theanine, caffeine, and catechins in fresh tea leaves and oolong tea and their effects on rat neurosphere adhesion and migration

Theanine, caffeine, and catechins in fresh tea leaves and oolong tea were determined by using capillary electrophoresis (CE). CE separated these tea polyphenols from three other tea ingredients, namely, caffeine, theophylline, and theanine, within 8 min. The young leaves (apical bud and the two youngest leaves) were found to be richer in caffeine, (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCg), and (-)-epicatechin gallate (ECg) than old leaves (from 5th to 7th leaves). On the other hand, the old leaves (from 8th to 10th leaves) contained higher levels of theanine, (-)-epigallocatechin (EGC), and (-)-epicatechin (EC). Results from a comparison of fresh young tea and oolong tea compositions indicated oolong tea contained more theanine and catechins than fresh young tea. Furthermore, it was found that the levels of theanine, EGC, and EGCg in young leaves rose markedly with the withering process. Caffeine did not markedly change. However, fully or partially fermented teas (oolong tea or pauchong tea) have a common initial step in the withering process. Fresh tea leaves or oolong tea extract (0.1%, w/v) markedly inhibited neurosphere adhesion, cell migration, and neurite outgrowth in rat neurospheres. Theanine (348 micrograms/mL) and caffeine at high concentration (50 micrograms/mL) did not inhibit neurosphere adhesion or migration activities, but EGCg at 20 micrograms/mL effectively inhibited neurosphere adhesion for 24 h. These results indicated that EGCg might affect neural stem cell survival or differentiation.     

铅胁迫对茶树生长及叶片生理指标的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究了不同土壤铅浓度对茶叶生长及叶片生理特性的影响。结果表明,随着土壤铅浓度的升高,夏茶叶绿素含量显著下降,并有失绿现象,茶树生长受到一定程度的抑制。春茶叶绿素含量呈上升趋势,夏茶叶绿素含量呈先增加后降低的趋势。当铅浓度为100mg·kg-1时,叶绿素含量达到最大值2.93mg·g-1;铅浓度为1500mg·kg-1时,叶绿素含量达到最小值2.28mg·g-1;随铅浓度增加,叶片中游离脯氨酸、丙二醛含量显著增加,两者与铅浓度呈显著正相关,春茶的相关系数分别为0.922（P〈0.01）和0.880（P〈0.01）,夏茶的相关系数为0.871（P〈0.05）和0.971（P〈0.01）,且夏茶中的游离脯氨酸、丙二醛含量大于春茶。铅对春茶、夏茶中可溶性糖的合成有一定的抑制作用,相关系数分别为-0.715（P〈0.01）和-0.912（P〈0.01）。在铅浓度为0～200mg·kg-1时,春茶可溶性糖有小幅度增加;在铅浓度为200mg·kg-1时,春茶、夏茶可溶性糖含量都同时达到最大值。     

Comparison of two Reagents,Sodium Pyrophosphate and Sodium Hydroxide,in the Extraction of Labile Metal Organic Complexes

The international reference lake sediment, LKSD-4, was used to compare Hg, organic C and Zn extracted from its 'soluble organic' phase by two commonly used reagents: 0.1 M Na4P2O7 solution at pH 10 and 0.5 M NaOH solution at pH 12. While recoveries of Hg and Zn by 0.1 M Na4P2O7 are not affected by changes in sample weight to reagent volume ratio (W/V) or contact time, those by NaOH show a marked dependency. In general, the NaOH leach extracts more organic C and Hg from LKSD-4 but less Zn. Over the range of conditions studied, the NaOH-based method extracted 4.7-9.8% C, 27-103 ng g-1 Hg and 19-69 µg g-1 Zn from LKSD-4, compared to 2.3-2.8% C, 17-24 ng g-1 Hg and 64-72 µg g-1 Zn by the Na4P2O7 leach. Clearly, different groups of organic substances are being dissolved by these two reagents and therefore a comparison of data from different laboratories becomes meaningless. This paper suggests that more research is needed into the exact nature of metal-organic associations extracted by selective leaches and into associated artifacts of extraction such as readsorption phenomena.     

磷化铝对土壤微生物数量和酶活性的影响

为明确磷化铝对土壤微生物数量和酶活性的影响,采用室内培养的方法,研究了经0.1、1mg.g-1和10mg.g-13个浓度磷化铝熏蒸处理后,供试土壤中微生物数量和土壤酶活性的变化。结果表明,磷化铝处理土壤后,各个浓度的磷化铝对土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌数量具有抑制作用,浓度越高,抑制作用越强,但一段时间后低浓度（0.1mg.g-1）处理对土壤微生物数量的影响恢复至对照水平。磷化铝对土壤脲酶表现为抑制作用,并随浓度升高而增强;低浓度处理对土壤中的蔗糖酶活性抑制作用不明显,而高浓度（10mg.g-1）处理表现为强烈的抑制作用;各浓度处理初期对土壤过氧化氢酶表现为抑制或激活作用,但到第30d,恢复至对照水平。这说明,施入常规剂量的磷化铝对土壤微生物数量和土壤酶活性会产生一定的影响,在经过一定时间后均可恢复至对照水平。     

天然沸石对猪场厌氧发酵液中氨氮吸附作用的试验研究

为达到利用人工湿地处理高氨氮污水的目的,采用天然沸石作为人工湿地基质,对比研究了天然沸石对NH4Cl溶液和猪场厌氧发酵液中氨氮的等温吸附特征、吸附动力学过程,考察了吸附时间、氨氮初始浓度、沸石用量对沸石吸附氨氮的影响。结果表明,Freundlich方程较Langmuir方程能更为准确地描述天然沸石对两种水质中氨氮的等温吸附特征;在两种水质中,单分子层饱和吸附量分别为16.20mg·g-1和3.85mg·g-1。天然沸石对氨氮的吸附作用受吸附时间、氨氮初始浓度及沸石用量影响较大,在两种水质中,沸石对氨氮的吸附过程在0～8h内均随时间显著上升,到48h时达到吸附平衡;当采用NH4Cl溶液时,初始氨氮的浓度由10mg·L-1增加到500mg·L-1时,平衡吸附量由0.19mg·g-1增加到5.91mg·g-1;当采用猪场厌氧发酵液时,初始氨氮的浓度由39.4mg·L-1增加到502.9mg·L-1时,平衡吸附量由0.63mg·g-1增加到3.20mg·g-1;增加沸石用量,可以提高氨氮的去除率,但单位质量沸石的氨氮吸附量随之降低。准二级动力学可以很好地描述天然沸石吸附两种水质中氨氮的动力学过程;由模型得出的天然沸石对氨氮的平衡吸附量与试验所得最大吸附量偏差范围分别为5%～11%和2.9%～5.4%。     

Coffee dietary fiber contents and structural characteristics as influenced by coffee type and technological and brewing procedures

Coffee brews contain considerable amounts of soluble dietary fiber, mainly low substituted galactomannans and type II arabinogalactans. Factors possibly influencing the content and structures of dietary fiber in coffee brews, such as type of coffee, roasting and grinding degree, and brewing procedure, were studied. In addition, several commercial samples such as instant espresso, instant coffee, instant cappuccino, decaffeinated coffees, and coffee pads were analyzed. The dietary fiber contents of the coffee brews ranged from 0.14 to 0.65 g/100 mL (enzymatic-gravimetric methodology), proving an influence of the factors investigated. For example, the drip brew of an arabica coffee contained significantly more soluble dietary fiber than the drip brew of a comparable robusta coffee, and depending on the brewing procedure, the soluble dietary fiber content of beverages obtained from the same coffee sample ranged from 0.26 to 0.38 g/100 mL. Dietary fiber contents of coffee brews were enhanced only up to a certain degree of roast. Drip brews of decaffeinated arabica coffees (commercial samples) contained significantly less dietary fiber than any non-decaffeinated drip brew investigated in this study. The observed differences in the dietary fiber contents were accompanied by changes in the structural characteristics of fiber polysaccharides, such as galactomannan/arabinogalactan ratio, galactose substitution degree of mannans, or galactose/arabinose ratio of arabinogalactans as analyzed by methylation analysis.     

Factors affecting the caffeine and polyphenol contents of black and green tea infusions.

The effects of product and preparation variables on the in-cup chemical composition of tea extracts is of interest because the appearance and taste characteristics and the possible health effects of a tea liquor arise from the chemical components extracted from the leaf during tea preparation. A comprehensive study was therefore undertaken to determine the contributions of product and preparation variables on the total soluble solids, caffeine, and polyphenol contents of tea extracts. The results of this study show that the variety, growing environment, manufacturing conditions, and grade (particle size) of the tea leaves each influence the tea leaf and final infusion compositions. In addition, the composition of the tea infusion was shown to be influenced by whether the tea was contained in a teabag and, if so, the size and material of construction of the bag. Finally, the preparation method, including the amounts of tea and water used, infusion time, and amount of agitation, was shown to be a major determinant of the component concentrations of tea beverages as consumed. An illustration of the variation introduced by these product and preparation factors is provided by comparing solids, caffeine, and polyphenol contents of green and black tea infusions when commercial products are prepared according to the instructions given on their packaging.     

人工湿地高效好氧反硝化菌的分离鉴定及反硝化特性研究

从增氧型复合垂直流人工湿地中采集样品,利用间歇曝气法富集好氧反硝化菌,并进行分离纯化,共得到10株好氧反硝化菌。其中编号为B13的菌株在初始硝态氮含量为277.23mg·L-1、碳氮比为5的条件下,24h的硝态氮去除率达92.80%,亚硝态氮积累只有12.57mg·L-1,脱氮速率达到20.58mg·L-·1h-1。16S rDNA序列分析表明,该菌与Pseudomonas stutzeri同源性达100%。选用四因素三水平L（934）正交试验表设计实验,通过测定对硝态氮去除能力和亚硝态氮的积累量,研究碳源、碳氮比（C/N）、pH以及溶解氧含量（DO）4种不同因素对B13号菌株好氧反硝化性能的影响。结果表明,该菌株对硝态氮的去除率最大可达99.88%,几乎没有亚硝态氮积累。对硝态氮去除率影响最大的因素为碳氮比,其次为pH,溶解氧含量和碳源。对应的最优条件是碳源为葡萄糖,碳氮比为10,pH为9,溶解氧含量为1.84～3.57mg·L-1。     

提高猪场沼液净化处理效果的氨吹脱控制参数

针对畜禽养殖场沼气工程沼液氨氮浓度高,碳氮比不足,直接采用传统生化污水处理法效果不佳的问题,该文对氨吹脱工艺降低猪场沼液氨氮浓度参数进行了试验研究,探索了不同初始氨氮浓度、pH值、气液比、温度等参数对氨氮去除的效果,并进一步研究了Ca(OH)2的混凝作用。结果表明:初始氨氮质量浓度分别为500和900mg/L时,氨氮去除率无显著差异。在初始氨氮质量浓度为900mg/L,pH值为10.5,气液比(流量比)2000,沼液温度30℃的运行条件下,氨氮去除率较高为81.84%。在Ca(OH)2投加量为5.0g/L条件下,混凝沉淀效果较好,化学需氧量(COD)、总磷(TP)和PO43-去除率分别为30.13%、97.44%和98.76%,但总硬度提高了106%。该文研究结果为开发沼液深度处理工艺提供了数据。