基于联合收获机平台的覆秸式油菜联合播种机研制

针对长江中下游稻油轮作区水稻收获后留茬高、传统旋耕装置秸秆还田能力不足导致油菜成苗率不高等问题,该研究设计了一种基于联合收获机平台的覆秸式油菜联合播种机。为提高机具通过性,结合曲柄滑块机构运动原理,根据运动学分析对悬挂装置结构进行改进,增大后悬挂装置离地间隙;为实现秸秆覆盖还田,基于联合收获机脱粒装置结构特点增设秸秆粉碎侧抛装置,对秸秆粉碎和抛送过程开展动力学和运动学分析,确定了秸秆粉碎和铺放质量的影响因素。以机具前进速度、发动机动力输出转速为试验因素,以碎土率、厢面平整度、秸秆粉碎合格率和秸秆铺放均匀性为试验指标,开展单因素试验与二因素三水平中心复合试验,得到各因素对试验指标的影响规律及响应面模型。试验结果表明,前进速度和发动机动力输出转速对种床质量及秸秆粉碎铺放效果均影响显著（P＜0.05）,在前进速度2.89 km/h、发动机动力输出转速2210 r/min时碎土率为85.65%,厢面平整度为20.06 mm,秸秆粉碎合格率为90.31%,秸秆铺放均匀性为89.33%,机具作业效果较优。对优化后的作业参数进行圆整并开展验证试验,结果表明,在前进速度3 km/h、发动机动力输出转速2 200 r/min时,碎土率为85.69%,厢面平整度为21.32 mm,秸秆粉碎合格率为89.35%,秸秆铺放均匀性为88.07%,与理论值的偏差分别为0.04个百分点、1.26 mm、0.96和1.26个百分点。研究结果可为油菜机械化播种和一机多用提供新思路。     

定甩刀防缠式香蕉秸秆粉碎还田机设计与试验

针对香蕉秸秆粉碎机具缠绕造成秸秆粉碎率不达标等问题,该研究设计了一种定甩刀防缠式香蕉秸秆粉碎还田机。在粉碎过程中,粉碎定刀与高速运转中的Y型甩刀对香蕉秸秆形成三点支撑,进而实现秸秆粉碎与避免秸秆缠绕。其中,Y型甩刀由2个L型刀片组合的Y型粉碎刀与甩刀构成。确定了各关键部件的结构参数、动定刀排列组合方式及香蕉秸秆粉碎过程受力分析,明确了影响粉碎效果的主要因素为机具前进速度、粉碎刀辊转速以及Y型甩刀折弯角。以前进速度、刀辊转速和甩刀折弯角为试验因素,以香蕉秸秆粉碎合格率和抛撒不均匀度为评价指标,进行三水平三因素正交田间试验,确定优化参数组合为前进速度1.85 m/s,刀辊转速1 500 r/min,Y型甩刀片折弯角140°,此时香蕉秸秆粉碎合格率为95.1%,抛撒不均匀度为14.6%,满足香蕉秸秆粉碎作业性能要求。与已有秸秆粉碎机进行性能对比试验,结果表明,该研究研制的定甩刀防缠式香蕉秸秆粉碎还田机秸秆粉碎合格率提高了1.7个百分点,防缠性能更优。该机具的研制对解决蕉区秸秆粉碎还田关键技术问题具有重要意义和应用价值。     

1JHL-2型秸秆深埋还田机设计与试验

为了改善土壤耕层结构,协调土壤水、肥、气矛盾,有机养分消耗与积累矛盾,实现秸秆深埋还田,研制了1JHL-2型秸秆深埋还田机,主要由秸秆粉碎装置、螺旋开沟装置、输送装置、落料装置和覆土装置等组成。该机具收集两垄秸秆埋于一条垄沟,可实现秸秆垄沟隔行交替深埋,一次完成秸秆粉碎、收集、开沟、深埋、镇压等多项作业,适用于东北平原中南部棕壤土区合理耕层构建的秸秆深埋还田的技术要求。通过对秸秆在输送装置上的斜抛运动分析和土壤颗粒相对于螺旋式开沟器动力学分析,确定了机具的结构参数与性能参数:秸秆粉碎装置的作业幅宽为120 cm,输送装置的工作宽度为80 cm,螺旋式开沟器开沟宽度为40 cm;秸秆粉碎轴转速为1 620 r/min,Y型甩刀的刀尖线速度为40 m/s,输送带带速为1.416 m/s。通过田间试验得到,在机具前进速度为3 km/h,开沟装置转速为270 r/min,开沟深度为28 cm的情况下,秸秆切碎合格率为93.5%,秸秆深埋率为92%。达到了秸秆深埋还田、增强土壤有机质的要求,实现虚实并存的耕层结构,为秸秆深埋还田机的设计和评价提供参考。     

砍切式玉米秸秆还田机的设计与试验

针对中国北方一年两熟区玉米收获后地表秸秆量大,甩刀式秸秆还田机粉碎长度合格率低,影响后续小麦少免耕播种等问题,基于四连杆机构往复运动原理,利用地表作为支撑,提出了利用砍切对秸秆切段还田的思路,进而研发出一种砍切式玉米秸秆还田机。为避免后续小麦播种时出现拥堵现象,设计秸秆切断长度不超过小麦窄行行距的一半(6 cm);通过理论计算和动力学仿真分析,优化了切刀的运动轨迹并确定切秆装置各杆件尺寸并分析了机具切割功耗为28.39 kW;利用ANSYS软件对切刀进行有限元静力分析,切刀力学性能满足设计要求。田间对比试验结果表明,在玉米收获后秸秆全量保留的条件下,与甩刀式秸秆还田机相比,砍切式秸秆还田机粉碎后秸秆平均长度短0.73 cm,秸秆长度不合格率小5个百分点,秸秆长度变异系数小0.218;机具运行平稳性试验表明砍切式玉米秸秆还田机振动略大于甩刀式玉米秸秆还田机,但差异不显著,该机平稳性满足作业要求;切刀入土平均深度为7.71 cm,可明显降低0~10 cm土层土壤容重;后续播种试验试验表明在砍切式秸秆还田机作业后地表进行播种时,播种机无拥堵现象且播种深度合格率比甩刀式大2.3个百分点。该文研究成果能够为中国北方一年两熟区玉米秸秆还田提供一种新型装备,有利于促进秸秆还田技术的推广。     

差速锯切式水稻秸秆粉碎还田机设计与试验

为解决东北稻区秸秆粉碎质量不达标、影响后期作业的问题,该文基于差速锯切原理,设计了一种秸秆粉碎还田机,可实现锯盘刀与粉碎刀同向差速配合,提高切削秸秆的摩擦力及相对线速度,以达到支撑锯切的目的,改善秸秆粉碎效果。通过理论分析,对粉碎刀和锯盘刀等关键部件进行设计;利用Fluent仿真分析,得到正扇叶型粉碎刀能够提高粉碎腔内风速;对秸秆切碎过程进行动力学分析,确定影响粉碎效果的主要因素为粉碎刀转速及其与锯盘刀间的倾斜角度。选取粉碎刀转速和倾斜角度作为试验因素,以秸秆粉碎平均长度和秸秆粉碎长度合格率为评价指标,进行二因素三水平田间试验,结果表明:粉碎刀转速和倾斜角度对秸秆粉碎平均长度和秸秆粉碎长度合格率均有显著影响。综合考虑秸秆粉碎效果和功耗等因素,最终确定优化组合为粉碎刀转速1800 r/min,倾斜角度65°,相应的锯盘刀转速为600 r/min。优化组合条件下的田间试验结果为:秸秆粉碎平均长度9.58cm,长度10cm以下的秸秆占93.23%,秸秆抛撒不均匀度20.89%,满足东北稻区秸秆粉碎抛撒质量要求。通过与现有秸秆粉碎还田机进行性能对比试验,得出研制的差速锯切式水稻秸秆粉碎还田机秸秆粉碎效果更优,后期翻耕秸秆掩埋率达98.92%。机具的设计对解决东北稻区秸秆还田关键技术问题具有重要意义和应用价值。     

秸秆还田对土壤还原性和水稻根系生长及产量的影响

为明确油菜秸秆还田对土壤环境及水稻根系生长的影响,该研究采用田间试验与栽培模拟试验相结合的方法,分析了油菜秸秆还田后,稻田土壤氧化还原电位(EH值)、还原性物质总量和Fe2+含量的变化规律及水稻苗期根系数量、质量、体积、长度和伤流强度等的变化规律。结果表明,1)油菜秸秆覆盖或翻埋条件下,稻田土壤氧化还原电位日均变化量(RCEH值)表现为先降低后增加的趋势,而土壤还原性物质总量日均变化量(RCRRM值)和土壤二价铁含量日均变化量(RCFe值)表现为先增加后降低的趋势;其中水稻移栽后14~18 d土壤RCEH值最低,移栽后10~14 d和14~22 d土壤RCRRM值(0.28~0.62 cmol/(kg·d))和RCFe值(5.0~31.6μg/(kg·d))达到最大。2)油菜秸秆覆盖或翻埋条件下,随着秸秆还田量的增加,水稻根系总量(数量、质量、体积和长度)、白根数量和根系伤流强度显著降低;与覆盖相比,油菜秸秆翻埋对水稻根系伤流日均变化量(RC_(RBI))的影响时间更长,水稻根系体积日均变化量(RCRVT值)和质量日均变化量(RCRQT值)的缓慢增长期延长了4 d。3)水稻移栽后10~22 d,油菜秸秆还田对稻田土壤环境和水稻根系生长的影响最显著;移栽后27~32 d,油菜秸秆还田对水稻根系生长的影响程度显著降低。油菜秸秆还田条件下,随着秸秆还田量增加,水稻苗期的土壤氧化还原电位显著降低,土壤还原性物质总量和Fe2+含量显著增加;水稻根系总量(数量、质量、体积和长度)和根系活力(白根数量和根系伤流强度)显著降低。在四川油稻两熟区,油菜秸秆还田量以全量还田为宜,适宜机械作业的田块以油菜秸秆翻埋还田为宜。     

V-L型秸秆粉碎还田刀片设计与试验

针对秸秆粉碎还田刀片工作过程中存在的刀片易磨损、粉碎效果不理想和稳定性差等问题,通过分析现有刀片的优缺点,设计了一种V-L型秸秆粉碎还田刀片,具有延长刀片的使用寿命、提高秸秆粉碎效果和作业效率等优点。通过分析拖拉机前进速度、刀辊转速以及二者相互作用对秸秆粉碎率的影响,确定了刀片工作参数的最佳组合:拖拉机进速度为1 m/s,刀辊转速为1 400 r/min。通过2因素3水平正交试验,确定了刀片结构参数的最佳组合:刀片前倾角为10°,刃线与地面夹角为14°。对安装V-L型刀片的秸秆粉碎还田机整机作业效果进行了田间试验,结果表明各项指标均达到了国家相关标准的技术要求。该研究可为秸秆粉碎还田刀片设计提供参考。     

棉秆粉碎及地膜随动集条机设计与试验

针对现有残膜回收机在棉田残膜回收过程中存在边膜回收难、回收残膜含杂率高的问题以及后续残膜捡拾打包运输的需要,该研究根据棉秆和残膜处理分段作业要求设计了一种棉秆粉碎及地膜随动集条机,可完成棉秆粉碎还田及残膜集条作业。将粉碎的棉秆被抛送至集条装置后方侧面交接行,解决了现有秸秆粉碎残膜回收联合作业时存在棉秆与残膜同时被捡拾的问题。以机具前进速度、秸秆粉碎刀轴中心离地高度和指盘入土深度为主要因素,以地膜集条率、秸秆粉碎长度合格率和残膜含杂率为响应值,进行三因素三水平二次回归试验,得到各指标的响应面数学模型,分析了各因素对作业效果的影响。结果表明,机具前进速度对地膜集条率影响极显著,指盘入土深度影响显著,秸秆粉碎刀轴中心离地高度无显著影响;机具前进速度和秸秆粉碎刀轴中心离地高度对秸秆粉碎长度合格率影响极显著,指盘入土深度无显著影响;机具前进速度和指盘入土深度对残膜含杂率影响极显著,秸秆粉碎刀轴中心离地高度影响显著。验证试验结果表明,机具前进速度为5 km/h、秸秆粉碎刀轴中心离地高度为340 mm和指盘入土深度为60 mm时,地膜集条率为94.5%,秸秆粉碎长度合格率为96.5%,残膜含杂率为20.2%,作业性能满足要求。研究结果可为棉秆粉碎及地膜随动集条机最佳工作参数的选择提供参考。     

稻秸还田方式对酸性和碱性土壤养分含量、微生物数量及油菜生长的影响

本研究于2017～2018年在中国农业科学院油料作物研究所网室,以油菜为供试作物,用土培盆栽的方法,设秸秆不还田(对照)、秸秆焚烧后灰烬与土壤混匀还田、秸秆粉碎与土壤混匀还田、秸秆粉碎覆盖还田4个处理,研究稻秸还田方式对酸、碱性土壤养分形态与含量、微生物数量和油菜生长的影响,以期选出适合酸、碱性土壤的稻秸还田方式。结果表明:(1)稻秸还田方式对油菜各生育时期土壤速效养分含量影响显著。土壤碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾的含量以秸秆粉碎与土壤混匀还田处理增加最多,该处理成熟期在酸性土壤上比对照、秸秆焚烧后灰烬与土壤混匀还田和秸秆粉碎覆盖还田处理各养分平均分别增加48%、10%和47%。(2)4种稻秸还田方式对土壤真菌、细菌、放线菌的数量变化均产生影响,但是秸秆粉碎与土壤混匀还田在酸性土壤上促进真菌数量的增加,该还田方式在碱性土壤上对增加细菌和放线菌数量效果显著。(3)各生育时期油菜生物量以秸秆粉碎覆盖还田方式为最高,且酸性土壤高于碱性土壤。总之,秸秆粉碎与土壤混匀还田在酸性土壤上效果最好,更利于提高土壤养分含量、土壤微生物数量及油菜生物量;而在碱性土壤上则以秸秆覆盖还田方式最好。可见根据土壤酸碱度等因素因地制宜地选择适宜的秸秆还田方式是必要的。     

滑切防缠式香蕉秸秆还田机设计与试验

针对香蕉秸秆富含纤维且含水率高等物理特性,现有的秸秆与根茬粉碎还田机田间作业时存在着切割阻力大,秸秆纤维易缠绕等问题。采用理论建模方法确定了秸秆滑切刀片的刀刃曲线方程;设计阐述了还田机的关键结构参数,该文研制出一种滑切防缠式香蕉秸秆还田机,并阐述了还田机械的总体机构与工作原理,同时对其秸秆粉碎率以及功耗进行田间试验。结果表明:各因素对香蕉秸秆粉碎率和功耗影响的显著性顺序从大至小依次均为秸秆粉碎刀辊转速、灭茬刀辊转速、机器前进速度。当机器前进速度为1.39 m/s、秸秆粉碎刀辊转速为1 600 r/min、灭茬刀辊转速为500 r/min时,香蕉秸秆粉碎率为95.2%,功耗为4.96 k W。在最优工作参数情况下,实际香蕉秸秆粉碎率为94.9%,实际功耗为5.1 k W,与软件分析值(95.2%、4.96 k W)间的误差分别为0.31个百分点、0.27%,验证了分析的可信性。通过与甩刀式立式香蕉秸秆粉碎还田机进行性能对比试验,得出所研制的滑切防缠式香蕉秸秆还田机秸秆粉碎率提高1.94个百分点,功耗降低11.3%。该机器的设计为中国南方热带地区香蕉秸秆还田技术的推广与应用提供了基础。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.