小麦叶锈菌毒性及分子多态性分析

以来自河北、江苏两地的22株小麦叶锈菌作供试菌株，用27个小麦抗叶锈近等基因系品系作为鉴别寄主进行毒性测定。毒性多态性分析结果为：22个菌株通过聚类被分为两组，第一组17个菌株主醚自河北，第二组5个菌株全部来自江苏，表明毒性与地理来源密切相关；菌株间遗传相似系数较高并且差异不大，为0.6296-0.9259之间，说明两地的小麦叶锈菌所含的毒性基因差异不大，应用RAPD技术，从65个随机引物中筛选了12个扩增多态性较好的随机引物，用于分子多态性分析，共扩增出DNA条带102条，其中多态性条带54条，RAPD分析结果为：22个菌株被分为两组，第一组菌株主要来自河北，第二组菌株主要来自江苏，说明DNA多态性与地理来源间具有一定的相关性；菌系间遗传相似系数相差较大，为0.3889-0.9074之间，说明两地小麦叶锈菌群体遗传结构丰富而复杂，比较22株小麦叶锈菌在27个鉴别品系上的毒性特征和54个RAPD标记建立的聚类分析树状图，发现以RAPD标记为基础的分子多态性与毒性多态性相关性不强。     

福建省青枯雷尔氏菌无毒基因组成及与致病力关系分析

青枯雷尔氏菌(Ralstonia solanacearum)致病力分化严重.为了解福建省青枯雷尔雷氏菌的致病力类型及与无毒基因组成关系,本研究以弱化指数为指标,对福建省内不同地区和寄主的63个青枯雷尔氏菌进行致病力测定,结果表明,供试的青枯雷尔氏菌可分为3种致病力类型:强致病力、过渡型和无致病力;进一步对供试菌株进行无毒基因avrA、popP1和popP2的检测,3个无毒基因分布频率不同,avrA基因分布频率最高,达79.37％,popP1基因的分布频率最低为46.03％;不同寄主的菌株无毒基因组成不同,番茄(Lycopersicum esculentum)和辣椒(Capsicum annuum)寄主以分布3种和2种无毒基因为主,茄子(Solanum melongena)寄主主要分布2种无毒基因,花生(Arachis hypogaea)寄主的菌株无毒基因分布较少,只分布1种avrA基因或没有检测到无毒基因;不同地域的菌株无毒基因组成不同,以番茄寄主为例,建瓯玉山镇的菌株分布3种和2种无毒基因为主,分别占45.45％和31.82％,宁德屏南菌株中3个无毒基因均等分布,福州北峰菌株中只分布avrA和popP2基因,二者均等分布,福州营口菌株中popP2基因分布频率最高,达60.00％;不同致病力的菌株无毒基因组成不同,无致病力菌株分布3种和2种无毒基因为主,过渡型菌株分布2种无毒基因为主,而强致病力菌株分布1种无毒基因为主;青枯雷尔氏菌的无毒基因组成与致病力相关性分析表明,3个无毒基因分布均与致病力呈正相关,其中popP1基因与菌株致病力相关性最高,达显著水平,其皮尔逊相关系数(Pearson correlation coefficient,PCC)值为0.31.本研究为植物青枯病预警和防控提供重要信息.     

广西桑树细菌性枯萎病菌致病力和遗传多样性分析

从广西9个县市采集具有典型枯萎症状桑树样品和发病田块土壤样品,经分离纯化获得致病性菌株105株。依据在桑树品种桂桑优12的致病性强弱,将广西桑树细菌性枯萎病菌株分为强致病力（57株）、中等致病力（17株）和弱致病力（31株）三种致病型。对48个代表性致病菌株进行16S rDNA和rpoB基因序列测定,同源性分析和系统进化树分析结果显示,这48个菌株分别为阴沟肠杆菌（Enterobacter cloacae（16株）、阿氏肠杆菌（E.asburise）（13株）、桑肠杆菌（E.mori）（7株）、产酸克雷伯氏菌（Klebsiella oxytoca）（3株）以及未确定种的肠杆菌属（Enterobacter sp.）3株、克雷伯氏菌属（Klebsiella sp.）6株。阿氏肠杆菌和阴沟肠杆菌出现的频率最高,是广西的优势菌株。研究结果表明,广西桑树细菌性枯萎病菌具有丰富的遗传多样性。     

利用SSR和RAPD标记分析中国部分地区晚疫病菌群体遗传多样性

利用SSR和RAPD对来自福建、黑龙江、河北和内蒙古4个地理群体的80个马铃薯晚疫病菌（phytophthora infestans）株进行了遗传多样性分析。13对SSR引物共扩增出76条谱带,多态性条带比率78.9%,相似系数变化范围0.00～0.42之间;筛选出的14条RAPD引物共扩增出189条谱带,多态性条带比率95.2%,相似系数变化范围0.04～0.66之间。遗传多样性分析表明,在4个群体中,福建群体的多样性更为丰富。遗传相似性分析显示,黑龙江和内蒙古两个群体间的遗传相似性最高,而福建和河北两个群体间的遗传相似性最低。聚类分析显示,来自南方福建的菌株与来自北方黑龙江、河北和内蒙古的菌株亲缘关系较远,且福建群体分布于更多的聚类组,显示出更高的遗传变异度。     

基于ITS序列和RAMS标记分析青枯雷尔氏菌的遗传多样性*

应用ITS序列和RAMS技术对福建省不同地域,不同寄主作物的青枯雷尔氏菌进行遗传多样性研究。结果表明,供试的21株青枯雷尔氏菌的ITS区序列有3种类型,这3种类型菌株的ITS序列只有1-2个碱基的差异,与参比菌株GMI1000的ITS区序列或者相同或者有1-2个碱基的差异。在此基础上,利用RAMS技术进一步分析表明,供试的青枯雷尔氏菌及参比菌株GMI1000的基因组DNA间存在丰富的多态性。聚类结果显示,供试菌株可聚为3个类群,同一寄主作物的菌株聚在同一类群中,同一地理来源的菌株聚在同一亚类群中,说明青枯雷尔氏菌的遗传分化与寄主作物和地理来源都存在相关性,与寄主作物的关系更密切。     

抗药性木霉菌株的选育及其与多菌灵的协同作用

在含多菌灵药物培养基上,采用紫外线重复诱导处理的方法,对拮抗性木霉T21进行改良,筛选到5株在多菌灵2000mg/L浓度下仍能较好生长的具有显著抗性菌株T21-1~T21-5,通过抗药遗传稳定性和对灰霉菌拮抗性测定,从中选育出性能较优良的抗药性菌株T21-4,并与多菌灵协同作用进行防治黄瓜灰霉病试验。结果表明:菌和药配比在9∶1,8∶2,7∶3时协同防治效果分别达到75.7%,78.9%和79.5%;单独使用T21-4和多菌灵的防效分别为70.5%和71.7%。表明菌和药协同作用防治效果明显高于单独使用的防效。因此,在使用木霉T21-4菌剂防治农作物病害时,添加少量的多菌灵,可降低植物病原菌的活性和侵染力,提高生物菌剂生防效果。     

内生环状芽孢杆菌Jcxy8对番茄灰霉病的防病机制研究

为明确从番茄植株体内筛选出的内生环状芽孢杆菌(Bacillus circulan)Jcxy8对番茄灰霉病菌的抑菌作用及防病的生理生化机制,采用平板打孔法测定了菌株Jcxy8对灰霉病菌(Botrytiscinerea)的拮抗力。结果表明:菌株Jcxy8对灰霉病菌的抑菌圈直径为35.6mm,抑菌圈边缘的产孢抑制率达到66.9%。当菌株培养滤液浓度为40%时,病菌孢子萌发完全被抑制。镜检发现抑菌圈周围的菌丝(或芽管)细胞消融,生长扭曲,中间或顶端膨大成泡囊状。Jcxy8菌株与灰霉病菌同时处理的番茄果体内可溶性蛋白含量比清水对照处理高12.7%,比单独接种灰霉病菌处理高39.1%;SOD、POD、CAT活性均较只经病菌处理低;O2-产生速率比清水对照和病菌处理低,而比菌株Jcxy8处理高。说明菌株Jcxy8对番茄果实有明显的诱导抗病作用。     

大丽轮枝菌RAPD反应组分的优化与应用

根据正交实验理论，设计一种优化RAPD各个反应组分以获得理想图谱的最佳反应浓度方法，能够显著减少反应组分优化次数，大丽轮枝菌（Verticillium dahliae)RAPD扩增最优反应组分浓度为：MgCl2 3.5mmol/ ,dNTP0.25mmol/L ,引物15pmol/L,Taq酶1.5U,DNA5n，实验表明，MgCl2与dNTP浓度之比是影响RAPD的增效果的最主要因素。根据优化的反应组分，用9个随机引物对来自江苏南通，射阳，泗阳，盐都4个群体53个大丽轮枝菌菌株进行RAPD扩增，对各个群体的遗传结构分析表明，各地群体遗传相似性较高。     

青枯雷尔氏菌Tn5转座子无致病力突变株构建及其生物学特性

青枯雷尔氏菌(Ralstonia solanacearum)是植物细菌性青枯病的病原菌,为研制植物疫苗菌剂提供遗传稳定且突变位点明确的青枯雷尔氏菌无致病力菌株,本研究利用EZ-Tn5转座子随机插入青枯雷尔氏菌(Rs91)构建青枯雷尔氏菌无致病力突变体库,通过电击转化,筛选获得13株具有无致病力菌株形态的突变株。研究了其中5株突变株的插入位点和生物学特性,结果表明,其插入位点分别位于phcA和pchS基因,其生长速率和相对胞外多糖含量显著低于Rs91,而最适pH值和温度未改变。其发酵液经分光光度计扫描,结果显示,突变株在同一波长下的光吸收值均大于Rs91,经聚类分析,显示它们与Rs91可聚为不同的3类,即Rs91为第Ⅰ类,phcA基因突变株为第Ⅱ类,phcS基因突变株为第Ⅲ类。经番茄(Lycopersicon esculentum)盆栽苗致病力检测,15d后均未发病,确定为无致病力青枯雷尔氏菌。本研究为研制防治青枯病的植物疫苗菌剂提供了基础资料。     

不同致病型水稻细条病菌的遗传多样性分析

采用引物BOX和ERIC对来自4省的35个细条病菌菌株进行Rep-PCR扩增,BOX引物扩增出14条指纹带,10种谱型,以致病型为单位计算遗传多样性值为0.63～1.00;ERIC引物扩增出19条指纹带,17种谱型,遗传多样性值为0.86～1;引物ERIC比BOX在遗传多样性方面有更好的分辨率;树状聚类图反映的遗传分簇差异,与菌株的致病型及其地理的来源之间没有相关性。     

Isolation and identification of locally isolated bacterial strains effective against whitefly Bemisia tabaci

Potent bacterial strains effective against the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, nymphs (second instar), were isolated from tomato cultivated fields at Fayoum governorate, Giza, Egypt. Of 72 isolates, 12 with the most morphologically distinct-looking bacterial colonies were selected and named A1, A2, A3, A6, A7, A9, A12, A13, A107, B37, B45 and B100. All isolates were preliminarily identified as members of the genus Bacillus based on morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics. When tested for their pathogenicity against Bemisia tabaci, the 12 isolates revealed varying efficiencies with isolates A1 and A9 being superior, exhibiting maximum mortality of 92.2 and 90.8% on day 10, respectively. Isolate A7 recorded the lowest percentage at 18.3%. Further genetic characterization of the 12 isolates was performed using inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR), randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and 16S rDNA gene sequencing analysis. RAPD and ISSR results confirmed each other. The combined ISSR and RAPD phylogenetic tree showed two major clusters. With 16S rRNA gene analysis, isolate A1 and A12 sequences recorded 100% identity with Bacillus thuringiensis, while isolates A7 and B100 showed 95.7% and 95.6% identity with Bacillus cereus and Bacillus sphaericus, respectively.     

玉米品种抗顶腐病遗传多样性分析及其应用

经鉴定和调查, 从25个玉米品种中选择抗病性较稳定的14个品种为材料, 其中6个品种包括病、健株, 共20个样品, 进行抗病遗传多样性的RAPD分析.结果表明, 不同品种的抗性遗传背景丰富, 20个样品经PCR扩增聚类后, 以遗传距离15划分, 可分为7个类群, 同一类群内的品种在抗病性方面有较强的相似性;同一品种的健株与病株间能产生特异性条带, 且存在一定的遗传距离, 说明植株感病后, 其遗传特性会发生改变.田间试验表明, 遗传特性差异大的感病品种与抗病品种轮作对顶腐病有较高的防效, 可一定程度缓解生产中倒茬难而造成病害流行的难题.     

The health status and yield of winter rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) grown in monoculture and in crop rotation under different agricultural production systems

In a field experiment, winter rapeseed was grown in 5-year monoculture and in crop rotation (winter rapeseed, winter wheat, field peas, spring wheat and winter rapeseed). Two open-pollinated cultivars (Californium and Castille) and one hybrid cultivar (Nelson) were compared in systems with three levels of agricultural inputs, low input, medium input and high input, characterized by different rates of nitrogen and sulfur fertilization and pesticide use. The severity of sclerotinia rot (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) and verticillium wilt (Verticillium spp.) on plants, dark spot (Alternaria spp.) and grey mold (Botrytis cinerea) on leaves and pods, as well as dry rot (Phoma lingam) on stems was evaluated during the growing season. The yield of winter rapeseed was calculated. Rapeseed grown after a 4-year break was characterized by less severe symptoms of dark spot on leaves and dry rot on stems, but more severe symptoms of grey mold on leaves and pods. The severity of dark spots on rapeseed pods (in crop rotation) was reduced with an increase in agricultural inputs. Cultivars Californium and Nelson were generally rarely infected by Verticillium spp., their leaves were less infected by Alternaria spp. and stems by Phoma spp. Nelson was the highest-yielding cultivar.     

Genetic Diversity Among Brazilian Cultivars and Landraces of Tomato Lycopersicon Esculentum Mill. Revealed by RAPD Markers

Random amplified polymorphic DNA markers (RAPD) were used to estimate the variability of 35 tomato accessions (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). A total of 257 reproducibly scorable bands were obtained from 20 primers, 78.6% of which were polymorphic. The percentage distribution of RAPD markers shows a bimodal distribution, and the frequency of rare alleles is similar in commercial and landrace accessions. Genetic distances among accessions were calculated and a dendrogram showing the genetic relationships among them was constructed allowing for the separation of four groups. Twenty out of 23 Brazilian landraces fell within one group, whereas commercial cultivars were distributed in the four groups. AMOVA analysis of RAPD data showed that, despite the high within Brazilian landraces and commercial cultivars variation, these two groups are significantly different, indicating that landraces can be a source of variation for breeding programs.     

Genetic structure among earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris L.) from different sampling sites in western Germany based on random amplified polymorphic DNA

Earthworms are being used as bio-indicators to assess terrestrial pollution. However, it is often not known whether their populations possess a uniform genetic structure, which would allow comparison of residues or biological properties of earthworms from different sampling locations. In order to investigate this point, random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) variation was surveyed in earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris) from five different sampling sites in Germany. Forty oligonucleotide RAPD primers (10 base pairs in length) were screened, three of which produced high polymorphic band patterns. A total of 61 DNA fragments were detected in 90 individuals of L. terrestris from five sampling sites with 49 (80.3%) RAPD markers being polymorphic. The genetic similarities within (band sharing rates between 0.756 and 0.795) and among the L. terrestris populations (0.635) were similar even at widely separate locations. Inter-population variation in the RAPD pattern for all five earthworm populations accounted for 37.9% of the total variation, while intra-population variation for three adjacent Saarland populations accounted for only 18.0% of the total variation. Principal component analysis (PCA) and the genetic distances of the populations confirm these results. Twenty-four percent of the genetic distance is caused by geographical isolation as shown by a test for isolation by distance. These results show that L. terrestris fulfils the genetic qualifications for a bio-indicator particularly at closely located sampling sites. However, the results also suggest that earthworm studies of widely separated locations should include genetic characterisation of the earthworm samples.     

Effect of manganese on the resistance of tomato to Pseudocercospora fuligena

Black leaf mold caused by Pseudocercospora fuligena is an important fungal disease of tomato in Southeast Asia. The objective of this study was to evaluate the control of this disease using high manganese (Mn) applied to the root substrate and to evaluate the role of the leaf apoplast in plant response to fungal infection. In a nethouse experiment in Thailand, Mn above the optimum for plant growth but below toxicity increased resistance of tomato plants to black leaf mold. Enhanced resistance caused by Mn was also obtained when tomato plants were grown under controlled conditions in a mist chamber and artificially inoculated with the fungus. Manganese significantly increased plant peroxidases in the leaf apoplast. The highest peroxidase activity was measured when plants were inoculated with Pseudocercospora fuligena. Defense‐related proteins in the leaf apoplast increased when plants were inoculated with Pseudocercospora fuligena but not when treated with high Mn. It is concluded that Mn above the optimum level for plant growth can contribute to the control of Pseudocercospora fuligena in tomato. The Mn effect on disease resistance is associated with the activation of plant peroxidases in the leaf apoplast. A systemic response, possibly mediated by NADH peroxidase activity, also seems to trigger disease resistance in leaves with low Mn concentrations.     

RAPD Polymorphism of the White-Flowered Gourd (Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl. Landraces and its Wild Relatives in Kenya

The present study was performed to investigate genetic diversity of Kenyan landraces of the white-flowered gourd (Lagenaria siceraria), which exhibits tremendous morphological variation. RAPD analyses were performed on 53 landraces of the cultivated species L. siceraria and 42 accessions of three wild species (40 L. sphaerica, 1 L. abyssinica, and 1 L. breviflora). A total of 432 polymorphic bands were detected using 54 primers. The four species were clearly differentiated from one another. Intra-specific variations were investigated with L. siceraria and its wild relative L. sphaerica. Landraces of the cultivated species collected from different ethnic communities or regions were differentiated. Morphological variations were not associated with RAPD variations. Bitter landraces collected in Maasai communities showed two specific RAPD bands. In the wild species, accessions collected from the eastern and western sides of the Great Rift Valley were genetically differentiated from each other. In both species, genetic and geographical distance matrices computed among all pairs of accessions were significantly correlated, implying that the observed geographical variation can be explained by the 'Isolation by distance model'. Progeny plants derived from a common mother in L. siceraria showed a low level of segregation in RAPD pattern, suggesting that collected landraces are cultivated, maintaining their inherent traits although they are monoecious and insect-pollinated, whereas the wild relative L. sphaerica showed a higher level of segregation. The morphological diversity observed among landraces of L. siceraria is the result of human selection and their genetic identities are maintained by inbreeding probably resulting from frequent self-pollination.     

立枯丝核菌对香蕉苗的致病力探讨

以香蕉苗离体叶为材料测定了香蕉苗纹枯病菌（Ｒｈｉｚｏｃｔｏｎｉａ ｓｏｌａｎｉ）的一些致病特性。结果表明,不同培养天数的病菌接种体致病力差别很大,随培养天数的增加病菌接种体对香蕉苗的致病力迅速下降。在不同培养基上培养的病菌致病力有明显差异,以ＰＳＡ上培养的致病力最强。病原菌连续转移５０代次后其致病力无明显变化。病原菌不同菌株间的致病力有明显的差异。     

Genetic variability in Turkmen populations of Pistacia vera L.

Seedlings of Pistacia vera L. developed from seeds of two separate populations in Turkmenistan, Kepele and Agachli, were evaluated for their growth potential and genetic polymorphism. Plant growth rate as well as random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis showed distinct differences between the two populations. In plant height growth rate, 17 Agachli accessions were 1.3 times higher on average than that of 10 accessions of Kepele (significant at p = 0.046) and 1.2 times higher for trunk diameter growth rate (p = 0.062). Cluster analysis divided most accessions into two main genetic groups according to their geographic origin. The Agachli group was further divided into two subgroups. One Kepele accession (K4), was genetically different from the rest and clustered on a separate outgroup. Two Agachli accessions (A12 and A17) were outside the two main populations clusters. Accessions K9 and K10 from Kepele were exceptional and were clustered in each of the two Agachli's subgroups, indicating a close genetic relationship between the two populations. In addition, high similarity values (0.58–1.00) and small genetic distances reflect plausible gene flow between Kepele and Agachli, which are 100 Km apart. Mantel test revealed significant relationship between the RAPD and the morphological traits matrices, pointing to the genetic basis for the measured differences in the growth rate. Growing the accessions on the same plot, under similar conditions enabled the evaluation of genotypic differences. The combination of morphological traits and molecular markers will further assist in preservation of genetic variability and cultivation of useful genotypes of P. vera L.     

RAPD and ISSR molecular markers in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Olea europaea</Emphasis> L.: Genetic variability and molecular cultivar identification

Thirty Portuguese and eight foreign olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivars were screened using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) markers. Twenty RAPD primers amplified 301 reproducible bands of which 262 were polymorphic; and 17 ISSR primers amplified 204 bands of which 180 were polymorphic. The percentage of polymorphic bands detected by ISSR and RAPD was similar (88 and 87%, respectively). The genetic variability observed was similar in the Portuguese and foreign olive cultivars. Seven ISSR and 12 RAPD primers were able to distinguish individually all 38 olive cultivars. Twenty specific molecular markers are now available to be converted into Sequence Characterised Amplified Region (SCAR) markers. Relationships among Portuguese and foreign cultivars is discussed.