重金属镉对甜菜中几种微量元素吸收的影响特点

以甜菜作为供试材料,在营养液中添加不同浓度的Cd~(2+),研究重金属镉对甜菜微量元素营养吸收影响,为进一步研究镉污染对甜菜生长的影响提供基础数据,为甜菜安全生产提供科学依据。结果表明:(1)随着Cd~(2+)浓度增加,甜菜幼苗逐渐褪绿变黄,幼苗干鲜重降低;(2)镉胁迫后甜菜幼苗吸收Cd~(2+)浓度呈增加趋势;(3)在营养液中添加Cd~(2+),致使根、茎、叶中的硼、铜、锌、铁、锰、钼都发生不同程度的改变,其含量有的增加、有的减少。在营养液中由于镉元素的存在,影响甜菜的营养吸收,破坏了营养平衡致使甜菜生长发生改变,产生不同程度的危害。随着营养液中Cd~(2+)浓度增加,甜菜幼苗受到危害变重,镉影响明显。     

腐植酸钠对铅、镉胁迫小麦种子萌发及生长的影响

为研究不同浓度腐植酸钠对主要重金属(铅,镉)胁迫下小麦种子萌发及生长的影响,以小麦品种‘鲁麦21号’为材料,用不同浓度Pb~(2+)溶液、Cd~(2+)溶液处理小麦种子,观察记录不同浓度Pb~(2+)、Cd~(2+)溶液对小麦种子萌发和生长的影响,筛选出Pb~(2+)、Cd~(2+)胁迫浓度,在胁迫浓度下观察不同浓度的腐植酸钠对小麦种子的萌发及生长的影响。研究结果表明:铅、镉胁迫会降低小麦种子的发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数,使小麦幼苗的芽和根的生长受到抑制,其中以400 mg/L(Pb~(2+))、100滋mol/L(Cd~(2+))处理最明显。一定浓度的腐植酸钠处理提高了该Pb~(2+)、Cd~(2+)胁迫下小麦种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数和活力指数等指标,促进了小麦幼苗芽和根的生长,部分缓解了铅、镉对小麦种子萌发及幼苗生长的破坏和抑制作用。但随着腐殖酸钠浓度的增大,其对铅、镉胁迫的缓解效应逐渐减弱,甚至与铅、镉起协同作用,反而加重了对小麦的毒害。本研究初步阐明了腐植酸钠对铅镉胁迫下小麦种子萌发及生长的影响,可为重金属污染农田的作物生产活动以及相关基础研究提供一定参考。     

镉胁迫对河岸带草本植物种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

本研究以青葙、紫花地丁、酸模叶蓼、短叶水蜈蚣、含羞草、白花鬼针草种子为材料,通过测定发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数、根长、芽长等指标,研究不同浓度镉胁迫对这6种河岸带草本植物种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:1)除低浓度Cd~(2+)(10 mg·L~(-1))处理组,酸模叶蓼的发芽势小幅上升(p0.05),含羞草活力指数有所上升(p0.05)外,其他所有处理组植物的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数均随着Cd~(2+)浓度升高而出现不同程度的下降,其中,青葙、酸模叶蓼在镉胁迫条件下表现相对稳定。2)高Cd~(2+)浓度明显抑制6种草本植物幼苗根、芽的生长,低浓度Cd~(2+)(10 mg·L~(-1))有利于含羞草和外来植物白花鬼针草幼苗的生长,Cd~(2+)浓度超过100 mg·L~(-1)后,短叶水蜈蚣已达到致死剂量。综上所述:青葙、酸模叶蓼、含羞草、白花鬼针草等草本植物可作为河岸带生态恢复优先考虑的物种。     

镉胁迫对水稻种子萌发、幼苗生长和淀粉酶活性的影响

以水稻秀水11为材料,采用室内培养方法,研究了不同浓度镉对水稻种子萌发、幼苗生长和淀粉酶活性的影响。结果表明,镉对水稻种子萌发的影响较小,只有在高浓度镉胁迫下发芽率才受到明显影响。随着镉胁迫浓度的提高,发芽指数、活力指数、根长、淀粉酶活性明显降低。镉胁迫对水稻种子根生长的抑制作用大于芽,α-淀粉酶大于β-淀粉酶。     

不同浓度褪黑素对豆瓣菜镉积累的影响

为提高豆瓣菜对镉胁迫抗逆性的同时有效降低其镉含量,采用盆栽试验,研究了在镉(5 mg/kg)胁迫下,不同浓度褪黑素(0,25,50,100,150,200μmol/kg)对豆瓣菜生物量、镉含量、光和色素含量、抗氧化酶活性以及土壤酶活性、p H、有效态镉含量的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,褪黑素有效提高了豆瓣菜叶片超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶的活性,且均随着褪黑素浓度的升高呈现上升的趋势。豆瓣菜根、茎、叶的生物量及叶片光合色素(叶绿素a、叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素)的含量均随着褪黑素浓度的升高出现先上升后下降的趋势,并在褪黑素浓度为50μmol/kg时达到最大值;而豆瓣菜根、茎、叶的镉含量随着褪黑素浓度的升高出现先下降后上升的趋势,并在褪黑素浓度为50μmol/kg时最低,分别较对照降低了9. 82%,7. 42%,8. 19%。另外,与对照相比,褪黑素显著提高了种植过豆瓣菜的土壤有效态镉含量及土壤蔗糖酶的活性,且随着褪黑素浓度的升高出现上升的趋势;而随着褪黑素浓度的升高,土壤p H值则出现下降的趋势。综上,适宜浓度的褪黑素可以在提高豆瓣菜对镉胁迫抗逆性的同时有效降低豆瓣菜对土壤镉的吸收,其中褪黑素浓度为50μmol/kg时效果最好,可为镉污染地区豆瓣菜的栽培生产提供参考。     

Cd、水分单一及复合胁迫对异叶天南星叶片抗氧化酶的活性影响

为探讨Cd、水分单一及复合胁迫条件下对异叶天南星叶片伤害及其抗氧化酶活性的响应,研究并比较了不同浓度Cd (200、400、800 mmol/L)和水分胁迫（PEG6000模拟,浓度分别为10%、20%、40%）条件下异叶天南星叶片的丙二醛(MDA)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)等抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明：在单一、复合胁迫条件下,相对于对照来说,MDA含量呈上升趋势,SOD、POD、CAT整体呈现先升高后降低趋势。同时,对于比较同水平浓度下单一因子胁迫而言,复合胁迫MDA含量体现出协同效应,SOD、POD、CAT则体现协同或拮抗效应。     

镉及镉与铁、锌互作对水稻生长的影响

为了研究铁、锌与镉在吸收运转上的互作效应及其对苗期水稻生长的影响,采用木村B溶液培养试验,以水稻品种威优46和C两优266为材料,应用随机区组设计,添加0.0,0.1,0.5,1.0,2.0 mg/kg Cd~(2+)处理,以及CK(1.0 mg/kg Cd~(2+))、TFe(CK+5.0 mg/kg Fe~(2+))和TZn(CK+5.0 mg/kg Zn~(2+))处理。结果表明,随着镉浓度的增加,2个水稻品种地上部干质量和根部镉转运系数呈下降趋势,而地上部和根部镉含量、总镉含量和根部镉净吸收量呈上升趋势,且威优46的地上部干质量和镉含量均高于C两优266。外源添加Fe~(2+)显著提高了C两优266的地上部干质量,显著降低了威优46根部镉含量,但对2个水稻品种其他部位的镉含量以及镉转运的影响不大,表明Fe~(2+)处理后可以抑制威优46根部对镉的吸收。Zn~(2+)处理增加了2个品种水稻的根部和地上部分干质量以及地上部镉含量,但是降低了威优46根部镉含量,这表明Zn~(2+)处理后促进了Cd~(2+)从根部到地上部的转运,且通过抑制水稻根部发育从而降低水稻对Cd~(2+)的吸收。由此可见,外源添加Fe~(2+)、Zn~(2+)可以缓解镉对水稻生长发育的毒害作用,且缓解程度存在明显的品种差异。     

3种草本植物种子萌发及幼苗初期对镉胁迫的生理响应

通过溶液培养探讨了不同浓度镉胁迫下,韭菜、凤仙花和紫云英种子萌发及幼苗初期叶绿素、丙二醛含量及抗氧化酶活性的变化.结果表明:低镉浓度(≤50 mg/L)促进种子萌发,中高浓度(≥100 mg/L)抑制种子萌发;发芽指数和活力指数均随着镉浓度增加而下降;当镉≥50 mg/L时,根长和芽长均与对照差异显著(p＜0.05),明显阻碍幼苗生长,且根比芽对胁迫敏感;高浓度镉明显阻碍叶绿素的合成;丙二醛含量及抗氧化酶活性均随着胁迫浓度提高呈先升后降的趋势,说明低浓度镉激活植物自身的保护系统发挥作用,高浓度镉抑制其发挥作用.     

水稻OPR基因的克隆及其在烟草中抗镉性分析

12-氧-植物二烯酸还原酶是茉莉酸生物合成途径的一个关键性酶,广泛参与植物生长过程中生物与非生物胁迫。本研究主要探讨OPR基因在植物非生物胁迫中的作用。从水稻中克隆了OPR基因,该基因的cDNA编码区全长1 203 bp,编码400个氨基酸,将其连接到植物表达载体pSH 737上,通过农杆菌介导的方法,将含有目的基因的载体遗传转化烟草,获得31株转基因植株。选取生长状况基本一致的8株不同转基因株系和4株野生型烟草,在非生物胁迫下,用300μmol·L~(-1) CdCl_2溶液浇灌处理,观察植株生长并对抗镉能力进行初步分析;选取T 1代3个转基因株系(TP 7、TP 8和TP 12)和野生型烟草的种子,放入含有3个不同浓度CdCl_2溶液的滤纸上萌发进行镉胁迫并统计发芽率。在300μmol·L~(-1) CdCl_2溶液胁迫15 d后,种子发芽率比野生型高40%以上,转基因烟草的抗氧化酶活性显著高于野生型,丙二醛的含量显著低于野生型植株。利用RT-PCR方法分析相关基因表达情况,结果表明,在Cd~(2+)胁迫下,OPR,Snakin-2和GRP-2基因表达均上调,因此推测OPR基因的高表达是其具有高抗性的主要原因。OPR基因的过量表达使烟草提高了对重金属Cd~(2+)的抗逆性能力。     

镉胁迫对甜瓜幼苗抗氧化酶活性和光合作用的影响

为了探讨甜瓜对镉污染的耐受机制,以2个甜瓜品种（‘哈密绿’和‘秀绿’）为试验材料,在人工气候箱内采用基质栽培方式,研究了不同浓度镉对甜瓜幼苗生长、抗氧化酶活性和光合作用的影响。结果表明,镉胁迫下,2个甜瓜品种幼苗生长量、净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和气孔限制值(Ls)均降低,且镉浓度越高,下降幅度越大,胞间CO₂浓度(Ci)随着镉浓度的增加而升高;‘哈密绿’幼苗生长和光合机构受镉胁迫的影响小于‘秀绿’。抗氧化酶活性和可溶性蛋白随着镉浓度的增加先升后降;甜瓜‘哈密绿’脯氨酸含量随着镉浓度的增加而升高,而‘秀绿’脯氨酸含量随着镉浓度的增加先升后降,但都高于对照且差异显著;MDA和O₂·^-产生速率随着镉浓度的增加而升高,且‘哈密绿’增加幅度明显小于‘秀绿’。研究结果说明,随着镉浓度的提高,镉对甜瓜幼苗的毒害作用增加,但是甜瓜幼苗对镉毒害的响应存在明显的基因型差异。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.