拓展训练对大学生全面培养的意义

当前随着高等教育事业的快速发展,使得大学生数量急剧扩张,大学生面临空前的就业压力。全面培养大学生的素质,锻炼大学生积极的心态、顽强的意志,训练大学生良好的沟通技巧和人际交往能力,培养大学生的团队意识和独立协作、分享成功的合作精神已成为学校和用人单位双方高度关注的问题。源于二战期间的海上生存训练拓展训练,逐渐演变成一种面向现代化的户外训练方式。具体阐述了拓展训练环节、价值观以及对大学生全面培养的意义。     

Cognitive development and social policy

The city of Warsaw was razed at the end of World War II and rebuilt under a socialist government whose policy was to allocate dwellings, schools, and health facilities without regard to social class. Of the 14,238 children born in 1963 and living in Warsaw, 96 percent were given the Raven's Progressive Matrices Test and an arithmetic and a vocabulary test in March to June of 1974. Information was collected on the families of the children, and on characteristics of schools and city districts. Parental occupation and education were used to form a family factor, and the district data were collapsed into two factors, one relating to social marginality, and the other to distance from city center. Analysis showed that the initial assumption of even distribution of family, school, and district attributes was reasonable. Mental performance was unrelated either to school or district factors; it was related to parental occupation and education in a strong and regular gradient. It is concluded that an egalitarian social policy executed over a generation failed to override the association of social and family factors with cognitive development that is characteristic of more traditional industrial societies.     

Universities and the new national effort

In reassessing the role of government, many Americans have agreed that public expenditures should be curtailed. Although our universities must bear their full share of the sacrifices, some of the Administration's recent proposals would be to the detriment of the country. Drastic cuts in student aid, for example, will not encourage young people to seek the best possible education and training; reductions in federal funds for scientific instruments and facilities will mean that our laboratories will deteriorate, our accomplishments will be fewer. The success of American science has depended heavily on the talent that came from Europe at the time of World War II. Today that source has largely disappeared, and if we cannot replace it with exceptional young investigators of our own, the quality of our universities and the vitality of our science will diminish.     

Manufacturing innovation and american industrial competitiveness

An erosion of manufacturing capacities has contributed substantially to America's trade problems. The difficulty lies not in U.S. machines and technology, but in U.S. strategies for automation and the goals American firms seek to achieve through production innovation. Mass production and administrative hierarchies created the basis for American industrial preeminence in the years after World War II. There is substantial evidence that American firms have been unable to adopt or adapt to the production innovations emerging abroad. A sustained weakness in manufacturing capabilities could endanger the technology base of the country.     

U.s. Trade policy at a crossroad

U.S. trade policy since the end of World War II has rested on two pillars: a multilateral approach to trade agreements and a commitment to rules rather than results. Support for each principle is rapidly eroding because of, among other things, record trade deficits and pessimism about the effects of exchange rate movements on trade flows. In fact, however, U.S. trade deficits are largely "homemade," and trade flows are responsive to changes in exchange rates. The U.S. has played a leadership role in promoting freer trade on a multilateral basis. Adoption of any one of a number of recently proposed alternative trade policy frameworks would be counter to that role.     

Office of management and budget: the view from the executive office

The federal budget will make its annual appearance at the end of the month under the seal of the Office of Management and Budget, a highly influential but reticent agency cloistered in the Executive Office of the President. This first of three articles on OMB discusses the development of the budget agency since World War II and looks at the evolution of the science budget from the OMB perspective.     

Iron ore: from depletion to abundance

Following World War II, Americans feared their iron ore supplies were depleted. The steel industry attempted to increase supplies by exploring foreign countries for new, high-grade hematite ores and experimenting with technology that upgraded low-grade domestic taconite ores into acceptable, but apparently uneconomical, pellets. Government did little at first, but the Korean War renewed fears of domestic resource exhaustion. Congress quickly enacted loan guarantees, rapid tax write-offs, and other tax policies that helped commercialize taconite pellets for national defense. These policies lingered long after the Korean War ended. Other policies bolstering taconite were enacted on the state level well after taconite had replaced hematite as industry's ore of choice. Understanding how government policies helped to develop pelletized lean iron ore may help in thinking about current policy suggestions aimed at easing our energy crisis or other mineral shortages. For taconite, too much government help came too late.     

美国学校中政治教育的演变阶段探析

本文试析了美国学校中政治教育的演变阶段先后为:建国后、南北战争后、1900年以后和21世纪60年代后，认为随着21世纪的到来，美国学校中的政治教育又进入了一个新的发展盯段，并且尝试探析了这种划分对我国政治教育的启示。     

New values for federal science?

In one of the more interestinlg apologias to surface in the wake of President Nixon's reorganization of federal science policy apparatus, Williain 0. Baker, president of Bell Telephone Laboratories, in effect, argued for a "new federalism" in science and engineering. Testifying before the House Committee on Science and Astrontautics on 19 July Baker recalled that federal scienice struture and policy was shaped after World War II by the wartime experienice and helped produce extraordinary accoinplishments in military, space, and medical fields. In the following excerpts he arguies that the demands on federal science have changed and so must the system:     

The crisis in american archeology

The current crisis in American archeology has been brought about by a combination of the greatly increased rate of destruction of unique, irreplaceable archeological information and material, and the lack of adequate funding for salvage of what is being destroyed. Since World War II, land alteration has increased almost geometrically. Land leveling, urban development, inexperienced or ignorant diggers, commercial dealers in Indian relics-these and many other agents of destruction are obliterating traces of the past. Anything that disturbs the ground where people once lived destroys forever whatever information is left about them and their way of life. Interpretations of man's cultural development through time, of his ability to cope with and use the environment wisely, and of a long, fascinating, and irreplaceable heritage are only possible if the evidence left in the ground is undisturbed and is properly recorded when it is excavated. The problem of the destruction of archeological sites and information is a complex one, with no single solution. A combination of increased support for archeological research through increased funding, and development of a knowledgeable, interested public will go a long way toward assuring this country that a significant portion of the past will be available for the benefit of future generations. If solutions are not sought and found now, it will be too late-we will have committed ourselves, irretrievably and irreversibly, to the future, without benefit or knowledge of the mistakes and the lessons of the past.     

战后美国经济周期再考察

二战后美国经济周期波动发生显著变化。相比二战之前，美国经济周期扩张期拉长，衰退期缩短，二者之间形成剪刀差。经济周期长度、扩张期跨度和紧缩期跨度的离散度远远大于战前。二战后至今，美国经济中周期出现（朱格拉周期）呈拉长的趋势，扩张期远远长于衰退期，中周期（朱格拉周期）和短周期（基钦周期）的波幅经历了从小到大的阶段性变化。     

Yellow fever vaccination, avian leukosis virus, and cancer risk in man

Comparison was made between 2659 veterans who died of cancer, during 1950 to 1954 or 1959 to 1963, and matched controls, based on the frequency of yellow fever immunization during World War II. The vaccine was produced from chick embryos that almost certainly contained avian leukosis-sarcoma viruses. Among the veterans, no relation was found between vaccination and leukemia, lymphoma, or other cancer.     

战后初期苏联强化集体农庄的国内外原因分析

二战结束后苏联立即着手恢复和发展国民经济,刚刚走出战争阴影的苏联农民迫切要求减轻负担改善生活状况,但战后初期（1946—1953）苏联政府却罔顾民众要求,在农村实行了一系列强化集体农庄制度的政策措施。本文拟从战争后果、战后国际形势对苏联内政方针的影响以及旱灾对农村的影响等三个方面,分析战后苏联政府选择强化集体农庄的原因。     

第二次世界大战后日本音乐发展历程研究

第二次世界大战后日本音乐在战争的废墟上开始重建,首先经历了西方音乐涌入西化的时代,然后又经历了反思西化振兴本国民族音乐时代,最后形成了超地域、超文化的融合时代。战后日本音乐发展的主要有国际化、大众化与结合新兴产业的趋势,研究日本二战后的音乐发展状况,可以为我国音乐文化发展提供借鉴。     

Greek agriculture in a period of adjustment

Agriculture and Human Values - Greece's agricultural economy has undergone a gradual process of adjustment since World War II. While farm numbers have been reduced and average farm size has...     

Defensive spray of the bombardier beetle: a biological pulse jet

The defensive spray of the bombardier beetle Stenaptinus insignis is ejected in quick pulses (at about 500 pulses per second) rather than as a continuous stream. The pulsation may be a consequence of intermittency in the explosive chemical process that generates the spray. The ejection system of the beetle shows basic similarity to the pulse jet propulsion mechanism of the German V-1 "buzz" bomb of World War II.     

Constructing rural culture: Family and land in Iowa

Family farm ideology encapsulates one strand of the historical relations of Americans to the land. An examination of gender differences in historical experiences of land in Iowa suggests that men and women have had different patterns of access to land and to profits from agricultural enterprises. Where men have seen the land as a resource to be exploited, women have tended to view land as a setting for reciprocal interaction. In the late nineteenth century the state promoted the family unit as a source of cheap labor in the development of the central United States to provide capital for the industrialization of the Atlantic seaboard. It was on this basis that Iowa farming developed. Before World War II the farm man, as head of the farm operation, managed the production of farm commodities and conducted the farm market transactions; the woman reproduced the farm labor force and exchanged goods and services locally through personal contacts. Since World War II the family farm has changed structurally, but the family farm ideology has persisted as a basis for the construction of farm policy emphasizing private property and free enterprise. Such an ideology is no longer consistent with a goal of economic democracy. The experience of women on the land provides elements of an alternative ideology which stresses reciprocal nurture, cooperation and shared good.     

地缘政治对二战后各国“土改”彻底性的影响

二战后许多发展中国家积极开展＂土改＂,以期实现现代化。但＂土改＂的彻底性则有巨大差别。对于造成这一差别的原因,学界尚缺乏足够的重视。本文认为,土地改革的彻底性,在一国内部主要由政权与地主阶级力量对比决定。地主阶级力量强大的国家,土改往往不彻底;政权力量强的国家和地区,则比较彻底。而决定各国政权与地主阶级强弱对比的,是其...     

从教科书事件看日本蔑视中国的民族心理传统

不断升级的教科书事件是日本对中国的民族优越心理的再现。日本对中国的民族优越感起始于近代，在侵华期间和战后以一贯之，现在又有了新特点，不仅存在于国家关系上，更多地则集中于经济和文化领域。造成这种社会心理传统的原因是多方面的。     

Theodore von karman and applied mathematics in america

The emergence of applied mathematics as a discipline in the United States is traditionally associated with World War II. Hungarian-born Theodore von Kármán was among those who had waged a long and vigorous campaign well before the war to make applied mathematics respectable to engineers and mathematicians. While advocating the use of mathematics and physics to solve applied problems, he challenged the prevailing philosophy of engineering programs, locked horns with recalcitrant journal editors, and generally encountered the obstacles to building a discipline that cuts across conventional boundaries.