新疆叶尔羌河流域土壤盐渍化特征研究

以新疆叶尔羌河流域为例,分析了该地区土壤盐渍化的类型、程度、特征、成因以及与地下水埋深的关系。盐渍化程度分析为该区农业发展提供了科学依据;3种土壤盐分组成剖面涵盖了新疆地区典型的土壤盐化类型,为提出针对性的解决方案提供可靠保证;剖析了土壤盐渍化成因及与地下水埋深的关系,指出控制土壤盐分的关键是合理的淋洗与排水、建立明渠排水与竖井排灌相结合的灌溉方式。为新疆及其他类似地区评价与解决土壤盐渍化问题提供了新思路。     

宁夏引黄灌区日光温室集约种植区浅层地下水硝态氮含量与耕层土壤硝态氮含量的关系

  目的  探讨宁夏引黄灌区日光温室集约种植区地下水硝态氮污染现状及其与土壤硝态氮含量之间的关系,为有效防治地下水硝态氮污染及土壤盐渍化提供理论依据。  方法  通过抽样调查方法,采集7个典型日光温室集约种植区不同时期的214个地下水样及102个0 ~ 20 cm土壤样品,分析了地下水和土壤的硝态氮含量及电导率等。  结果  地下水样本硝态氮含量超过Ⅲ类水标准的达53.3%;近80%的土壤样本呈现出不同程度的盐渍化,其中中度盐化土占57%。当地下水硝态氮含量大于40 mg L?1时,地下水电导率、土壤电导率和土壤硝态氮含量均随地下水硝态氮浓度增加而急剧增加。土壤电导率与土壤硝态氮含量之间呈极显著线性函数关系,决定系数达0.376。土壤硝态氮含量与地下水硝态氮含量之间呈极显著的指数函数关系,土壤电导率与地下水电导率之间呈极显著的线性函数关系。  结论  宁夏典型日光温室集约种植区的地下水硝态氮污染和次生盐渍化严重,并与土壤硝态氮含量和盐渍化密切相关。     

均质土壤毛管水上升特性室内试验研究

针对西北地区因过量灌溉而引起的土壤盐渍化问题,通过室内模拟土柱试验,对地下水埋深较浅(仅为地面以下70 cm)的均质土上升毛管水运动特性进行了研究,分析了毛管水上升高度、地下水毛管补给量与时间之间的关系,以及毛管水上升高度与地下水补给量之间的关系,探明了地下水毛管上升的运动机理。结果表明,均质土壤毛管水上升高度和地下水补给量与时间之间均为幂函数关系,毛管水上升高度与地下水毛管补给量之间呈明显的线性关系。     

黄河三角洲土壤盐渍化与地下水特征关系研究

为研究黄河三角洲表层土壤盐分含量与地下水特征的关系,对研究区内土壤盐分含量及地下水进行原位监测,分析土壤盐渍化和地下水特征,并运用灰色关联分析法对地下水埋深、电导率、p H和主要离子含量的关系进行定量分析。结果表明:土壤表层盐分含量均值为3.90~6.31 g kg-1,表层以下土壤盐分含量均值为2.54~3.44 g kg-1,属于中度及以上盐渍化程度;地下水埋深平均值为1.16~1.71 m,普遍较浅;地下水阴离子以Cl-为主,阳离子以Na+为主,两者分别占阴、阳离子总量的比例约为65%。关联分析表明,不同地下水特征指标与土壤表层盐分含量的密切程度不同,同一特征指标与土壤表层盐分含量的密切程度在不同时期间差异显著,总体而言,土壤表层积盐与地下水电导率、Na+、Cl-的关系较为密切,与p H、CO32-和HCO3-之间的关系较弱。在防治土壤盐渍化中,应当加强对地下水电导率、Na+、Cl-的控制与管理。     

苏北海涂典型围垦区土壤盐渍化风险评估研究

为定量评估制约苏北海涂土壤资源开发利用的盐渍障碍因素,以苏北海涂典型围垦区江苏省大丰市金海农场为例,将灰色系统理论应用于风险评价,构建了实用的生态风险评价数学模型、指标体系与评价流程,并对区域土壤盐渍化风险状况进行了定量评估与分级。结果表明:土壤盐分、表土层容重与地下水矿化度是该区域盐渍化风险评估的重要因素;研究区土壤盐渍化风险总体较高且不同部位差异较大,其生态风险值F介于0.12～0.60之间,平均值达0.30;盐渍化风险分布表现出与土壤盐分、地下水矿化度较为相似的空间规律;受种植制度与耕作措施差异的影响,研究区东部水稻田盐渍化风险总体高于西部棉花地;研究区域不存在土壤盐渍化较小风险区,以一般风险、较大风险为主,其中较大风险区占总面积的50.11%,一般风险区占49.41%,很大风险区仅占0.48%,一般风险和较大风险区是该区土壤改良治理的重点区域。该结果可为海涂区中、低产地的质量提升、盐渍化土壤的科学改良与田间管理提供参考依据。     

开都河流域下游绿洲土壤盐渍化影响因子分析

以开都河流域下游绿洲为例,应用灰色关联度方法分析了6种影响因子在土地盐渍化过程的相对影响力大小。结果表明:自然和人为因素共同作用于研究区土壤盐渍化过程。土壤含盐量与土壤盐渍化影响因子之间的关联度排序0—10cm层为:地下水埋深最近排水渠距离高程最近灌溉水渠距离最近湖岸距离地下水矿化度;10—30cm层为:地下水埋深最近湖岸距离最近排水渠距离高程最近灌溉水渠距离地下水矿化度;30—50cm层:最近灌水渠距离地下水埋深最近排水渠距离地下水矿化度最近湖岸距离高程。在3个不同土层深度上土壤盐渍化影响因子的影响力不同,土壤盐渍化防治需要综合考虑多种影响因子的作用。     

盐渍土地区地下水矿化度的分层测定法

在盐渍土地区,地下水矿化度与土壤盐渍化有密切的关系。因此,探讨地下水及其盐分变化规律是改良利用盐渍土的重要任务之一。     

黄河三角洲地区浅层地下水与耕层土壤积盐空间分异规律定量分析

为研究黄河三角洲地区地下水作用条件下耕层土壤的积盐规律,运用GIS和地统计学的原理与方法,结合地下水埋深的空间分布以及临界埋深的划分标准对研究区域进行分区,并从空间尺度对各分区地下水矿化度与耕层土壤积盐规律进行了定量分析。结果表明：地下水埋深、矿化度和耕层土壤盐分均属于中等变异强度,在东西方向和南北方向上均具有2阶的趋势效应;受结构性因素和随机性因素的共同作用,地下水埋深呈中等的空间自相关性,地下水矿化度与耕层土壤盐分呈弱空间自相关性;耕层土壤盐分与地下水矿化度的空间分布具有一定的相关性,与地下水埋深呈负相关性。对空间尺度上的地下水矿化度与耕层土壤盐分定量分析结果表明,耕层土壤积盐与地下水矿化度呈极显著的相关关系,而地下水埋深增加使其相关性减弱,采用分区研究法使地下水矿化度对耕层土壤积盐规律分析更加客观准确。该结果对研究黄河三角洲地区土壤盐渍化的发生机理以及预测与评估该地区土壤盐渍化的发生发展具有重要意义。     

河北曲周盐渍土区土壤元素特征

研究了地处华北冲积平原的曲周盐渍土区土壤元素全量 (ST)、1∶1浸出液(SE)和土壤溶液 (SS)中各元素的浓度范围和特征 ,及其与地下水中元素的联系。土壤元素全量主要与土壤质地 (反映了矿物组成 )有关 ,只有盐渍化严重的土壤 ,易溶性元素对其全量的增加有一定影响。元素在土壤溶液和 1∶1浸出液中的浓度差异受土壤水分状况的影响。各土层元素在SE中的含量占全量的百分率 ,其平均值和变异系数在一定程度上说明了该元素的可溶性和移动性。土壤—地下水系统中 1m和 2m土层的大部分元素在 1∶1浸出液中的浓度平均值与地下水矿化度和与地下水中相应元素的浓度值之间呈显著或极显著相关 ,无相关关系的元素 ,大多属迁移系数较小的元素。文中还以例说明了不同盐渍化程度土壤 1∶1浸出液中元素浓度垂直剖面特征 ,以及与地下水中相应元素浓度的联系。     

塔里木沙漠公路防护林咸水灌溉土壤盐渍化状况研究

为了研究塔里木沙漠公路防护林建林后土壤在咸水灌溉条件下的盐渍化状态,本文结合防护林建林前土壤普查资料土壤的盐分状况,运用统计分析、相关性分析及灰色关联分析,对防护林沿线的40个监测点的土壤盐离子、土壤盐渍化的现状及驱动力作了初步研究。研究结果表明：塔里木沙漠公路防护林建成后,土壤盐分各离子含量均较建成前有了显著增加。其中,阳离子含量Na K ＞Mg2 ＞Ca2 ,阴离子含量Cl-＞CO32-＞SO42-＞HCO3-;防护林沿线土壤盐渍化类型以氯化物型与硫酸盐-氯化物型为主,分别占到监测点的84.2%与15.8%;对土壤盐渍化程度的研究表明：有近81.6%的监测点已达到中度盐渍化程度;灰色关联分析结果表明：引起塔里木沙漠公路防护林土壤盐渍化的主要驱动力依次是灌溉年限、地下水矿化度,地下水pH和地下水埋深。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.