移动式土壤工作部件性能参数测试系统

介绍了基于土槽的土壤工作部件性能参数测试系统的构成、关键技术问题的处理,论述了一种定点等距采集数据的方法,该方法采用计算机软件对机组的位移脉冲信号连续计数,以确定采样点的位置和采集牵引阻力等数据。试验表明,采用定点等距采集数据方法的系统不仅具有结构简单、可动态显示数据等优点,而且便于离线定点研究土壤坚实度、土壤湿度等参数与机组牵引阻力的关系。     

甘薯起垄整形机犁铧式开沟起垄装置设计与试验

针对现有甘薯起垄整形机起垄效果较差、牵引阻力大等问题,设计了一种甘薯起垄整形机犁铧式开沟起垄装置,并阐述了其主要结构和工作原理。结合甘薯种植模式和垄型结构农艺要求,采用水平直元线法确定了开沟起垄装置犁体曲面的结构参数及其取值范围。运用EDEM离散元仿真软件,建立了犁铧式开沟起垄装置-土壤互作仿真模型。选取开沟犁体曲面安装角、推土角、元线角差值为试验因素,以犁体土壤抛送距离和牵引阻力为评价指标,进行了Box-Behnken中心组合设计试验。仿真试验结果表明,当作业速度为3.33 km/h时,安装角、推土角和元线角差值最优组合为27.19°、38.05°和10.69°。基于优化的最优组合参数进行了田间试验,田间试验结果表明,犁铧式开沟起垄装置垄高稳定性系数为98.53%,垄体土壤紧实度为236kPa,拖拉机作业油耗为11.94L/h,满足甘薯开沟起垄农艺要求,且均优于板式起垄装置作业效果。     

油菜直播机开沟犁体曲面优化与试验

为减小油菜直播机开畦沟系统牵引阻力并分析机组不同作业速度对牵引阻力影响的规律,开展了开畦沟犁体曲面参数与作业速度的试验研究。建立了EDEM离散元土壤仿真模型,以犁体牵引阻力为试验指标分别开展以铧刃起土角、导曲线开度、直元线起始角、直元线最大角及作业速度为试验因素的试验;构建了犁体曲面优化模型,并开展了犁体曲面的3D打印及试制加工。仿真试验结果表明:在试验范围内,牵引阻力随铧刃起土角增大而减小,分别随导曲线开度、直元线起始角、直元线最大角增大而增大,随作业速度的增大而急剧增大,作业速度从1.0 m/s增加到2.0 m/s,牵引阻力及功耗分别为前者的1.98倍及3.97倍;仿真优化结果表明:当犁体在一定工作参数条件下,铧刃起土角为15°,导曲线开度为190 mm,直元线起始角为35°,直元线最大角为40°时,犁体牵引阻力最小为241.11 N,比优化前减少11.26%。为考察优化犁体实际田间作业效果,对犁体进行3D打印及试制加工并与原有犁体进行田间对比试验,结果表明优化犁体作业的畦沟沟底大块土垡少,残留土壤质量减少62.87%,沟底干净,T型沟明显。     

拨辊推送式马铃薯清选分选机设计与试验

针对现有马铃薯清选分选机的薯土分离效果差、伤薯率较高、工作效率低等问题,设计了一种拨辊推送式马铃薯清选分选机。对该机器的工作机理进行了阐述,确定了清选装置、分选装置的结构参数,分析了马铃薯在清选分选过程中的力学特性。选取机组的转速、上料量、机组提升角度作为试验因素,伤薯率、分选清洁率为试验性能指标进行正交试验,并对试验结果进行显著性分析。结果表明,各因素对伤薯率影响的主次因素顺序为:机组提升角度、机组转速和上料量;对分选清洁率的影响主次因素顺序为:上料量、机组转速和机组提升角度。按照以马铃薯的伤薯率较低,兼顾分选清洁率较高的原则,确定较优组合,即机组转速为145 r/min,上料量为20 t/h,机组提升角度为12°,并对该参数组合进行了验证试验,结果表明,在该条件下机器伤薯率为0.773%,分选清洁率为95.42%,符合基本作业要求。     

1MS-Ⅱ型地膜回收机起膜铲动力性能试验分析

对起膜铲在工作中所受土壤阻力进行试验研究。根据起膜铲需要完成松土起膜、翻起根茬、膜土分离等几项作业的要求，寻求影响土壤阻力的因素，通过试验建立起膜铲几何参数和工作参数与其所受土壤阻力之间的函数关系，通过Matlab最优化方法确定出最佳参数，进行改进设计。试验结果表明，改进后的起膜铲改善了残膜回收机的牵引性能，且有较好的膜土分离、切除根茬的效果。     

1MC-70型地膜回收起茬机铲刀结构和参数确定及试验研究

通过对1MC-70型地膜回收起茬机起膜、起茬铲刀的作业情况分析，推导出铲刀满足生产要求主要参数的求取方法和公式，并经理论分析和试验研究，确定了铲刀对玉米茬地进行起膜、起茬时主要参数的取值范围和减小牵引阻力的取值规律。通过多副铲刀的对比试验，选取出对玉米茬地进行起膜、起茬作业时，性能良好，牵引阻力较小的铲刀。     

轻小型喷灌机组逐级阻力损失水力计算

为了解决精确计算轻小型喷灌机组阻力损失的问题,从管路中流体力学机理出发,对其进行了分析;将机组布置成线型,根据构成特点与运行特性,采用逐级计算方法对其进行水力计算,计算过程中将任意两喷头间的总水头损失简化为其输水管路沿程损失乘上经验系数,推导出喷灌机组中各喷头工作压力的计算公式,确定逐级阻力损失的计算方法.结合一个算例,选择型号为65ZB-40C＆12×PY120的喷灌机组进行室外试验对比,理论计算时经验系数取为1.1,试验时保证该喷灌泵在其设计工况点运行,多次测量计算出的平均值作为最终的试验数据.计算值与试验值的对比结果表明：在管路流动中,随着流量沿程减小,各喷头工作压力在管路首端时相差较大,末端时基本保持一致.绘制了喷头工作压力的理论计算值与试验值的误差条线图,通过计算得出绝对误差最大的是3号喷头,它们的相对误差在0.27%～1.96%范围内.     

齿形刮板式残膜与残茬输送装置设计与试验

研究了清田整地联合作业机齿形刮板式残膜、残茬及土壤输送装置的结构原理.分析计算刮板组工作行程的阻力、功耗和动能.以刮板组工作行程的功耗、动能消耗最小为目标函数,建立优化设计的数学模型,优化计算结果为刮板宽度890 mm,高度260 mm,间距500 mm,工作速度2.5 m/s.工作角度33°.通过试验表明优化设计结果合理,并确定了第1排刮板齿尖与起膜铲刃口的最佳距离为300 mm.     

全工程塑料精密排种器的深化研究

为了确定排种器轴转速和机组工作速度之间的最佳匹配关系，对排种器进行了台架试验和理论分析，也对挡种梳进行了改进设计。台架试验和田间考核表明，使用改进后的挡种梳可以显著地减少排种器阻力并且元堵塞现象。     

油菜覆膜打孔穴播机打孔装置设计与试验

为实现油菜等小粒径作物覆膜种植中膜上均匀打孔的功能,针对传统膜上成穴装置结构庞大复杂、工作时易黏土挑种及撕挑地膜等问题,设计了一种法兰式滚轮与螺纹式圆锥型锥钉组合式结构的打孔装置,确定了其主要结构参数范围;构建了打孔装置运动学模型,分析了打孔锥钉关键点的运动轨迹,确定了膜上打孔过程,并基于轨迹方程分析了膜孔尺寸参数;运用ADAMS运动学仿真,采用四因素三水平正交试验方法,以打孔锥钉顶角、打孔锥钉直径、打孔滚轮半径、机组前进速度为试验因素,以膜孔长度、膜孔间距偏差为试验考核指标,进行了打孔装置结构和运动参数的仿真试验。仿真结果表明:影响膜孔长度的因素主次顺序为打孔滚轮半径、打孔锥钉顶角、打孔锥钉直径、机组前进速度;影响膜孔间距偏差的因素主次顺序为打孔滚轮半径、机组前进速度、打孔锥钉顶角、打孔锥钉直径;基于参数优化,获得较优参数组合为:打孔锥钉顶角53°、打孔锥钉直径16 mm、打孔滚轮半径65 mm、机组前进速度4 km/h。以打孔装置较优结构参数组合进行了田间验证试验,结果表明:打孔装置所打膜孔形状较规则,普遍呈类圆形状,膜孔长度均在18 mm以上,膜孔间距较为均匀,与仿真结果基本一致;各行膜孔长度一致性变异系数为4.98%,各行膜孔间距均匀性变异系数为3.44%。结果表明试验参数组合选取合理,打孔装置符合设计要求。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。