微孔陶瓷渗灌与地下滴灌土壤水分运移特性对比

以微孔陶瓷灌水器为研究对象,在0 m工作水头下进行土壤水分运移特性试验,并以10 m额定工作水头下工作的地下滴灌灌水器作为对照。通过对比分析2种灌溉方式下累计入渗量、流量、湿润体特征和土壤含水率变化,结果表明:相同灌溉时间下微孔陶瓷渗灌的累计入渗量、湿润锋运移距离、湿润体截面面积均明显小于地下滴灌。微孔陶瓷渗灌的流量随时间逐渐减小,直至接近于零;试验后期,微孔陶瓷渗灌湿润体内整体土壤含水率变化较小;由于微孔陶瓷渗灌为无压连续灌溉,因此在其工作过程中可为作物提供一个恒定的水分环境。而地下滴灌的流量则会维持稳定,使得土壤含水率一直增大,停止灌溉后由于土壤水分再分布而减小。地下滴灌为被动恒压灌溉,因此其灌溉条件下作物生长的水分环境处于干湿交替的循环变化状态。     

直插式根灌技术的研究与应用

直插式根灌技术,是一种新型的节水灌溉技术,它结合了地面滴灌与地下渗灌的优点,能够把水直接灌溉到一定深度土壤层,起到对植物根系层,进行直接灌溉的目的;能有效减少表层土壤水分蒸发损失,提高灌水效率、提高灌溉水的有效利用率。过去的地埋式渗灌技术,有较好的灌水效果和抑制表层土壤水分蒸发损失作用,但其易堵塞、检修难的缺点,限制了地下渗灌技术的发展。地表滴灌技术成熟,但其表层土壤水分蒸发损失,影响滴灌水分的利用效率和灌水效率。为了结合滴灌与渗灌的优势,克服滴灌与渗灌的缺点;所以,开展对直插式根灌技术的研究,把地表滴灌的水分,直接引灌到一定深度的土壤层,实现土壤的越层灌溉,起到较好的灌水效果,根灌产品,安装简便,便于维护。     

Soil water variability under subsurface drip and furrow irrigation

Non-uniformities in soil hydraulic properties and infiltration rates are considered to be major reasons for the inefficiencies of some surface irrigation systems. These non-uniformities may cause non-uniformities in soil water contents and could potentially affect plant growth. To investigate whether the non-uniformities in soil water contents can be overcome by well-managed irrigation systems, fields with clay loam soils and planted to cotton were irrigated with a continuous-flow, a surge flow, and a subsurface drip system. Measurements of water contents in each field were taken throughout the growing season at several depths. The water contents measured within the top 0–0.9 m in the three irrigations systems were evaluated in terms of their spatial and temporal variabilities. The analyses indicated that on this soil, use of the surge flow system did not lead to increased spatial uniformities of soil water contents compared with the continuous-flow system. Use of the subsurface drip system resulted in very non-uniform soil water contents above the depth of the emitters. Variability in water contents below the emitter depth was comparable to the surface irrigation systems. Received: 26 March 1996     

地下滴灌施肥条件下土壤中氮行为模拟

以土壤水分运动的动力学方程和溶质运移的对流-弥散方程为基础,结合灌溉施肥过程中的初始和边界条件,建立了地下滴灌施肥条件下土壤水肥运动模拟模型,以SWM-2源代码为蓝本,模拟了新疆棉花地下滴灌施肥后土壤中氮的分布与变化过程。结果表明,地下滴灌条件下,施肥时机直接影响到土壤中氮的分布,施肥后冲洗管道1 h,使氮的运动在剖面上呈双峰曲线,以毛管为中心,氨态氮的运动局限于20 cm以内,其含量随时间延长而减少,同时向下层土壤运动;与氨态氮相比,硝态氮的运动范围略有增加,在垂直方向上向上运动大于向下运动。     

滴灌条件下砂壤土水分运动规律研究

采用多通道土壤水分自动测定系统,对风干砂壤土在滴灌条件下的水分入渗和水分再分布过程进行了模拟测定试验。根据测定结果,分析了在滴灌条件下湿润峰的运移速率、特征点的土壤含水率变化过程、湿润体内土壤水分的分布以及停止灌水后湿润体内水分的再分布等土壤水分运动特征。揭示了在点源供水条件下,湿润体内土壤含水率的分布从中心向外逐渐减小,含水率剖面具有三角形形状特征。供水停止后土壤水分再分布过程中,土壤湿润峰面不断向外部推移,湿润层土壤含水量开始有所增加,后期湿润体内的土壤含水量普遍降低,高含水区逐渐下移,最后达到相对稳定。     

间接地下滴灌下灌水量对枣树生理特征及果实品质的影响

通过小区试验,以地表滴灌为对照,探究红枣间接地下滴灌模式下水分的分布特征及不同灌水量对枣树生理生态指标、产量、品质的影响。间接地下滴灌下,最大的含水率出现在15~30cm土层处;而地表滴灌下,最大的含水率出现0~10cm土层处。枣树各生理生态指标,随灌水次数的增加,各处理性状差异逐渐增大,间接滴灌下中供水和高等供水枣树长势较好,低供水处理下红枣的糖分含量高,中供水处理下红枣的有机酸和VC含量高;地表滴灌处理枣树的平均单株产量高,但水分利用率最低,中供水处理不明显降低红枣单果质量和平均单株产量的前提下可以提高水分利用率;综合考虑枣树长势、产量、果实品质及水分利用率,中供水是间接地下滴灌下最佳的灌水量。     

葡萄分层地下滴灌滴头布设深度优化

为解决不同树龄葡萄根系的差异使得地下滴灌系统在布设应用中存在的困难,采用室内试验和HYDRUS-2D数值模拟相结合的方法,以宁夏和关中葡萄产区为例,研究了2种土质条件下分层地下滴灌土壤水分运动规律,提出了分层地下滴灌带最佳布设深度.研究结果表明,HYDRUS-2D模拟值与试验实测值具有良好的吻合度.地下滴灌带的埋深直接影响土壤水分的分布,2种土质下湿润体内部处于最佳含水率区间的土壤体积随滴头间距的增加而增大.通过适当增大浅层滴头埋深并减小深层滴头埋深可减小表层水分无效损耗.从避免水分无效消耗以及提高湿润体与根系匹配效果等角度出发,建议关中地区葡萄单滴头灌溉且适宜滴灌带布设深度为20 cm;宁夏贺兰山地区滴灌带布设深度以15 cm和45 cm为宜.     

不同滴灌方式下咸水灌溉对棉花根系分布的影响

通过大田试验研究了不同滴灌方式利用咸水灌溉对棉花根系分布的影响。结果表明,2种滴灌方式下土壤中的水分和盐分在1 m土体内随土壤深度的增加和咸水浓度的增加而增加,且由于滴头的洗盐作用,地表滴灌和地下滴灌方式下土壤中的水盐分布深度均有所下移。正是由于水盐在土壤有这样的分布特征,2种滴灌方式下不同盐度咸水灌溉后,作物不仅可以感受到变化了的环境信息,而且自发地改变结构形态、空间构型,即增加根长、根干重、根半径以及根表面积,对盐胁迫做出适应性的根系形态变化。     

微润灌溉技术在大棚娃娃菜种植中的应用

微润灌水器是一种新型的微灌设备,为了更好的推广应用这一设备,本文将微润灌溉技术在大棚中进行应用。试验通过对比微润灌与滴灌两种灌水器、灌水器地表和地下两种应用形式对娃娃菜生长、耗水及产量等的影响,结果表明：在娃娃菜生长期内,各处理灌水量、株高和日耗水量均随着生育期的进行先增大后减小;不同处理之间,微润灌溉娃娃菜全生育期灌水量、株高、展开外叶片数、根面积、根长、日耗水量、全生育期总耗水量和产量高于滴灌灌溉,且同一种灌水器,除灌水量、日耗水量和全生育期总耗水量外,地下灌溉各指标均高于地表灌溉;水分利用效率从大到小依次为地下滴灌>地下微润灌>地表微润灌>地表滴灌。由此可见,微润灌溉尤其是地下微润灌溉适宜用于温室作物灌溉。     

HYDRUS simulations of the effects of dual-drip subsurface irrigation and a physical barrier on water movement and solute transport in soils

Subsurface drip irrigation systems, compared to other irrigation systems, enhance the delivery of water and nutrients directly into the root zone. However, in light-textured soils, certain quantities of water may percolate below the root zone due to the subsurface position of drip lines and/or poor management of irrigation systems. The main objective of this paper is to evaluate three technologies to enhance a spatial distribution of water and solutes in the root zone and to limit downward leaching. The three technologies include (a) a physical barrier, (b) a dual-drip system with concurrent irrigation, and (c) a dual-drip system with sequential irrigation. To achieve this objective, we performed computer simulations using the HYDRUS (2D/3D) software for both bare and vegetated soils. The results indicate that the physical barrier is more efficient than dual-drip systems in enhancing the water distribution in the root zone while preventing downward leaching. On the other hand, the dual-drip system improves water distribution in sandy soils. Additionally, the dual-drip system with sequential irrigation, followed by the dual-drip system with concurrent irrigation, is the most efficient in limiting downward leaching of solutes.     

Dynamics and modeling of soil water under subsurface drip irrigated onion

Subsurface drip irrigation provides water to the plants around the root zone while maintaining a dry soil surface. A problem associated with the subsurface drip irrigation is the formation of cavity at the soil surface above the water emission points. This can be resolved through matching dripper flow rates to the soil hydraulic properties. Such a matching can be obtained either by the field experiments supplemented by modeling. Simulation model (Hydrus-2D) was used and tested in onion crop (Allium cepa L.) irrigated through subsurface drip system during 2002-2003, 2003-2004 and 2004-2005. Onion was transplanted at a plant to plant and row to row spacing of 10 cm × 15 cm with 3 irrigation levels and 6 depths of placement of drip lateral. The specific objective of this study was to assess the effect of depth of placement of drip laterals on crop yield and application of Hydrus-2D model for the simulation of soil water. In sandy loam soils, it was observed that operating pressures of up to 1.0 kg cm⁻² did not lead to the formation of cavity above the subsurface dripper having drippers of 2.0 l h⁻¹ discharge at depths up to 30 cm. Wetted soil area of 60 cm wide and up to a depth of 30 cm had more than 18% soil water content, which was conducive for good growth of crop resulting in higher onion yields when drip laterals were placed either on soil surface or placed up to depths of 15 cm. In deeper placement of drip lateral (20 and 30 cm below surface), adequate soil water was found at 30, 45 and 60 cm soil depth. Maximum drainage occurred when drip lateral was placed at 30 cm depth. Maximum onion yield was recorded at 10 cm depth of drip lateral (25.7 t ha⁻¹). The application of Hydrus-2D confirmed the movement of soil water at 20 and 30 cm depth of placement of drip laterals. The model performance in simulating soil water was evaluated by comparing the measured and predicted values using three parameters namely, AE, RMSE and model efficiency. Distribution of soil water under field experiment and by model simulation at different growth stages agreed closely and the differences were statistically insignificant. The use of Hydrus-2D enabled corroborating the conclusions derived from the field experimentation made on soil water distribution at different depths of placement of drip laterals. This model helped in designing the subsurface drip system for efficient use of water with minimum drainage.     

水温对滴灌土壤水分入渗特性的影响

为了解水温对滴灌土壤水分入渗特性的影响,通过室内滴灌入渗模拟试验,研究了滴灌条件下西安粉壤土在不同水温(4,20,30,40 ℃)时的水分入渗特性．结果表明:水平和垂直湿润锋运移距离均随着入渗时间的延长而增大,相同入渗历时,入渗水温越高,滴头流量越大,入渗的水量越多,湿润锋运移距离越大;分别建立了滴灌条件下不同温度水分入渗时水平和垂直湿润锋运移距离与入渗时间和水温的关系模型,其相关系数均大于097．湿润体的平均含水量与入渗水温和时间密切相关,入渗水温越高,土体平均含水量越小;含水率等值线随着到滴头距离由近到远而从疏到密分布,离滴头越近,土壤含水率越高;随着入渗水温的不断升高,入渗到同一深度所需时间逐渐减小,对土层温度的影响越大,在入渗400 min内以土面至土面以下15 cm深度范围内的土温变化更为突出．结论可为更合理发展滴灌技术提供参考依据．     

灌溉方式和灌水下限对温室青茄生长、耗水特性及产量的影响

【目的】探明插入式地下滴灌和地表滴灌条件下,不同灌水下限对温室新乡糙青茄(Solanum melongena L.)的生长、耗水特性及产量的影响。【方法】试验设置2种灌溉方式:插入式地下滴灌(SDI-R)、地表滴灌(DI)。灌水下限设置4个水平:开花坐果期60%θF、成熟采摘期60%θF(F60M60);开花坐果期60%θF、成熟采摘期70%θF(F60M70);开花坐果期70%θF、成熟采摘期60%θF(F70M60);开花坐果期70%θF、成熟采摘期70%θF(F70M70),处理简称为T1(DI,F60M60)、T2(SDI-R,F60M60)、T3(DI,F60M70)、T4(SDI-R,F60M70)、T5(DI,F70M60)、T6(SDI-R,F70M60)、T7(DI,F70M70)、T8(SDI-R,F70M70)。研究了不同处理对温室青茄的株高、根干物质、产量、耗水特性及水分利用效率的影响。【结果】SDI-R处理的青茄株高和总根干质量均高于DI处理的;SDI-R处理的总耗水量和各生育阶段的耗水量均小于DI处理的,2种灌水方式中T7处理和T8处理总耗水量最大,分别为338.09 mm和331.25mm,4种灌水下限下,DI处理较SDI-R处理分别高2.06%～16.67%;SDI-R灌水方式中的T4处理的产量和水分利用效率最大,分别为56 046.30 kg/hm~2和20.43 kg/m3,DI条件下T7处理的产量和水分利用效率最高,分别为51 546.30kg/hm~2和15.24 kg/m3,T4处理显著高于T7处理(P<0.05)。【结论】插入式地下滴灌相对于地表滴灌能达到增产节水的目的,且插入式地下滴灌开花坐果期和成熟采摘期的灌水下限宜分别设为田间持水率的60%和70%。     

滴灌土壤湿润体特性室外试验研究

采用室外试验研究与理论分析相结合的方法,在陕北米脂山地微灌枣树示范基地进行原状土的滴灌入渗试验,对单点源入渗情况下,不同滴头流量和灌水历时对湿润体形状、大小与湿润锋运移规律的影响,及不同参数组合情况下土壤水分的分布与再分布规律进行研究,结果表明：湿润体的形状近似为半椭球体;湿润锋的水平、垂向入渗距离分别与入渗时间具有极显著的幂函数关系;土壤含水率与湿润体特征值之间存在极显著的二项式函数关系,利用该函数关系能够精确地表示出滴灌单点源入渗土壤湿润体的水分分布与再分布过程,简单、易操作。     

滴灌水温对土壤入渗和土壤温度的影响

为了解水温对滴灌土壤入渗特征和土壤温度的影响,研制一套恒温试验装置,可使水温变化控制在±0.5 ℃范围内,选择5,20,35 ℃作为试验水温,进行不同水温室内滴灌入渗试验,分析各水温下土壤水分入渗和土壤温度变化特征.结果表明:在相同时段内,随滴灌水温升高,水平和垂直湿润锋运移距离增大,垂直湿润锋运移速率增大.分别建立水平、垂直湿润锋运移距离与入渗时间和滴灌水温的关系模型,决定系数R²均大于0.99.湿润土体平均含水量与入渗时间关系不大,但随入渗水温的升高而减小.土壤水分扩散率与水温成正比;水温升高,饱和导水率随之增大,二者呈指数函数关系;土壤吸持水分的能力随温度的升高而降低.不同灌溉水温改变了土体中的温度分布,随着距滴头距离的增加,由水温引起的土壤温度的变化量逐渐减小.结论可为指导大田和温室滴灌技术提供理论依据.     

贺兰山东麓砂质酿酒葡萄园土壤水分分布研究

针对贺兰山东麓砂质酿酒葡萄园漏水漏肥,水分利用率低等问题,采用田间试验,分别设置沟灌、单管滴灌和双管滴灌的方式,研究土壤水分分布及葡萄需水规律,从而制定适宜的灌溉制度。结果表明,沟灌水分下渗基本在70cm内的根系分布层,灌溉后期含水率低,灌溉周期为13d;双管滴灌水平侧渗区域主要集中在20～45cm的葡萄毛根活动区域,垂直入渗在在60cm根系分布区内,灌溉周期为9d;单管滴灌垂直下渗速率高于侧渗速率,灌溉周期为7d。单管滴灌方式便于大规模的葡萄机械化管理,最佳水分管理方式为增加单次灌溉时间让单次灌水量达到450m3/hm2。     

地下滴灌条件下棉花土壤水分运移田间试验研究

在棉花大田实地测量的基础上,对地下滴灌条件下棉花不同生育期内土壤含水量进行分析,同时对实际应用效果进行监测,结果表明:地下滴灌影响土壤水分变化深度主要为20~60 cm,棉花根系主要集中在15~50 cm。通过对棉花常规地面沟灌、膜下滴灌和地下滴灌土壤水分变化试验研究分析和应用效果监测,棉花地下滴灌节水增产效果显著。     

灌水模式及下限对滴灌棉花产量和品质的影响

为探索滴灌条件下棉花优质高效灌溉指标,在新疆石河子研究了地下滴灌(SSDI)和膜下滴灌(SDI)条件下不同灌水控制下限对棉花耗水量、品质以及水分利用率的影响.结果表明,相同滴灌模式,棉花蕾期耗水量随灌水控制下限的提高而增加,花铃期水分胁迫处理的棉花阶段耗水量普遍低于对照处理;蕾期适度水分胁迫(灌水控制下限为60% FC)花铃期充分供水(灌水控制下限为75% FC)处理(SDI-7和SSDI-7)有利于籽棉产量的提高,与对照处理相比,籽棉产量提高了14.48%(SDI-7)和11.60%(SSDI-7);水分处理对棉花衣分、棉纤维整齐度的影响不明显,蕾期和花铃期水分胁迫对棉纤维上半部平均长度的影响随水分胁迫程度的加重而加剧,蕾期适度水分胁迫(灌水控制下限为60% FC)有利于棉纤维断裂比强度的提高.相同水分处理,地下滴灌棉花产量和灌溉水利用率均高于膜下滴灌棉花.与对照处理相比,蕾期和花铃期灌水控制下限分别为60% FC和75% FC,灌水定额为30 mm处理在节约灌溉水的同时提高了籽棉产量并改善了棉纤维品质,可作为石河子垦区滴灌棉花适宜的灌水指标.     

Effect of modern irrigation methods on growth and energy production of sweet sorghum (var. Keller) on a dry year in Central Greece

The subject of this project is to estimate the growth and productivity of sweet sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.)] var. Keller, under two different irrigation methods – the conventional surface drip method (two treatments) and the subsurface drip method – in a dry year in Central Greece, as an energy crop for the production of bio-ethanol. A field experiment was carried out on the experimental farm of the University of Thessaly during 2005, comprising of a completely randomized block design with four treatments in four blocks, including control (non-irrigated). In the treatments of surface drip method the evapotranspiration needs were satisfied by using full (100% ETm) and supplement (80% ETm) irrigation doses, while in the treatments of subsurface drip method only supplement irrigation water was used (80% ETm) with the aim of more efficient water conservation. Irrigation was fully automated, and application depths were determined, using a class A open evaporation pan for matching the evapotranspiration needs. The growth of the crop was measured by means of plant height and leaf area index, which were determined periodically throughout the growing period. Fresh and dry biomass productions were measured over six harvests covering the entire growth and production process of cultivation. The results of the first year demonstrated a clear superiority of the subsurface drip method on plant heights, leaf area index and total fresh and dry biomass production compared with the surface drip method for equal values of irrigation water. Maximum yield was attained by mid-September, before crop maturation, something which should be taken into consideration when choosing the best harvesting time of the crop. After late September, large negative growth rates were recorded, resulting in an appreciable drop in the final fresh and dry matter yield.     

通气与水分再分布对地下滴灌湿润体导气率的影响

利用瞬态土壤导气率测算模型,研究了室内模拟地下滴灌土壤导气率的变化,分析了通气与灌后水分再分布对地下滴灌湿润体土壤导气率的影响。结果表明:地下滴灌湿润体内供气压力与时间呈良好的线性关系,导气特征参数与土壤导气率呈极显著的线性关系;容重为1.3、1.4和1.5g/cm3的风干土样在灌水停止时,棕壤土的导气率分别减小至灌水前的8.9%、22.7%和49.9%,塿土的导气率分别减小至灌水前的2.7%、5.4%和9.8%,灌后土壤水分再分布过程中,土壤导气率呈缓慢增长趋势;灌后人工通气可迅速提高地下滴灌湿润体土壤导气率,通气5min后,棕壤土的导气率分别提高至灌水前干土的64.1%、54.1%和79.9%,是停止灌水时的7.3倍、2.5倍和1.6倍,塿土的导气率分别提高至灌水前的79.9%、84.1%和80.8%,是停止灌水时的30.5倍、15.3倍和8.4倍。