高效液相色谱-串联质谱法检测稻田中吡嘧磺隆和苯噻酰草胺残留

采用高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(HPLC-MS/MS),建立了稻田水、土壤、水稻植株、稻秆、稻壳及糙米基质中吡嘧磺隆和苯噻酰草胺的残留分析方法。样品经20 m L V(乙腈)∶V(水)=70∶30的混合溶液提取,提取液用20 mg石墨化碳黑(GCB)与30 mg乙二氨基-N-丙基硅烷(PSA)净化,HPLC-M S/M S检测。吡嘧磺隆在上述各基质中的添加回收率在76%~107%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD)在1.5%~14%之间,定量限为0.004~0.01 mg/kg;苯噻酰草胺的添加回收率在77%~101%之间,RSD在2.4%~13%之间,定量限为0.001~0.01 mg/kg。实现了对两种除草剂同时简便、快速测定的要求。采用该方法测定了26%吡嘧磺隆·苯噻酰草胺水面扩展粒剂在稻田施用后,其有效成分吡嘧磺隆和苯噻酰草胺在实际样品中的残留量。结果表明,两种除草剂均属于易降解农药,在本试验条件下其在糙米中的残留量均低于我国最大残留限量(MRL)(吡嘧磺隆0.1 mg/kg;苯噻酰草胺0.05 mg/kg)。     

高效液相色谱-质谱法检测水稻中吡嘧磺隆残留量方法研究

本文采用液相色谱-质谱联用快速分析方法,来检测吡嘧磺隆在水稻植株、土壤残留动态,探究液相色谱-质谱的灵敏度、准确度和可靠性。本文采用Qu ECHERS方法进行样品快速前处理,样品经乙腈提取,PSA、C18吸附剂净化,C18色谱柱分离,0.2%甲酸水∶乙腈等度洗脱,质谱采用电喷雾正离子(ESI+)模式电离,多反应离子监测模式定性分析,基质标匹配外标法定量。在0.02~0.1mg/kg浓度范围内,在不同基质中的吡嘧磺隆的线性相关系数均0.990 7。在3个浓度添加水平范围内,土壤、水稻植株、稻壳和糙米样品中吡嘧磺隆的平均回收率在78.4%~100.3%之间,相对偏差为1.80%~14.9%。该方法简单、快速、灵敏度高、准确度好,能够满足水稻及土壤中吡嘧磺隆残留量的检测要求。     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱检测水稻中氯吡嘧磺隆残留量

建立了高效液相色谱-串联质谱检测糙米、稻壳和秸秆中氯吡嘧磺隆残留的分析方法。样品经乙腈和水提取,C 18吸附剂净化,多反应监测模式检测,外标法定量。结果表明,在0.01~2mg/L范围内,氯吡嘧磺隆的质量浓度与对应的峰面积间呈良好的线性关系,其相关系数为0.9997。在0.01~0.5mg/kg添加水平下,氯吡嘧磺隆在糙米中的平均回收率为95%~98%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为2%~4%。在0.05~5mg/kg添加水平下,氯吡嘧磺隆在稻壳和秸秆中的平均回收率为78%~87%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为1%~5%。氯吡嘧磺隆在糙米中的定量限(LOQ)为0.01mg/kg,在稻壳和秸秆中的定量限(LOQ)为0.05mg/kg。该方法简便、快速、准确。     

稻田施用氯氟吡氧乙酸后其在水稻植株、糙米、稻壳、土壤和田水中的残留消解动态

研究了稻田施用氯氟吡氧乙酸后,其在水稻植株、糙米、稻壳、稻田土壤和田水中的残留动态。样品采用氢氧化钠-甲醇溶液振荡提取,二氯甲烷液液分配,甲酯化后经气相色谱-电子捕获检测器(GC-ECD)测定。结果表明:氯氟吡氧乙酸在水稻植株、稻田土壤、田水、糙米和稻壳中的平均 回收率在85.5% ~103.2%之间,相对标准偏差在1.9% ~9.9%之间;其最小检出量为2.0×10-12g, 在植株、糙米、稻壳、土壤和田水中的最低检测浓度分别为 0.005,0.02,0.005,0.002 mg/kg 和0.001 mg/L。2007和2008年在安徽潜山、广东广州两地的田间残留试验结果表明:氯氟吡氧乙酸在水稻植株中的降解半衰期为4.9 ~6.0 d,土壤中为5.5 ~8.6 d,田水中为11.0~13.8 d;收获的糙米中氯氟吡氧乙酸的最终残留量在未检出~0.13 mg/kg之间,均低于其在糙米上的最大残留限量(MRL)值0.2 mg/kg(中国)。建议5%氯氟吡氧乙酸可湿性粉剂用于防治水稻田杂草时,施药剂量按有效成分计不得超过168.8 g/hm2,于返青期施药1次。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法检测水稻和土壤中氟唑菌酰胺的残留及消解动态

本文采用QuEChERS方法,建立了超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)快速测定氟唑菌酰胺在水稻糙米、水稻壳、水稻植株、稻田水和土壤样品中的残留分析方法。样品经乙腈提取,十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶(C18)、石墨化炭黑(GCB)和N-丙基乙二胺(PSA)净化后采用外标法进行定量分析。添加浓度为0.1、0.5和1mg/kg时,氟唑菌酰胺在水稻植株、土壤、糙米、稻壳和稻田水中的平均回收率为82.7%~111.7%,变异系数为1.6%~13.0%,氟唑菌酰胺在水稻植株、土壤、糙米、稻壳和稻田水中的最低检出浓度LOQs分别是18.89、2.85、10.27、30.21和3.21μg/kg。该方法的准确度和精密度等均符合农药残留分析的要求。田间试验结果表明,氟唑菌酰胺在水稻植株中的消解动态符合一级动力学方程,安徽、广西和北京三地的水稻植株上的消解半衰期分别为2.5、3.8和9.9d,表明氟唑菌酰胺属于易降解农药。     

五氟磺草胺在稻田中的消解动态及残留特性

建立了超高效液相色谱-质谱联用检测五氟磺草胺在水稻植株、稻田土壤、田水和糙米中残留的分析方法,结合田间试验研究了五氟磺草胺在稻田环境中的消解及残留特性,并对稻米中五氟磺草胺残留的膳食暴露进行了初步评估。结果表明:在0.005~0.5 mg/L范围内,五氟磺草胺的质量浓度与对应的峰面积间呈良好线性关系,检出限（LOD）为0.001~0.002 mg/kg,定量限（LOQ）为0.003~0.005 mg/kg。在0.005~0.5 mg/kg添加水平下,五氟磺草胺在水稻植株、稻田土壤、田水和糙米中的平均回收率在89%~106%之间,相对标准偏差在2.8%~8.5%之间。浙江、福建和黑龙江2年3地的田间试验表明:0.025%五氟磺草胺颗粒剂在水稻植株、稻田土壤和田水中的消解半衰期分别为1.5~3.3,3.0~4.7和1.6-3.0 d,说明该药剂在稻田环境中消解速率较快。以五氟磺草胺有效成分含量37.5和56.3 g/hm2分别施药1次,于水稻成熟期采样检测,发现其在糙米中的残留量低于0.005 mg/kg,表明其膳食摄入风险很低,该研究结果可为五氟磺草胺风险评估提供一定参考。     

呋虫胺在水稻中的残留消解及膳食风险评估

为评价呋虫胺在水稻中的残留消解行为和产生的膳食摄入风险,分别于2012和2013年在安徽、重庆和广西进行了规范残留试验,建立了高效液相色谱-紫外检测器(HPLC-UV)检测呋虫胺在水稻糙米、稻壳和植株中残留的分析方法,并对我国不同人群的膳食暴露风险进行了评估。样品经乙腈提取、Florisil柱层析净化,高效液相色谱-紫外检测器检测,外标法定量。结果表明:呋虫胺在糙米、稻壳和植株中的定量限(LOQ)均为0.05 mg/kg。在0.05~2 mg/kg添加水平下,呋虫胺的平均回收率在70%~100%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD)在0.5%~6.5%之间。呋虫胺在水稻植株中的消解符合一级动力学方程,半衰期为2.3~4.8 d,距末次施药后7 d糙米中的最大残留量为0.53 mg/kg,低于日本和国际食品法典委员会(CAC)规定的最大残留限量2和8 mg/kg。膳食摄入风险评价结果显示:我国各类人群的呋虫胺国家估计每日摄入量(NEDI)为0.438~1.087 μg/(kg bw·d),风险商值(RQ)为0.002~0.005,表明呋虫胺在糙米中的长期膳食摄入风险较低。     

己唑醇在水稻田中的残留及消解动态

采用气相色谱-电子捕获检测器(GC-ECD)测定了己唑醇在田水、土壤、水稻植株和糙米、稻壳样品中的消解动态及最终残留。田水样品用二氯甲烷萃取,土壤、水稻植株、糙米和稻壳样品用甲醇提取,提取液经柱层析净化、GC-ECD检测。当己唑醇在田水中的添加浓度为0.005~1.0mg/kg时,其回收率为94.38%~97.28%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.93%~2.87%,在土壤、植株、糙米和稻壳中的添加浓度为0.02~2.0mg/kg时,其平均回收率在86.20%~96.30%之间,RSD为2.25%~6.39%;己唑醇的最小检出量为2.0×10~(-11)g,在田水中的最低检测浓度为0.005mg/kg,土壤、水稻植株、糙米和稻壳中的最低检测浓度为0.02mg/kg。消解动态试验结果显示,己唑醇在水稻植株、土壤以及田水中的消解动态规律均符合一级动力学方程,其半衰期分别为4.12~7.33d,11.77~23.18d和2.89~7.17d;最终残留试验结果表明,药后45d糙米中的己唑醇最终残留量为0.085 7mg/kg,低于我国规定的最大残留限量值0.1mg/kg,建议在稻田上使用50%己唑醇可湿性粉剂时,施药剂量为75~112.5g.a.i/ha,施药2~3次,安全间隔期为45 d。     

戊唑醇在水稻田中的残留及消解动态

采用QuEChERS-液相色谱-串联质谱法(LC-Ms/MS)建立了戊唑醇在田水、土壤、水稻植株和糙米、稻壳样品中的残留检测方法。样品前处理均采用乙腈作提取剂、PSA和MgSO_4为分散净化剂的QuEchERs方法,利用LC-MS/MS进行检测。当戊唑醇在田水、土壤、植株、糙米和稻壳中的添加浓度为0.005~0.5mg/kg时,其平均回收率在83.2%~109.7%之间,RSD为1.8%~5.7%;戊唑醇的最小检出量为2.5×10~(-11)g,最低检测浓度为0.005 mg/kg。消解动态试验结果显示,戊唑醇在水稻植株、土壤以及田水中的消解动态规律均符合一级动力学方程,其半衰期分别为4.29~6.23d,6.30~11.55d和0.92~3.15d;最终残留试验结果表明,药后35d糙米中的戊唑醇最终残留量为0.435mg/kg,低于我国规定的最大残留限量值0.5mg/kg,建议在稻田上使用3%戊唑醇超低容量液剂时,施药剂量为90g.a.i/ha,施药2次,安全间隔期为35d。     

五氟磺草胺·吡嘧磺隆20%SC在稻田土中的贮存稳定性实验研究

建立五氟磺草胺和吡嘧磺隆20%SC在稻田土中的残留分析方法,探讨五氟磺草胺和吡嘧磺隆在稻田土中的贮存稳定性。选用乙腈∶水∶乙酸55∶45∶0.1(V∶V∶V)为流动相,流速为0.8m L/min,在250nm采用外标法对五氟磺草胺和吡嘧磺隆进行高效液相色谱分析,在此方法基础上,研究五氟磺草胺和吡嘧磺隆在-18℃下在稻田土中的贮存稳定性规律。五氟磺草胺和吡嘧磺隆的相对标准偏差分别为0.42%~1.35%和2.9%~5.70%,平均回收率分别为77.34%~104.51%和83.71%~90.24%,线性相关系数分别为0.999 9和0.999 7。五氟磺草胺和吡嘧磺隆在-18℃下在稻田土中贮存60d后,分解率5%,符合FAO/WHO联合标准的等同认定要求。五氟磺草胺和吡嘧磺隆具有良好的稳定性。该方法简单、快捷、准确度和精密度高,可用于五氟磺草胺和吡嘧磺隆的同时测定和分析。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.