疙瘩开沟器减粘降组机理及试验研究

减粘降阻是改善开沟器工作性能的方法之一。根据表面改形和表面改性可减粘降阻的原理,设计出多种表面改形且表面改性的疙瘩开沟器。在含水量１２．９￣２８．１％范围内进行了试验,土壤含水量为１２．９％时,开沟器出现粘土现象;土壤含水量为２２％时,开沟器的粘土现象最严重,土壤含水量为２８．１％时,开沟器的粘土现象有所减弱。开沟器的牵引阻力随着土壤含水量的增加而增加,土壤含水量超过２２．０％时,开沟器牵引阻力有     

疙瘩开沟器减粘降阻机理及试验研究

减粘降阻是改善开沟器工作性能的方法之一。根据表面改形和表面改性可减粘降阻的原理,设计出多种表面改形且表面改性的疙瘩开沟器。在含水量１２．９％～２８．１％范围内进行了试验。土壤含水量为１２．９％时,开沟器出现粘土现象;土壤含水量为２２％时,开沟器的粘土现象最严重,土壤含水量为２８．１％时,开沟器的粘土现象有所减弱。开沟器的牵引阻力随着土壤含水量的增加而增加,土壤含水量超过２２．０％时,开沟器牵引阻力有所下降。牵引阻力随开沟器牵引速度增加而增加,然后出现下降趋势。在牵引速度为７ｋｍ／ｈ时,牵引阻力最大。研究结果表明,Ａ０４２、Ａ１３２不锈钢焊条堆焊的疙瘩开沟器具有显著的减粘降阻效果。     

黄土半干旱地区油松与侧柏林分适宜土壤含水量研究

采用人工控制土壤水分的方法 ,野外定期现场实测了山西省方山县峪口镇径流林业试验基地内油松与侧柏人工林的土壤水分、光合速率、气孔阻力及其环境因子 ,研究了油松与侧柏光合速率与土壤含水量的关系 ,证明两树种的光合速率与土壤含水量的关系均可用回归方程 Pn=b b1 C b2 C2来表示。研究表明 ,在该地区油松与侧柏的适宜土壤含水量范围分别为 10～ 18 ,8～ 18 ,最佳适宜土壤含水量分别为 14 .2 ,13.1 ,相对应最大光合速率分别为 5 .7,8.3μmol/ m2 .s,说明在同样的水分条件下侧柏的水分利用效率要比油松高 ,侧柏更适合该地区立地条件。这为在黄土高原地区布设相应的径流林业措施、进行有效的土壤水分管理提供了理论依据。     

轻质土壤水分特征曲线估计的简便方法

以黄淮海平原封丘地区的潮土和风沙土为研究对象,根据大量的土壤基本物理性质和土壤持水数据,利用多元逐步回归分析方法,建立了轻质土壤在不同基质势下土壤含水量(θ)的传递函数模型,并进行了模型验证。结果表明,利用轻质土壤的基本物理性质估计其水分特征曲线是一种简便可行的方法,并且,在回归方程中,增加-30kPa含水量项可提高-30kPa以上土壤含水量的估计精度;增加-1500kPa含水量项可以明显提高-100kPa至-1500kPa间土壤含水量的估计精度。     

用人工模拟降雨仪研究我国亚热带土壤的可蚀性

用人模拟降雨仪研究了我国亚热带７种有代表性土壤的可蚀性，结果表明土壤可蚀性因子Ｋ值以紫色土最高，第四纪红色粘土发育的土类最低，该文还用诺谟方法估算了土壤可蚀性因子Ｋ值，但其中大部分与人工模拟降雨仪测得的相差较大，因此，认为该地区极大多数土壤类型不能直接用诺谟图方法来估算土壤可蚀性因子Ｋ值。     

基于Sentinel-1A与Landsat 8数据的北黑高速沿线地表土壤水分遥感反演方法研究

土壤含水量是影响水文和气候变化的基本参数,研究土壤含水量分布,对气候变化、水资源分布、农作物估产等有着重要的现实意义和科学价值。本文以2015年6月21日的Sentinel-1A(哨兵1号)双极化合成孔径雷达影像为基础,结合同时段辅助光学影像Landsat 8,对北安—黑河高速沿线地区不同植被覆盖程度下复杂地表土壤含水量进行反演研究,探讨不同极化组合方式在不同土地利用方式下的土壤水分含量反演结果。结果表明:VH极化及VH与辅助变量NDVI(Normalized Difference Vegetation Index)组合反演精度分别为52.1%和53.6%,整体效果并不理想。VV极化(VV Polarization)图像和双极化VV/VH(VH Polarization)组合在裸露和低植被地区反演更具有优势,其精度分别为75.4%和59.5%,而在高植被覆盖度地区并不适用。VH极化反演结果中耕地土壤含水量比实际值低9.37%,VV极化在低植被区域土壤含水量比实际值低10.45%,在灌木及耕地地区VV/VH反演结果精度比单极化及其组合反演结果低,最高精度模型的反演是VV结合NDVI。VV与辅助变量NDVI结合能综合反映复杂地表环境下土壤含水量,其精度达84%,标准误差RMSE为2.07,比VV极化反演精度提高8.8%,RMSE比VV极化降低2.704。VV与辅助变量NDVI组合方式在中等植被覆盖地区土壤含水量反演更具有优势,并能够更好地发挥哨兵1号C波段合成孔径雷达在土壤水分研究中的潜力与有效性。     

黄淮海平原土壤碱化度计算方法的探讨

用土壤碱化度(ESP)的计算值代替测定值已为国际上普遍采用。本文以黄淮海平原为例,运用数理统计方法,建立了一种根据土壤的钠吸附比、残余碱度和pH值计算土壤碱化度的方法,可分别运用水土比为1:1、5:1的样品分析数据,计算其土壤的ESP值。     

土壤含水量的Kriging和Cokriging估值研究

分析了田间同深度土壤含水量的半方差和不同深度土壤含水量的交互半方差特征 ,探讨了土壤含水量的Kriging和Cokriging估值方法。研究表明 ,同深度土壤含水量与不同深度的土壤含水量之间均具有显著的空间相关性 ,用Kriging方法进行土壤含水量的估值精度较传统方法高。加入浅层土壤含水量用Cokriging方法来估测深层土壤含水量 ,可进一步提高估值精度     

甘肃省夏河地区影响冬虫夏草种群分布的土壤理化因子调查

[目的]对甘肃省夏河地区冬虫夏草分布的土壤理化因子进行分析,为保护冬虫夏草生境,实现其野生资源可持续利用及半人工培养提供科学依据。[方法]采用样方法研究土壤理化因子对冬虫夏草分布的影响。[结果]在不同深度层次的土壤中,pH值、全氮、全磷、速效磷和速效钾的差异不显著,土壤含水量、有机质、土壤水解氮、和全钾的差异极显著;5—10cm土壤中,土壤含水量、pH值、全磷极显著影响冬虫夏草分布,虫草数量最多,虫体形态表征也最好;第1主成分中全磷是影响冬虫夏草种群分布的土壤理化性质的重要因子,在第2主成分中,pH值是影响冬虫夏草种群分布的土壤理化性质的重要因子,第3主成分中,土壤含水量是影响冬虫夏草种群分布的土壤理化性质的重要因子。[结论]冬虫夏草对土壤层、土壤含水量、土壤酸碱性和全磷等土壤因子条件有着严格的要求,影响冬虫夏草分布的土壤理化因子次序为:APpH值WC(土壤含水量)TKTNOM(有机质)HN(水解氮)TPAK。     

应用三次样条函数计算土壤水分扩散率

采用三次样条函数计算土壤含水量分布,用土壤含水量分布计算土壤水分扩散率,并将其与Bruce 和Klute方法的结果进行比较,结果表明:除了土壤含水量在接近饱和时计算结果偏差较大外,采用三次样条函数得出的土壤水分扩散率与经典的Bruce和Klute方法结果接近。因此,三次样条函数法是计算土壤水分扩散率的一种简便可行的方法。     

Influence of water content and soil properties on unsaturated hydraulic conductivity of some red and black soils

The unsaturated hydraulic conductivity was determined in the laboratory for some red and black soils, following water movement into a horizontal column of homogenous soil of uniform packing. A highly significant positive relationship was found between moisture content and hydraulic conductivity values in all the soils studied. Correlation coefficients calculated for the relationships between soil constituents/properties and the change in hydraulic conductivity per unit change in moisture content (regression coefficient between hydraulic conductivity and moisture content) have shown positive relationship to sand and negative relationships to silt, silt + clay, clay, carbonates, aggregates > 0.25 mm and saturated hydraulic conductivity. It is concluded that the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity decreases rapidly with decrease in moisture content and this decrease depends on the soil constituents/properties and differences between soil types are clear.     

基于Hydrus-1D模型的玉米根系吸水影响因素分析

为探索土壤质地、植物生长状况和气象条件对不同土壤水分条件下根系吸水速率的影响机理,该文以相对根吸水速率与土壤含水率的关系衡量土壤水分有效性,利用Hydrus-1D模型模拟了3种土壤（壤黏土、黏壤土和砂壤土）中不同玉米生长状况（包括叶面积指数、根系深度和根系剖面分布）或蒸发力条件下根系吸水速率随含水率的动态变化,确定了不同条件下根系吸水速率开始降低的临界含水率。结果表明：土壤质地、植物的叶面积指数和根系分布及大气蒸发力都对根系吸水动态曲线的临界含水率有一定影响,其中根系深度和根系分布形状还影响根系吸水速率与含水率关系曲线的形状,但在3种土壤中,根系吸水速率的动态变化对植物生长和大气蒸发力的响应不同。总体而言,3种土壤临界含水率的大小是壤黏土＞黏壤土＞砂壤土;临界含水率随大气蒸发力的升高而升高,随根系深度和深层根系分布的增加而降低;各因子对玉米根系吸水影响程度的大小是土壤质地＞根系分布形状＞根系深度＞大气蒸发力＞叶面积指数。     

Laboratory studies of crust development in Irish and Iraqi soils II. Effects of some physico-chemical constituents on crust strength and seedling emergence

The influence of soil constituents including sand, silt, clay, organic substances, aluminium and iron on crust development and seedling emergence was investigated in a selection of 30 soils. After treatment with simulated rain, soil crust strength as measured by penetration resistance to an upward-moving probe tended to decrease with increasing total organic carbon content, but the relationship was not a simple one. Consideration of other factors showed that in some soils (soils of 1.5–2% total organic carbon), alkali-exractable carbon and clay contents had the greatest influence on penetration resistance values whereas in other soils (2.4–3% total organic carbon), coarse sand, fine sand, EDTA-extractable aluminium and humic acid carbon were highly correlated with penetration resistance. In a group of soils with around 4% total organic carbon, oxalate-extractable aluminium appeared to exert a dominant influence. There was a good correlation between humic acid carbon and penetration resistance after rain treatment in soils containing less than 40% sand. A similar relationship was also noted with EDTA-extractable iron.Combination of all factors in a multiple regression analysis accounted for a considerable proportion of the variation in penetration resistance of soils with and without simulated rain application and in seedling emergence of barley. Organic carbon, and the humic acid fraction in particular, were most important in determining crust strength for all soils as a group.A significant correlation between plastic limit moisture and the logarithm of penetration resistance is explained partially, at least, by the relationships that exist between organic carbon alone, clay alone and a combination of both, with variation in moisture.     

Shrinkage and Atterberg limits in relation to other properties of principal soil types in Israel

Soil samples collected from 32 sites across Israel representing major types were analyzed for their pedological characteristics and mechanical properties. Correlative relationships between shrinkage (measured by the coefficient of linear extensibility, COLE), Atterberg limits (liquid and plastic) and the physical and chemical properties were established and indicate possibilities of estimating mechanical properties from known pedological data. Strong correlations were noted between mechanical properties and the pedological characteristics reflecting clay mineralogy and texture, e.g. cation-exchange capacity, specific surface area, hygroscopic moisture and clay content. These relationships are useful inasmuch as clay mineralogy is usually evident from soil classification. Sodicity and salinity, common in dry soils of semi-arid regions, may introduce complicating factors such as raising or lowering Atterberg limits, respectively. Shrinkage is similarly affected being accentuated at high-sodium, low-salt levels and reduced in highly saline-sodic soils. Organic matter was correlated with liquid and plastic limits, but no relationship with shrinkage was noted. Calcium carbonate also had little influence on Atterberg limits.The relationships presented may serve as first approximations. Mechanical properties of the soil groups illustrate the range of values encountered among regions with differing environmental conditions.     

Landau–Deryagin law and hydration energy of soils of different genesis

Linear regression equations between the logarithm of the total soil moisture potential and soil moisture content in the hygroscopic moisture range (Landau–Deryagin law) were derived for typical soils from different natural zones of European Russia. From these equations, a compact algorithm was developed for calculating the hydration energy of soils, which increases from 1280 to 10600 J/kg in the following soil series: heavy loamy soddy podzolic soil–heavy loamy gray forest soil–medium loamy light chestnut soil–heavy loamy brown semidesert soil–light clayey solonchak–light clayey chernozem–medium clayey krasnozem. Relationships were revealed between the hydration energy of soils, the specific surface of soils, the content of physical clay in soils, and the concentration of hydrated exchangeably adsorbed ions.     

Guidelines for safe trafficking and cultivation, and resistance–density–moisture relations of three disturbed soils from Alberta

The Atterberg limits and the Proctor compaction test are used by engineers for classifying soils and for predicting stability of building foundations. Field capacity and wilting point (agronomic limits) are used to indicate available water for plant uptake. Few studies have related the engineering criteria to the agronomic ones with regard to compaction hazard for soils. This study investigated the relationships between Atterberg limits, agronomic limits and the critical moisture content (moisture content at Proctor maximum density) for three disturbed soils (sandy loam and clay loam soils from a reclaimed Highvale mine site, and a silt loam soil from a grazing site at Lacombe) of different textures. Relationships between bulk density, moisture content and penetration resistance for these soils were also investigated. For the sandy loam and loam soils, the field capacity was close to the critical moisture content but lower than the plastic limit. Therefore, cultivation of these two soils at moisture contents close to field capacity should be avoided since maximum densification occurs at these moisture contents. Overall, the critical moisture content or field capacity would be a better guide for trafficking of sandy loam and loam textured soils than the Atterberg limits. For the clay loam, field capacity was within the plastic range. Thus trafficking this soil at field capacity would cause severe compaction. In conclusion, either field capacity or plastic limit, whichever is less, can be used as a guide to avoid trafficking at this moisture content and beyond. For the sandy loam and loam soils penetration resistance significantly increased only with increased bulk density (P≤0.05). For the clay loam soil, penetration resistance was positively related to bulk density and negatively related to moisture content.     

Microbial destruction of chitin in soils under different moisture conditions

The most favorable moisture conditions for the microbial destruction of chitin in soils are close to the total water capacity. The water content has the most pronounced effect on chitin destruction in soils in comparison with other studied substrates. It was found using gas-chromatographic and luminescent-microscopic methods that the maximum specific activity of the respiration of the chitinolytic community was at a rather low redox potential with the soil moisture close to the total water capacity. The range of moisture values under which the most intense microbial transformation of chitin occurred was wider in clayey and clay loamy soils as compared with sandy ones. The increase was observed due to the contribution of mycelial bacteria and actinomycetes in the chitinolytic complex as the soil moisture increased.     

RELATION OF SEVERAL PEDOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS TO ENGINEERING QUALITIES OF SOIL

An attempt to predict engineering qualities which are needed in soil evaluation and to enhance nonagricultural use of soil survey data was made. Data from a variety of soils were subjected to simple correlation and multiple regression analyses to relate three pedologic characteristics: clay content, cation-exchange capacity (CEC), and organic matter content to two engineering qualitites: plasticity index, and optimum moisture. Simple correlation coefficients showed that clay content and CEC correlated significantly with the engineering determinations. The relationship between organic matter content and these engineering determinations was weaker. Multiple regression analyses showed that the three pedologic characteristics accounted for most of the variation in each of the engineering qualities, and that prediction was feasible.     

SOIL DEFORMATION AND SHEAR STRENGTH CHARACTERISTICS OF SOME CLAY SOILS AT DIFFERENT MOISTURE CONTENTS

The soil deformation and shear strength characteristics of three clay soils were determined at different moisture contents and spherical pressures, using a quick un-drained triaxial compression test. The soils were found to deform either in a compressive way or by brittle fissuring, depending upon the relative values of moisture content, dry density and spherical pressure. The critical state concept of soil deformation can explain qualitatively the behaviour of these spils at high moisture contents but not at low. The Bridgman concept for fracture in brittle materials describes the soil behaviour at low moisture contents. The shear strength of the clay soils tested was more closely related to the soil moisture suction and to the amount of shrinkage which occurred on drying than to the absolute dry bulk density. The influence of moisture content and spherical pressure on the effectiveness of certain cultivation operations are considered.     

The conversion of permittivity as measured by a PR2 capacitance probe into soil moisture values for Des Moines lobe soils in Iowa

Measurement of soil moisture is essential for irrigation scheduling and capacitance sensors have been widely used to monitor soil moisture at different depths. Two approaches for converting permittivity measures using the capacitance probe (PR2, Delta‐T Devices) to soil water content are to (a) use the default equation and parameters provided by the manufacturer, and (b) use site specific calibration equations. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of the manufacturer’s default equation and in‐situ calibrated equations for estimating soil water content. Permittivity measurement using the PR2 probe coincided with soil sampling during the growing seasons in 2006, 2007 and 2008 for Des Moines lobe soils in north‐central Iowa. The default equation provided by Delta‐T Devices for the PR2 probe estimated the soil water content for 3 years with an average root mean square error (RMSE) and index of agreement (IoA) values of 0.097 cm³/cm³ and 0.587, respectively. The default equation was calibrated by a 1‐year (2006) and a 2‐year (2006 + 2007) data set. The resultant statistics indicate that site specific calibration gives more accurate estimates of soil water content compared to the uncalibrated default equation. Three‐year averaged RMSE and IoA values were 0.049 cm³/cm³ and 0.742 for equations calibrated by the 1‐year data set, and 0.034 cm³/cm³ and 0.807 for equations calibrated by the 2‐year data set. The results from this study indicate that a site specific calibration is necessary for the PR2 probe, and equations calibrated by data from a longer period performed better than data from a shorter period. Where a site‐specific field calibration cannot be applied, coefficients are provided for various cropping systems in Des Moines Lobe soils of Iowa based on the results from this study.