生化抑制剂组合对黄泥田土壤尿素态氮转化的影响

采用室内恒温、恒湿培养方法,通过不同剂量和配比试验,研究脲酶抑制剂(N-丁基硫代磷酰三胺,NBPT)、硝化抑制剂(2-氯-6(三氯甲基)吡啶,NP)及其两者组合对尿素态氮在黄泥田土壤中的转化作用效果。结果表明:尿素在黄泥田土壤中,有效作用时间≤3d;不同剂量NBPT处理可以缓释尿素3~9d,有效抑制脲酶活性,减缓尿素分解(效果表现为1.0%0.5%0.25%),对土壤中NO3-生成量及表观硝化率的影响基本与尿素一致;不同剂量NP处理可以有效抑制NH4+-N向NO3--N转化,其有效调控时间长达72d以上(效果表现为0.6%0.3%0.15%)。第72d,不同剂量NBPT和NP处理土壤中表观硝化率分别为64%和43%左右,NP对硝化作用抑制效果显著(P0.05)。与仅添加NBPT和NP处理相比,在黄泥田土壤中两者组合表现出对氮素转化明显的协同抑制效果,既能缓释尿素施入3~9d,有效抑制脲酶活性,减缓尿素水解,又能保持土壤中较高NH4+-N含量的时间超过72d。其中,NBPT 0.5%+NP 0.3%组合抑制效果最佳。总体认为,在黄泥田土壤中施用生化抑制剂时,NBPT和NP选用范围分别为≤0.5%和≤0.3%。     

生化抑制剂组合与施肥模式对黄泥田稻季田面水及 渗漏液氮素动态变化的影响

采用二因素随机区组设计,研究生化抑制剂组合(N-丁基硫代磷酰三胺(NBPT)、N-丙基硫代磷酰三胺(NPPT)和2-氯-6-(三氯甲基)吡啶(CP))与施肥模式(一次性施肥和分次施肥)互作对黄泥田稻季田面水和渗漏液氮(N)素浓度动态变化特征的影响。结果表明,黄泥田稻季田面水和渗漏液中N素形态分别以NH4+-N和NO–3-N为主。基肥施用后,稻田田面水中NH4+-N和总氮(TN)浓度于第1天达到峰值后降低,第6天分别降为峰值的57.9%～69.1%、41.9%～59.0%(一次性施肥)和29.9%～60.7%、60.9%～69.7%(分次施肥);稻田渗漏液中NO–3-N和TN浓度于第1～3天达到峰值后降低,第6天分别降为峰值的51.4%～56.5%、56.6%～61.6%(一次性施肥)和45.3%～57.5%、51.1%～59.6%(分次施肥)。不同施肥模式下,硝化抑制剂CP会提高田面水NH4+-N浓度,而脲酶抑制剂NBPT/NPPT或配施CP有效抑制脲酶活性,降低田面水NH4+-N峰值;CP显著降低渗漏液NO–3-N浓度,且CP或配施NBPT/NPPT有效抑制硝化作用,降低渗漏液NO–3-N峰值。新型脲酶抑制剂NPPT单独施用及与CP配施的稻田田面水和渗漏液N素浓度动态变化特征与NBPT相似。总之,生化抑制剂与适宜的氮肥运筹相结合更能有效延缓黄泥田中尿素水解,抑制硝化作用,减少N素径流和渗漏损失。     

生化抑制剂组合与施肥模式对黄泥田水稻养分累积及利用率的影响

添加生化抑制剂是提高水稻肥料利用率的有效途径之一,本研究结合不同施肥模式探讨其节肥增效的养分利用特征,以期寻找适合黄泥田地区水稻高产高效的施用方式。采用二因素随机区组设计,研究生化抑制剂[脲酶抑制剂N-丁基硫代磷酰三胺(NBPT)和N-丙基硫代磷酰三胺(NPPT)及硝化抑制剂2-氯-6-(三氯甲基)吡啶(CP)]组合与施肥模式(一次性和分次施肥)互作对黄泥田水稻养分吸收、利用和分配的影响,并探讨各养分间及其与产量的相互关系。结果表明:生化抑制剂组合和施肥模式对水稻主要生育期N、P、K累积、转运和分配的影响均存在一定的互作效应,互作条件下各生育期养分间吸收存在协同效应。尿素分次施用处理水稻成熟期N、P、K吸收量较一次性施用处理分别提高11.0%、0.9%、4.2%;氮肥吸收利用率、氮肥农学利用率分别显著提高27.5%、70.8%。不同施肥模式下,配施抑制剂组合(NBPT、NPPT/+CP)显著增加水稻N、P、K吸收量,促进抽穗后干物质生产和N素积累,提高籽粒中的养分分配及N素利用效率。新型脲酶抑制剂NPPT单独施用及与CP配施的水稻养分吸收和利用与NBPT相似。相关分析表明,不同施肥模式下水稻成熟期N、P、K吸收量与籽粒产量均呈极显著正相关。总之,通过施肥技术和抑制剂配施的集成与优化,有利于抽穗后N、P、K的吸收、转运,促进养分积累,大幅度同步提高黄泥田水稻的产量和养分利用效率。     

脲酶抑制剂NBPT对三种类型土壤中UAN氮溶液氮素转化和氨挥发的影响

室内恒温培养条件下,将N-丁基硫代磷酰三胺(NBPT)与UAN氮溶液配施,测定其氮素转化和氨挥发动态变化,研究NBPT与UAN氮溶液配施对灰漠土、潮土和红壤上氮素转化和氨挥发的影响.结果表明:?(1)对比尿素,在施肥早期(6 h～7 d),UAN氮溶液能分别多提供占施氮量0％～46.67％的无机氮供应,灰漠土和潮土上U...     

NBPT与DMPP不同剂量组合对尿素氮转化的影响

采用室内模拟试验的方法,探讨了脲酶抑制剂N-丁基硫代磷酰三胺(NBPT)和硝化抑制剂3,4-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐(DMPP)的不同浓度组合对尿素氮转化的影响。结果表明,NBPT与DMPP不同浓度组合均不同程度的延缓了尿素的水解,使尿素N水解产物更加以NH4+-N形态保持在土壤中;延缓了硝化作用进程并减少了硝酸盐在土壤累积,在此基础上增加了土壤有效态N含量。综合不同浓度组合对尿素水解的抑制、土壤NH4+-N和NO3--N含量变化、硝化作用抑制效果、土壤有效态N水平等指标并结合成本考虑,NBPT和DMPP分别为0.1%和0.5%施氮量时为最适宜的组合。     

N-丁基硫代磷酰三胺对淹水土壤脲酶动力学特征的影响

研究了淹水状态下脲酶抑制剂N-丁基硫代磷酰三胺(NBPT)对东北4种典型土壤(黑土、白浆土、棕壤、褐土)脲酶动力学参数的影响。结果表明,NBPT对土壤脲酶动力学参数的作用程度受土壤类型、培养时间及其交互作用的显著影响。与对照相比,NBPT使土壤脲酶米氏常数(Km)增加,最大反应速率(Vmax)和Vmax/Km降低,表明NBPT对土壤脲酶的作用机理属于典型的混合型抑制。随培养时间延长,土壤脲酶Km降低,Vmax和Vmax/Km升高,表明NBPT对脲酶的抑制效力逐渐减弱。黑土、白浆土脲酶Km值小于棕壤和褐土,而Vmax则大于棕壤和褐土,表明土壤肥力水平能够影响土壤脲酶的动力学参数。相关分析表明,土壤脲酶Km与粘粒和粉粒含量呈显著正相关关系,与pH值呈显著负相关关系;而Vmax和Vmax/Km的相关性则正好与此相反。     

氮肥配施生化抑制剂对黄泥田土壤钾素淋溶特征的影响

中国南方黄泥田土壤中养分淋失严重,尤其是氮(N)和钾(K),不仅造成资源浪费和潜在环境威胁,还严重制约作物的可持续生产。采用室内土柱模拟培养,研究尿素(U)和尿素硝铵(UAN)中单独添加脲酶抑制剂N-丁基硫代磷酰三胺(NBPT)和硝化抑制剂2-氯-6-(三氯甲基)吡啶(CP),及两者配合施用对黄泥田土壤中K素淋溶特征的影响,探讨提高黄泥田供钾能力的施肥技术。不同氮肥种类淋溶液中,K~+平均浓度大小表现为UAN处理(103.0 mg·kg~(-1))高于U处理(93.9 mg·kg~(-1)),且抑制剂处理间存在明显差异。培养结束时(第72 d),UAN处理K~+淋失量较U处理高6.7%。U各处理淋溶液中K~+累积量大小表现为UU+NBPTU+NBPT+CPU+CPCK,其中U+NBPT、U+CP和U+NBPT+CP处理较U处理分别降低8.7%、20.2%和14.9%;UAN各处理淋溶液中K~+累积量表现为UANUAN+NBPTUAN+NBPT+CPUAN+CPCK,其中UAN+NBPT、UAN+CP和UAN+NBPT+CP处理较UAN处理分别降低6.0%、13.8%和9.2%。不同施肥处理K~+淋溶率表现为UANUAN+NBPTUUAN+NBPT+CPUAN+CPU+NBPTU+NBPT+CPU+CP。培养中期(第36 d),U和UAN处理肥际微域中土壤速效钾含量显著降低,而添加CP处理有效维持土壤中较高的速效钾含量。与单施NBPT相比,配施CP可以减少黄泥田土壤中NO_3~-淋溶,增加土壤晶格对K~+的固定,减轻K~+淋溶风险,有效时间超过72 d。对各处理淋溶液中K~+累积量(y)随NO_3~-累积量(x)的变化进行拟合,其中以线性方程(y=ax+b)和Elovich方程(y=alnx+b)的拟合度最高,且抑制剂处理间a、b值均存在明显差异。总之,在黄泥田土壤中单施CP,或与NBPT配施可以有效增加K~+吸附,降低土壤中K~+淋溶损失,减轻养分淋失风险,提高肥料利用率。     

脲酶/硝化抑制剂对沿淮平原水稻产量、氮肥利用率及稻田氮素的影响

添加氮素抑制剂是提高水稻氮肥利用率的有效途径之一。采用大田试验,探讨了氮素抑制剂(脲酶抑制剂N-丁基硫代磷酰三胺(NBPT)、硝化抑制剂3,4-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐(DMPP)及其组合)对沿淮平原水稻产量、氮肥利用率及稻田氮素的影响,旨在为优化沿淮稻田生态系统氮素养分管理,减少氮素损失提供科学依据。以"常糯1号"为供试材料,于2018年6—10月在安徽省怀远县(沿淮平原典型水稻种植区)进行试验。试验设5个处理:不施氮肥(CK);尿素(U);尿素+硝化抑制剂(U+DMPP);尿素+脲酶抑制剂(U+NBPT);尿素+硝化抑制剂+脲酶抑制剂(U+NBPT+DMPP)。结果表明:尿素配施NBPT或者DMPP均有利于提高水稻产量、植株吸氮量和氮素利用效率,NBPT效果优于DMPP,NBPT和DMPP联合施用表现出协同增效作用。尿素配施抑制剂的3个处理U+NBPT、U+DMPP和U+NBPT+DMPP较单独施用尿素U处理的产量分别增加6.8%,4.3%,8.6%,植物吸氮量分别增加9.6%,6.5%,12.2%,与U处理之间差异达显著水平(P0.05)。尿素单独配施NBPT或者NBPT+DMPP组合均显著提高了氮肥吸收利用率(NRE)、氮肥农学利用率(NAE)、氮素吸收效率(NUP)和氮肥偏生产力(NPFP)(P0.05),而尿素单独配施DMPP也有不同程度的提高,但差异未达到显著水平(P0.05)。另外,尿素单独配施DMPP或者DMPP+NBPT组合均显著提高了水稻成熟期土壤铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)和微生物量氮(SMBN)的含量,降低了硝态氮(NO_3~--N)的含量,提高了土壤中铵/硝比,而尿素单独配施NBPT对水稻成熟期土壤NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N和SMBN无显著影响。总体认为,在沿淮平原稻作种植体系中,尿素配施NBPT或者DMPP可以有效地增加水稻产量,促进水稻对氮素的吸收利用,提高氮素利用效率,NBPT和DMPP联合施用效果最理想。     

土壤脲酶抑制剂正丁基硫代磷酰三胺的作用基团研究

土壤脲酶抑制剂正丁基硫代磷酰三胺(nBPT)是抑制土壤中尿素水解的最有效的化合物之一。分析大连工业大学合成的土壤脲酶抑制剂nBPT抑制脲酶活性的影响因素及作用机理,结果表明:在50°C,pH=5.91时,nBPT的抑制活性达到最大值;在nBPT各结构基团中,正丁基(-NH(CH2)3CH3)、硫基(-S)对nBPT与脲酶的结合起辅助作用,胺基(-NH2)是nBPT与脲酶结合的关键基团,与脲酶活性部位巯基(-SH)结合。土壤脲酶抑制剂nBPT与脲酶的具体结合机理还有待继续研究。     

硝化/脲酶抑制剂对秋马铃薯植株及土壤氮素利用的影响

通过添加硝化/脲酶抑制剂达到秋马铃薯生产中减氮增效的目的,为制定秋马铃薯的农田氮素管理措施及节肥增效策略提供依据.采用随机区组试验设计,设置30、60、90、120 kg/hm24个施氮水平与硝化/脲酶抑制剂N-丁基硫代磷酰三胺(NBPT)、双氰胺(DCD)、2-氯-6-三氯甲基吡啶(CP)、未添加硝化/脲酶抑制剂(C...     

Nitrogen Fertilization of Soybean Affects Root Growth and Nodulation on Two Soil Types in Mississippi

Greenhouse studies were conducted to evaluate the influence of nitrogen (N) sources [urea + ?N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide, NBPT (urease inhibitor) and polymer-coated urea (PCU)] and rates on soybean root characteristics, nodule formation, and biomass production on two soil types (silt loam and clay) commonly cropped to soybean in Mississippi. About 15% less belowground biomass was produced in clay soil than in silt loam soil directly corresponding to all other root parameters including root length, root area, root diameter, and nodule number. Pooled across N rates, N additions resulted in 19% and 52% decrease in belowground biomass and number of nodules, respectively, across soils compared to soybean receiving no N. The N rate was the most critical factor as it influenced all root growth parameters. Number of nodules were 24% greater with PCU than urea + NBPT. Nitrogen additions and clay soil negatively impacted soybean root growth, nodulation, and belowground biomass production.

Abbreviations: Polymer-coated urea, PCU; N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide, NBPT     

Enhanced-efficiency nitrogen fertilizers reduce winter losses of nitrous oxide,but not of ammonia,from no-till soil in a subtropical agroecosystem

Nitrogen (N) gas losses can be reduced by using enhanced-efficiency N (EEN) fertilizers such as urease inhibitors and coating technologies. In this work, we assessed the potential of EEN fertilizers to reduce winter losses of nitrous oxide (N₂O-N) and ammonia (NH₃-N) from a subtropical field experiment on a clayey Inceptisol under no-till in Southern Brazil. The EEN sources used included urea containing N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (UR+NBPT), polymer-coated urea (P-CU) and copper-and-boron-coated urea (CuB-CU) in addition to common urea (UR) and a control treatment without N fertilizer application. N₂O-N and NH₃-N losses were assessed by using the static chamber method and semi-open static collectors, respectively. Both N₂O-N and NH₃-N exhibited two large peaks with an intervening period of low soil moisture and air temperature. Although the short-term effect was limited to the first few days after application, UR + NBPT urea decreased soil N₂O-N emissions by 38% relative to UR. In contrast, urease inhibitor technology had no effect on NH₃-N volatilization. Both coating technologies (CuB-CU and P-CU) were ineffective in reducing N losses via N₂O production or NH₃ volatilization. The N₂O emission factor (% N applied released as N₂O) was unaffected by all N sources and amounted to only 0.48% of N applied—roughly one-half the default factor of IPCC Tier 1 (1%). Based on our findings, using NBPT-treated urea in the cold winter season in subtropical agroecosystems provides environmental benefits in the form of reduced soil N₂O emissions; however, fertilizer coating technologies provide no agronomic (NH₃) or environmental (N₂O) advantages.     

Effect of urease and nitrification inhibitors on ammonia volatilization and abundance of N‐cycling genes in an agricultural soil

The effect of the combined application of urease and nitrification inhibitors on ammonia volatilization and the abundance of nitrifier and denitrifier communities is largely unknown. Here, in a mesocosm experiment, ammonia volatilization was monitored in an agricultural soil treated with urea and either or both of the urease inhibitor N‐(n‐butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT) and the nitrification inhibitor 3,4‐dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP), with 50% and 80% water‐filled pore space (WFPS). The effect of the treatments on the abundance of bacteria and archaea was estimated by quantitative PCR (qPCR) amplification of their respective 16S rRNA gene, that of nitrifiers using amoA genes, and that of denitrifiers by qPCR of the norB and nosZI denitrification genes. After application of urea, N losses due to NH₃ volatilization accounted for 23.0% and 9.2% at 50% and 80% WFPS, respectively. NBPT reduced NH₃ volatilization to 2.0% and 2.4%, whereas DMPP increased N losses by up to 36.8% and 26.0% at 50% and 80% WFPS, respectively. The combined application of NBPT and DMPP also increased NH₃ emissions, albeit to a lesser extent than DMPP alone. As compared with unfertilized control soil, both at 50% and 80% WFPS, NBPT strongly affected the abundance of bacteria and archaea, but not that of nitrifiers, and decreased that of denitrifiers at 80% WFPS. Regardless of moisture conditions, treatment with DMPP increased the abundance of denitrifiers. DMPP, both in single and in combined application with NBPT, increased the abundance of nitrification and denitrification genes.     

Effect of N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide on hydrolysis of urea by plant,microbial, and soil urease

Summary Comparison of the effects of N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT) and phenylphosphorodiamidate (PPD) on hydrolysis of urea by plant (jackbean), microbial (Bacillus pasteurii), and soil urease showed that whereas NBPT was considerably more effective than PPD for inhibiting hydrolysis of urea added to soil, it was much less effective than PPD for inhibiting hydrolysis of urea by plant or microbial urease. Studies to account for this observation indicated that NBPT is rapidly decomposed in soil to a compound that is much more effective than NBPT for inhibition of urease activity and that this compound is N-(n-butyl) phosphoric triamide.     

生物质炭及硝化/脲酶抑制剂对滨海盐渍土土壤盐分及作物氮素吸收利用的影响

为研究生物质炭及硝化/脲酶抑制剂对滨海盐渍土土壤盐碱、氮素有效性、作物氮素吸收利用以及土壤氮平衡的影响,通过盆栽试验,共设9个处理:不施氮肥、常规化肥、生物质炭+常规化肥、常规化肥+硝化抑制剂DCD、常规化肥+脲酶抑制剂NBPT、常规化肥+DCD+NBPT、生物质炭+常规化肥+DCD、生物质炭+常规化肥+NBPT、生物...     

Evaluation of N‐butyl phosphorothioic triamide for retardation of urea hydrolysis in soil

Abstract

Work reported showed that N‐butyl phosphorothioic triamide (NBPT) is considerably more effective than phenylphosphorodiamidate (PPD) as a soil urease inhibitor and merits consideration as a fertilizer amendment for retarding hydrolysis of urea fertilizer in soil. Studies to determine the factors influencing the effectiveness of NBPT for retardation of urea hydrolysis in soil showed that the inhibitory effect of NBPT on hydrolysis of urea by soil urease increased markedly with the amount of NBPT added and decreased markedly with time and with increase in temperature from 10 to 40°C. They also showed that the ability of NBPT to retard urea hydrolysis in 13 surface soils selected to obtain a wide range in properties was significantly correlated with organic C content (r = ‐0.70**), total N content (r = ‐0.76**), cation‐exchange capacity (r = ‐0.67* ), sand content (r = 0.61*), clay content (r = ‐0.63*), and surface area (r = ‐0.66*), but was not significantly correlated with pH, silt content, urease activity, or CaCO₃ equivalent. Multiple‐regression analyses indicated that the effectiveness of NBPT for retardation of urea hydrolysis in soil tends to increase with decrease in soil organic‐matter content.     

NBPT/DMPP对白浆土中尿素态氮转化调控效果研究

采用室内恒温、恒湿培养方法,研究不同剂量NBPT、DMPP及其组合对尿素态氮在三江平原白浆土中的转化作用效果.研究表明,NBPT在白浆土上的作用时间不到14天.NBPT可以有效减少尿素的水解,2.5％NBPT效果好于0.5％NBPT.DMPP有效抑制白浆土中NH4+-N向NO3+-N的转化,其有效调控时间长达45天以上,1％DMPP与5％DMPP作用效果相差不大.NBPT和DMPP组合处理作用效果优于仅添加NBPT或者DMPP处理.0.5％NBPT+1％DMPP组合处理可以有效地抑制尿素水解和保持土壤中大量的氮以NH4+-N的形式存在.