外源性非特异卵黄抗体对雏鸡生长性能及内脏器官发育的影响

试验旨在研究日粮中添加外源性非特异卵黄抗体(IgY)对雏鸡生长性能及内脏器官发育的影响。选取同一批出雏、体重接近的1日龄罗曼褐公雏240只,随机分为2组(对照组和试验组),每组6个重复,每个重复20只。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组在对照组基础上添加0.1%IgY,饲养期35 d。每周末称重,分别在1、3、5周龄从每个重复选取接近该重复平均体重的试验鸡2只,屠宰,测定其内脏器官的发育。结果表明:与对照组相比,饲粮中添加IgY显著提高了1周龄和5周龄雏鸡体重(P0.05);显著提高了1周龄雏鸡肝脏重、肌胃重,3周龄雏鸡肌胃重、十二指肠长度及5周龄雏鸡肝脏重、腺胃重、空肠重、胸腺重(P0.05)。由此可知,雏鸡日粮中添加外源性非特异IgY可以促进雏鸡生长性能的提高并影响内脏器官发育。     

蜂花粉对肉鸡消化腺发育的影响

选择1日龄AA肉仔鸡144只,随机分为2组,每组72只。对照组饲喂玉米豆粕型基础日粮,试验组添加1.5%蜂花粉,试验期42d。分别于1,2,3,4,5和6周龄每组随机抽取试验鸡6只,取小肠、肝、胰腺称重并制作切片。结果:试验组肝、胰腺的平均重量和相对重量均高于对照组,部分周龄差异显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)。试验组鸡肝细胞、肝血窦结构清晰,枯否氏细胞体积较大;胰腺的腺泡较大,亮胰岛数量多、体积大;小肠腺的长度显著或极显著大于对照组。结论:蜂花粉能促进肉鸡肝、胰腺和小肠腺的发育。     

乳鸽早期消化特性研究

试验通过研究2~10日龄乳鸽体重、消化器官重量、血清蛋白质代谢、胰腺和小肠黏膜消化酶活性等指标的变化规律,揭示乳鸽消化道早期发育特性。选取出壳后2、4、6、8、10日龄白卡奴乳鸽30羽(每个日龄6羽),屠宰取样。结果表明:1)日龄对乳鸽早期体重(含卵黄重)、腺胃、肌胃、肝脏、胰腺、小肠的器官重量和器官指数;血清总蛋白、白蛋白、尿酸、尿素氮含量;胰腺淀粉酶、脂肪酶、胰蛋白酶总活性,脂肪酶比活性,小肠黏膜二糖酶(蔗糖酶和麦芽糖酶)及碱性磷酸酶总活性和比活性均影响显著(P0.05)。其中,发育模式随日龄变化表现为线性增加的指标包括:肝脏、胰腺、小肠的器官指数(P0.01);体重,肌胃、腺胃、胰腺、肝脏、小肠的器官重量(P0.01);血清总蛋白和白蛋白含量(P0.01);胰腺淀粉酶、脂肪酶、胰蛋白酶总活性,胰腺脂肪酶比活性(P0.05);小肠黏膜二糖酶(麦芽糖酶和蔗糖酶)和碱性磷酸酶总活性和比活性(P0.01)。血清尿酸、尿素氮含量,胰蛋白酶比活性发育规律表现为线性下降(P0.05)。腺胃和肌胃的器官指数表现为先上升后下降(P0.05)。2)肠段对乳鸽小肠黏膜麦芽糖酶和蔗糖酶总活性影响显著(P0.05)。3)日龄与肠段的交互作用对麦芽糖酶总活性、蔗糖酶总活性和蔗糖酶比活性影响显著(P0.05)。结果提示,随着日龄变化,乳鸽机体蛋白质代谢能力不断增强,沉积水平不断提高,消化系统发育迅速,生长速度高于机体生长,自身胰腺和小肠黏膜水解酶活性不断增强,10日龄时,机体发育水平显著提高。因此,2~10日龄阶段是乳鸽出壳后消化生理机能趋于完善的重要阶段。     

不同日龄乌蒙凤鸡屠宰性能及血液生化指标研究

为研究乌蒙凤鸡适宜上市日龄,本试验随机选取210、240、270、300日龄乌蒙凤鸡40只(公母各20只)称重,翅下静脉采血,颈部放血法屠宰,测定其屠宰性能、内脏器官发育及血液生化指标,研究结果表明:上述各日龄乌蒙凤鸡活体重、屠体重、半净膛重、全净膛重差异均不显著(P0.05),240日龄乌蒙凤鸡胸肌率显著高于270日龄(P0.05),240日龄乌蒙凤鸡腹脂率显著低于210日龄(P0.05)。240日龄乌蒙凤鸡肝脏重显著高于300日龄(P0.05),240日龄、270日龄乌蒙凤鸡的腺胃重显著高于300日龄(P0.05)。210日龄乌蒙凤鸡血液中的谷草转氨酶含量显著高于270日龄(P0.05);210日龄、300日龄乌蒙凤鸡血液中的乳酸脱氢酶含量显著高于270日龄(P0.05)。试应结表明果,乌蒙凤鸡的适宜上市日龄以240日龄为宜。     

AA肉鸡和北京油鸡早期消化器官发育规律研究

本试验旨在比较AA肉鸡和北京油鸡在胃肠道消化生理上的差异.选择1日龄雄性AA肉鸡和北京油鸡各50只,每个品种为1个处理,2个处理的日粮和饲养管理一致,每个处理5个重复,每个重复10只鸡.试验期28 d.在0、7、14、21、28日龄,每个品种分别选择10只鸡屠宰,测定其体重、肝脏、胰腺、腺胃、肌胃、小肠及小肠各段的重量...     

开食时间对雏鸡早期生长和内脏器官发育的影响

本试验旨在研究不同开食时间对雏鸡早期的生长性能及内脏器官发育的影响.试验选取1080只0日龄、体重相近的新扬州鸡雏鸡,根据开食时间不同,随机分成6个组,每个组3个重复,每个重复60只(30只公鸡,30只母鸡).出壳后一周内,每天从每个重复中随机挑选8只雏鸡(4公4母),分别称其活重后致死,取卵黄囊、肝脏、心脏、胰腺、法氏囊和小肠分别称重,测量小肠长度.结果表明,出壳后禁食36h对7日龄鸡体重没有显著负面影响,出壳后最长禁食时间不应超过60h.     

獭兔内脏器官发育规律研究

对相同条件下饲养的不同年龄(出生、1周龄、2周龄、3周龄、4周龄、5周龄、6周龄、8周龄、12周龄、成年)獭兔进行屠宰,测定内脏器官,结果表明:獭兔内脏器官发育具有不均衡性,肝脏和心脏的相对重量在出生时就接近成年,肠道长/体长随日龄的增加而增长,12周龄后达到基本稳定,而盲肠则在8周龄后基本稳定;2周龄仔兔胃内缺乏游离的盐酸,3周龄仔兔胃内已经出现游离的盐酸.6周龄后幼兔胃内的pH稳定在2.01～2.28.     

蜂花粉对肉鸡小肠发育的影响

将144只1日龄AA肉鸡随机分为2组，每组72只，日粮中分别添加0(对照组)和15g／kg(试验组)的蜂花粉，每周每组随机抽取试验鸡6只，剖取十二指肠、空肠、回肠，测量肠管长度及肠绒毛、肠腺长度，并制作石蜡切片，进行组织学观察，研究了日粮中添加蜂花粉对肉鸡小肠发育的影响。结果显示，试验组1～3周龄鸡的小肠绒毛和肠腺的长度显著或极显著高于对照组，肠道淋巴组织较发达，证实蜂花粉能够促进肉鸡小肠的早期发育，增强组织免疫功能。     

茶多酚对固始鸡心脏、肝脏、肌胃中胆固醇和甘油三脂含量的影响

选择1日龄健康固始鸡90只,随机分为3组,即对照组,试验Ⅰ组,试验Ⅱ组(n=30),对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组在基础日粮中分别添加0.25%、0.50%的茶多酚,试验期为42d。分别于2、4、6周称重,每组屠宰10只,取其内脏并测定鸡心脏、肝脏、肌胃中胆固醇和甘油三脂的含量,以研究茶多酚对固始鸡心脏、肝脏、肌胃中胆固醇和甘油三脂含量的影响。结果表明,与对照组相比较,茶多酚能显著降低肝脏中胆固醇含量(P0.05);添加0.5%茶多酚4、6周龄可显著降低肌胃中胆固醇含量;基础日粮中添加0.5%的茶多酚在4周龄时可显著降低肝脏中甘油三酯水平(P0.05),6周龄可极显著降低肝脏中甘油三酯水平(P0.01)。     

桂皮型中草药添加剂对贵妃鸡生长性能及内脏器官发育的影响

为了探讨桂皮型中草药添加剂(桂皮、小茴香、陈皮等)对贵妃鸡生长性能及内脏器官发育的影响,选用21日龄的贵妃鸡180只,随机分成四个组,每组45只.对照组(A组)饲喂基础日粮,试验组饲喂在基础日粮内添加0.5%、1%、2%(分别为B、C、D组)桂皮型中草药的日粮.试验期70d(21～90日龄).并在试验结束时每组随机抽取24只鸡(12公、12母)进行屠宰试验,测定其心脏重、肝脏重、脾脏重并计算其器官指数.结果表明:在21～90日龄贵妃鸡日粮中添加0.5%、1%、2%的桂皮型中草药不影响其日增重和饲料利用率(P>0.05).对贵妃鸡肝脏、心脏、脾脏重量及其器官指数均无明显影响(P>0.05),但添加不同比例的中草药有改善以上指标的趋势,以添加0.5%最佳.因此,贵妃鸡日粮中桂皮型中草药添加剂的适宜添加量为0.5%.     

Effects of feeding level of milk replacer on body growth,plasma metabolite and insulin concentrations,and visceral organ growth of suckling calves

The objective was to evaluate effects of feeding level of milk replacer on body growth, plasma metabolite and insulin concentrations, and allometric growth of visceral organs in suckling calves. Holstein bull calves (n = 8; 3–4 days of age) were fed either a low amount (average 0.63 kgDM/day, LM) or high amount (average 1.15 kgDM/day, HM) of high protein milk replacer until they were slaughtered at 6 weeks of age. Body weight (BW) at 4, 5, and 6 weeks of age, feed intake, average daily gain, and feed efficiency were higher in the HM than LM calves. The HM group had higher plasma glucose at 3 and 4 weeks of age and insulin levels after the age of 4 weeks compared with LM calves whereas no effect was detected on plasma nonesterified fatty acid or urea nitrogen concentrations. The HM calves had greater empty body weight (EBW), viscera‐free BW and most of the organs dissected than LM calves. Relative weights (% of EBW) of liver, spleen, kidneys, and internal fat were higher, whereas head and large intestine was lower in HM than LM calves. The results suggest that increased milk feeding levels would accelerate the growth of the body and specific organs.     

Growth and development of the digestive organs and some enzymes in broiler chicks after hatching.

1. Body weight and the weight of the digestive organs and activities of some digestive enzymes were determined from hatching to 23 d of age. 2. Relative daily growth rate peaked at 11 d of age (22% gain/d) and then decreased gradually. 3. The vitelline residue was decreased rapidly from 4.6 g at hatching to negligible values from 4 d of age. 4. Maximal allometric growth of the pancreas and small intestine was 4-fold and that of liver 2-fold greater than that of the body. 5. Activities (units/kg body weight) of the digestive enzymes measured in the pancreas and intestinal contents increased with age. In the pancreas maximal values were attained on day 8 for amylase and lipase and 11 for trypsin and chymotrypsin. In the small intestine maxima were attained on day 4 for lipase, 11 for trypsin and chymotrypsin and 17 for amylase. 6. The development of secretion of digestive enzymes in the post-hatched chick could be a limiting factor in digestion and subsequently in food intake and growth.     

蛋氨酸限制与补偿对羔羊生长性能及内脏器官发育的影响

本试验旨在研究蛋氨酸限制与补偿对羔羊生长性能及内脏器官发育的影响。选取12对1周龄断奶的湖羊双胞胎公羔羊,采用配对试验设计,每对双胞胎羔羊分别分到2组中。第1阶段,2~8周龄,分别补充[基础代乳粉+0.70%蛋氨酸,基础开食料+0.40%蛋氨酸,对照(control,CON)组]和限制蛋氨酸[基础代乳粉,基础开食料,限制(restriction,RES)组];第2阶段,9~12周龄,2组羔羊饲喂相同的饲粮(基础开食料+0.40%蛋氨酸)。在8和12周龄末,各选取6对双胞胎羔羊进行屠宰,分离内脏器官并称重。结果表明:1)8周龄,RES组的体重显著低于CON组(P0.05);2~8周龄,RES组平均日增重极显著低于CON组(P0.01),而RES组料重比显著高于CON组(P0.05);9~12周龄,2组平均日增重和料重比均无显著差异(P0.05)。2)8周龄,RES组的宰前活重、空体重、胴体重均显著低于CON组(P0.05),但2组间的屠宰率无显著差异(P0.05);12周龄,RES组和CON组宰前活重、空体重、胴体重、屠宰率均无显著差异(P0.05)。3)8和12周龄,2组的各内脏器官在重量、占宰前活重比例均无显著差异(P0.05)。4)8周龄,RES组的瘤胃重量显著低于CON组(P0.05),其余各胃肠道指数均无显著差异(P0.05);12周龄,2组间各胃肠道指数也无显著差异(P0.05)。由此可见,限制饲粮蛋氨酸水平降低了羔羊瘤胃重量、生长性能和屠宰性能,恢复饲粮蛋氨酸水平后,羔羊生长性能及内脏器官发育状况也随之恢复。     

樱桃谷鸭部分内脏器官早期生长发育规律研究

运用Gompertz模型对1～7周龄樱桃谷鸭的内脏器官进行了分析和曲线拟合研究。结果表明：肝脏、小肠和肌腺胃的生长速度从第4周开始由慢变快。肝脏到第6周达到生长高峰，肌腺胃在第5周达到高峰，之后趋于稳定。Gompertz模型能比较好地拟合樱桃谷鸭的内脏器官发育，拟合度R^2均达到0．9以上。因此，通过模型的建立可以较好地预测樱桃谷鸭内脏器官的生长发育规律。     

非特异性卵黄抗体对雏鸡生长性能、免疫机能及微生物数量的影响

试验旨在研究日粮中添加非特异性卵黄抗体（IgY）对雏鸡生长性能、免疫机能及微生物数量的影响,为IgY作为饲料添加剂在畜禽饲料中的应用提供理论依据。选取同一批出雏、体重接近的1日龄罗曼褐公雏240只,随机分为2组（对照组和试验组）,每组6个重复,每个重复20只雏鸡。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组在基础日粮中添加0.1%非特异性IgY,试验期6周。每周末称重,在6周龄末从每个重复选取接近该重复平均体重的试验鸡2只屠宰,测定其消化器官的发育、相关免疫指标及肠道微生物数量。结果发现,与对照组相比,日粮中添加非特异性IgY显著提高了1和5周龄雏鸡体重（P < 0.05）;显著提高了雏鸡腺胃重、脾脏重、血清白细胞介素-2、空肠食糜分泌型免疫球蛋白A（sIgA）含量（P < 0.05）;显著提高了盲肠乳酸杆菌数量（P < 0.05）。以上结果表明,雏鸡日粮中添加非特异性IgY可以促进雏鸡的生长和消化器官发育,提高机体的免疫机能,促进肠道有益菌生长。     

Growth, development and body composition in three genetic stocks of swine

Differences in growth, chemical body composition and visceral organ development were evaluated in three genetic stocks: Beltsville Highfat (HF) and Lowfat (LF) Duroc-Yorkshire composites and a Hampshire X Large White cross (CX). Ten sets of littermate barrows were used from each stock. One pig from each set was slaughtered at 10, 17 and 24 wk of age. After slaughter, each pig was dissected into three fractions: carcass, head and feet, viscera and blood. Backfat was measured at three locations and visceral organs were weighed separately. Each fraction was frozen, ground, sampled and analyzed in duplicate for protein, fat, water and ash. The CX pigs were heaviest at all ages and contained the most fat-free mass (FFM). The HF pigs were smallest and contained the most fat, while LF pigs tended to be intermediate. The LF pigs deposited a greater proportion of weight in head and feet and a greater proportion of total FFM in the carcass than HF and CX pigs. Estimated allometric growth coefficients for non-fat chemical components relative to empty body weight (EBWT) were lower for HF than LF and CX, which were similar. Coefficients for fat were similar among stocks yet intercepts differed widely. Relative to total FFM, water increased at a faster rate and ash a slower rate in CX pigs compared to HF and LF. Growth coefficients were calculated for internal organs relative to EBWT. Coefficients for organs of the digestive tract were not different among stocks. However, significant differences among stocks were found for heart, lung, spleen and liver that were not explained by differences in body composition.     

Effects of Nonspecific IgY on Growth Performance,Immune Function and Microbiota Number of Chicks

This experiment was conducted to study the effects of dietary nonspecific IgY on growth performance, immune function and microbiota number of chicks, to provide the theory basis for practical application as feed additive in livestock and poultry. 240 one-day-old Roman rooster hens with same batch of hatching and similar body weight were randomly divided into 2 groups (control group and experimental group), with 6 replicates in each group and 20 chicks in each replicate. Chicks in the control group were fed with a basal diet, and the others in the experimental group were fed the basal diet supplemented with 0.1% nonspecific IgY. The experiment lasted for 6 weeks. At the age of 6 weeks, 2 chicks from each replicate were weighed and slaughtered, and the development of internal organs, immune index and microbiota number were determined. The results showed that:Comparing with the control group, the weight of chicks at the age of 1 and 5 weeks, the glandular stomach weight, spleen weight, serum IL-2 content, jejunal sIgA content and cecal Lactobacilli number in experimental group were significantly increased (P < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary supplementation of nonspecific IgY could enhance growth performance, digestive organ development, immune function, and intestinal bacteria number.     

早期能量限饲对肉仔鸡生长性能、屠宰性能、内脏器官和胫骨生长的影响

本试验旨在研究8~14日龄能量限饲对肉仔鸡生长性能、屠宰性能、内脏器官和胫骨生长的影响。选择同一批出雏、健康、体重相近的1日龄AA公雏300只,随机分为4组,每组5个重复,每个重复15只。基础日粮在8~14日龄分别限饲能量0、5%、10%和15%,其余营养水平均满足肉仔鸡生长需求,14、42日龄从各重复中选取1只接近该重复平均体重的鸡屠宰进行测定。结果表明:①从生长性能上看,肉仔鸡8~14日龄限饲能量10%组采食量显著大于其他组(P<0.05),14日龄体重显著大于对照组(P<0.05),限饲能量15%组料重比显著大于其他组(P<0.05),限饲能量10%组15~42日龄采食量显著大于其他组(P<0.05),42日龄体重显著大于其他组(P<0.05);②从屠宰性能上看,8~14日龄能量限饲对肉仔鸡42日龄屠宰性能无显著影响(P>0.05);③从内脏器官上看,早期能量限饲有利于增加肉仔鸡限饲期心脏重量,限饲能量10%组心脏重量显著大于对照组(P<0.05),限饲组腺胃重均显著大于对照组(P<0.05),限饲能量10%组42日龄肌胃重显著大于其他组(P<0.05);④从胫骨生长上看,限饲能量5%组胫骨密度显著大于对照组(P<0.05),其他指标与对照组相比均无显著差异(P>0.05)。提示,肉仔鸡8~14日龄日粮能量适宜限饲水平为10%。