Temperature sensitivity of mineral N transformation rates, and heterotrophic nitrification: possible factors controlling the post-disturbance mineral N flush in forest floors

A major forest disturbance such as clearcutting may bring on a flush of mineral N in organic forest floor horizons, but the magnitude of this flush can vary markedly from one ecosystem to another. For example, it was previously established that clearcutting in a high elevation Engelmann spruce-subalpine fir (ESSF) ecosystem results in significantly higher NH₄⁺ and NO₃⁻ concentrations, whereas clearcutting in an old-growth coastal western hemlock (CWH) ecosystem has little effect on mineral N dynamics. We hypothesized that the higher mineral N flush observed in the ESSF ecosystem is due to a greater temperature sensitivity of mineral N transformation rates, and to a lower proportion of heterotrophic nitrifiers, compared to the CWH ecosystem. To test these two hypotheses, we sampled forest floors several times over the growing season from clearcut and old-growth plots in both ecosystems, and measured gross mineral N transformation rates at field temperatures and at 10 °C above field temperatures, as well as with and without acetylene to inhibit autotrophic nitrifiers. Gross NH₄⁺ transformations rates ranged between 20 and 120 μg N (g forest floor)⁻¹ day⁻¹ at the ESSF site, and between 15 and 40 μg N (g forest floor)⁻¹ day⁻¹ at the CWH site. Higher temperature increased gross NH₄⁺ transformation rates in forest floor samples at both sites, but the average Q₁₀ value was higher at the ESSF site (3.15) than at the CWH site (1.25). Temperature sensitivity at the ESSF site was greater in clearcut plots (Q₁₀=4.31) than in old-growth plots (Q₁₀=1.98). Gross NO₃⁻ transformation rates ranged between 10 and 32 μg N (g forest floor)⁻¹ day⁻¹ at the ESSF site, and between 10 and 24 μg N (g forest floor)⁻¹ day⁻¹ at the CWH site, but there were no significant effects of temperature or clearcutting on gross NO₃⁻ transformation rates at either site. Likewise, there were no significant differences in the proportion of heterotrophic nitrifiers between sites. Overall, our results support the view that the temperature sensitivity of microbial processes may explain the magnitude of the NH₄⁺ flush in some coniferous ecosystems, but we lack the evidence relating the magnitude of the NO₃⁻ flush to the proportion of heterotrophic nitrifiers.     

水分状态、土壤类型和氮素种类对氧化亚氮和甲烷排放的影响

Specific management of water regimes, soil and N in China might play an important role in regulating N2O and CH4 emissions in rice fields. Nitrous oxide and methane emissions from alternate non-flooded/flooded paddies were monitored simultaneously during a 516-day incubation with lysimeter experiments. Two N sources （^15N-（NH4）2SO4 and ^15N-labeled milk vetch） were applied to two contrasting paddies： one derived from Xiashu loess （Loess） and one from Quaternary red clay （Clay）. Both N2O and CH4 emissions were significantly higher in soil Clay than in soil Loess during the flooded period. For both soil, N2O emissions peaked at the transition periods shortly after the beginning of the flooded and non-flooded seasons. Soil type affected N2O emission patterns. In soil Clay, the emission peak during the transition period from non-flooded to flooded conditions was much higher than the peak during the transition period from flooded to non-flooded conditions. In soil Loess, the emission peak during the transition period from flooded to non-flooded conditions was obviously higher than the peak during the transition period from non-flooded to flooded conditions except for milk vetch treatment. Soil type also had a significant effect on CH4 emissions during the flooded season, over which the weighted average flux was 111 mg C m^-2 h^-1 and 2.2 mg C m^-2 h^-1 from Clay and Loess, respectively. Results indicated that it was the transition in the water regime that dominated N2O emissions while it was the soil type that dominated CH4 emissions during the flooded season. Anaerobic oxidation of methane possibly existed in soil Loess during the flooded season.     

Constraining the conditions conducive to dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium in temperate arable soils

Here we offer the first assessment of conditions conducive to dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) in temperate arable soils, through an examination of the potential for this process to occur in a range of soils of contrasting characteristics. NH₄¹⁵NO₃ (6.2 g N m⁻², 25 atom % excess ¹⁵N) was applied, and recovery of ¹⁵N in the pool taken as indicative of occurrence of DNRA. Up to 5% of applied ¹⁵N was recovered in the pool 2 d after addition of N, glucose (44.6 g C m⁻²) and l-cysteine (7.7 g m⁻², 0.9 g N m⁻², 2.3 g C m⁻²). concentrations were positively correlated with soil pH, ratio, bulk density, sand content and concentration, but negatively correlated with soil C and organic N content. Our results demonstrate the potential for DNRA to contribute to N cycling in temperate arable soils, but its detection and significance is likely to depend on the provision of a low molecular weight C source.     

两种水稻土氮初级矿化和硝化速率及其与氮肥利用率的关系

摘　要 　高氮肥施用量和低氮肥利用率是我国水稻生产可持续性发展面临的问题之一。氮肥损失途径与肥料进入土壤后的转化过程息息相关。了解水稻土中氮素转化过程并进行定量描述有助于提高人们对稻田氮素损失途径的认识水平。为此,本研究开展了连续2年的大田实验,测定了稻麦轮作条件下江苏淮安碱性水稻土（潮黄土,pH=8.3）和宜兴中性水稻土（黄泥土,pH=6.2）作物氮肥利用效率;同时采用15N同位素稀释方法,开展室内好氧培养实验,估算了两种土壤中的氮素初级矿化和硝化速率,以此解释田间试验中氮肥利用率差异的原因。田间试验结果表明,在获得相似的水稻或小麦产量的情况下,淮安潮黄土氮肥需用量高于宜兴中性水稻土,而氮肥利用率却低于宜兴黄泥土。15N室内培养实验结果表明,供试潮黄土氮素初级矿化和硝化速率均较黄泥土高,其较高的pH可能是主要原因。 潮黄土中相对较高的初级矿化和硝化速率可能会导致更多的NO3--N 在土壤中短暂累积,不能被作物及时吸收利用的NO3--N 便可通过各种途径损失掉。这可能是造成两种稻田土壤田间氮肥利用率差异的原因之一。     

养猪场处理尾水灌溉对太湖地区水稻土硝酸根异化还原为铵的影响

以太湖地区的湖白土和乌栅土为研究对象,通过室内15N 示踪实验研究了低浓度废水灌溉对土壤异化硝酸根还原为铵（DNRA）的影响。乌栅土DNRA速率和相对潜势分别为0.68 ~ 0.79 mg N kg-1干土 天-1和34.61 ~ 44.45%;湖白土DNRA速率和相对潜势分别为1.14 ~ 1.41 mg N kg-1干土 天-1和54.24 ~ 106.70%。低浓度废水对2种土壤的DNRA速率均影响不大;低浓度废水对湖白土DNRA相对潜势影响不大而明显降低了乌栅土DNRA相对潜势。相关分析表明,土壤DNRA相对潜势与培养开始（r = 0.836,p < 0.05,n = 6）和结束（r = 0.936,p < 0.01,n = 6）时的土壤溶解有机碳 / 硝态氮（DOC / NO3-N）均显著正相关,而与培养始末土壤Eh和DOC含量的相关性不显著。以上研究结果表明,太湖地区乌栅土具有较高的DNRA潜势,实践上有可能通过调控DNRA过程实现保持土壤氮素而减少农田氮损失的目的;尾水灌溉主要通过改变土壤DOC / NO3-N而影响DNRA对NO3-异化还原的贡献且其影响因土壤类型而异。     

免耕对黑土春夏季节温度和水分的影响

通过田间定位试验,研究免耕与常规耕作对东北黑土区玉米和大豆生长早期土壤温度和水分的影响。研究结果表明:播种前,由于免耕与常规耕作(秋翻)覆盖率和含水量不同,免耕处理的玉米和大豆小区土壤的白天5cm地温均低于常规耕作处理,夜间差异不大;相同深度的玉米和大豆秋翻处理土壤日平均温度分别比免耕高0. 7℃和0. 5℃;随土壤深度的增加,土壤温度的差异逐渐减小。播种后,除了下午免耕5cm地温略低于秋翻外,下午至夜间免耕的10cm和15cm地温,均略高于秋翻的土壤温度。这是由于免耕下土壤水分增高引起的土壤热容量加大,从而缓解夜间降温和寒流影响,减缓土壤温度下降的结果。播种前,免耕处理的玉米和大豆地土壤水分分别比秋翻处理高2. 4%和1. 8%。播种后的一个月期间,免耕大豆土壤含水量比秋翻高2. 3%。初步的研究结果表明,免耕可以在一定程度上缓解春季黑土墒情不好的问题,这对保证出苗和幼苗的健康生长非常重要。     

多形态氮和硝化抑制剂协同供应对土壤氮素转化的影响

氮养分增效对提高作物产量、品质具有重要意义,其中铵硝协同的养分形态调控策略是手段之一。为探究有机氮无机氮源配施、施用硝化抑制剂两种养分动态调控手段对土壤铵硝动态的影响,采用室内土壤培养试验,设置不同比例的硫硝酸铵和草酰胺配施处理5 个,硫硝酸铵:草酰胺比例分别为100%∶0%、0%∶100%、25%∶75%、50%∶50%、75%∶25%,每组处理另设置添加硝化抑制剂3,4- 二甲基吡唑磷酸盐(DMPP)处理,用以探究不同氮源配施抑制剂DMPP 处理对潮土(pH 8.25)和水稻土(pH 5.48)氮素转化的影响。结果表明,缓释氮肥草酰胺与硫硝酸铵配施显著影响土壤铵硝养分供应形式和速率。直至第10 d 培养结束,缓释氮肥草酰胺在土壤中的铵、硝态氮仍呈现一个较高水平。抑制剂DMPP 的添加可提高所有处理的铵态氮含量,降低硝态氮含量,提高土壤铵硝比,降低土壤表观硝化率。综上所述,草酰胺与硫硝酸铵的不同比例以及配施抑制剂DMPP 的方式可以实现对土壤中铵硝比例的改变,提高肥料利用率。     

三种硝化抑制剂抑制土壤硝化作用比较及用量研究

【目的】硝化抑制剂是调控土壤氮素转化与硝化作用微生物群落结构的有效途径。本文通过室内模拟试验对3种硝化抑制剂在不同剂量下的硝化抑制效果进行研究,旨在筛选出效果最佳的剂型与剂量,为石灰性土壤硝化抑制剂的合理应用提供依据。【方法】培养试验在生长箱内进行,25℃黑暗条件培养;盆栽试验在温室内进行。供试硝化抑制剂为双氰胺（DCD）、3,4-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐（DMPP）和2-氯-6-三氯甲基吡啶（Nitrapyrin）,DCD和DMPP用量均设定为纯氮（N）量的0（CK）、1.0%、2.0%、3.0%、3.5%、4.0%、4.5%、5.0%、6.0%和7.0%;Nitrapyrin用量分别为纯氮量的0、0.1%、0.125%、0.2%、0.25%、0.3%、0.35%、0.4%、0.45%和0.5%,三种硝化抑制剂均设10个水平,每个水平3次重复。盆栽试验氮加入量为每公斤风干土0.50 g,三种硝化抑制剂用量分别为纯氮用量的5%、1%、0.648%。调查比较了三者的硝化抑制效果及对土壤氮素转化的影响及其对小青菜鲜重的生物学效应;采用变性梯度凝胶电泳（DGGE）法分析了不同硝化抑制剂对土壤AOA、AOB群落结构的影响。【结果】DCD、DMPP、Nitrapyrin均可显著抑制土壤硝化作用（P＜0.05）,各硝化抑制剂处理土壤的NH₄+-N含量分别较对照提高了46.2~256.1 mg/kg、291.8~376.7 mg/kg、3.68~372.9 mg/kg。DCD与DMPP处理的硝化抑制率分别为49.3%~79.4%和96.4%~99.4%,DCD表现出明显的剂量效应,但DMPP在1%~7%浓度范围内的剂量效应不明显。Nitrapyrin在0.1%~0.2%浓度范围内有明显的剂量效应。0.25%~0.5% Nitrapyrin的硝化抑制率为98.9%~99.9%,其硝化抑制效果与DMPP处理相同。DCD、DMPP、Nitrapyrin处理的小青菜地上部分鲜重分别比氮肥处理（ASN）提高了12.7%、11.1%、17.6%。施用硝化抑制剂可改变土壤AOA和AOB群落结构,且对AOA群落结构的影响大于AOB,不同硝化抑制剂之间对AOA和AOB群落结构的影响无差异。【结论】3种硝化抑制剂的硝化抑制效果表现为Nitrapyrin≥DMPP>DCD,均对AOA与AOB群落结构产生明显影响。各硝化抑制剂处理均可提高小青菜地上部鲜重、叶片Vc含量及可显著提高小青菜叶片氨基酸含量（P＜0.05）。综合比较,Nitrapyrin硝化抑制效果好于DMPP,DCD效果最差,推荐用量为基于纯氮0.25%的Nitrapyrin添加量。     

黑土坡耕地土壤湿度时空演变及其与大豆产量空间相关性分析

利用经典统计学和地统计学方法对典型黑土坡耕地土壤湿度时空演变特征以及大豆产量与海拔高度和不同时期土壤湿度的空间关系进行了分析。结果表明:黑土坡耕地土壤含水量具有较强的空间异质性,有效空间相关距离为159.3~506.6m,而且它们随着降雨和农田管理措施作用而改变。干旱加剧,土壤水分空间异质性加强,农田管理可降低土壤含水量的空间异质性。大豆产量同播种前后的土壤含水量存在显著的空间相关关系。     

耕作及水蚀影响下坡耕地土壤有机碳动态模拟

土壤侵蚀和沉积明显影响土壤有机碳(SOC)的积累与损耗,在以往土壤碳平衡模拟中却未得到应有的重视。本文以典型黑土漫岗坡耕地表层土壤为研究对象,利用CENTURY模型模拟特定质地下自然黑土有机碳的积累过程,估算研究区黑土有机碳及各组分的背景值;对比研究侵蚀泥沙对SOC富集的影响,将模型模拟值与实测值进行统计比较来验证模型;进而模拟侵蚀区开垦后SOC以及各组分随时间的变化,定量研究土壤侵蚀对SOC各组分损失的贡献。研究结果表明:黑土有机碳的累积大致可分为初期的快速积累和后期缓慢积累两个阶段,前期慢性有机碳库的累积对SOC库的增加贡献最大,后期SOC累积主要由惰性有机碳缓慢累积来完成。达到平衡状态时,研究区黑土有机碳含量为7 240 g m-2,以慢性和惰性有机碳为主,约占总SOC的97.4%。考虑泥沙对SOC的富集作用,模型模拟值与实测值更加吻合。自然黑土开垦后,微生物分解矿化作用是活性和慢性有机碳损失的主要途径,土壤侵蚀明显降低惰性有机碳含量,其贡献率随侵蚀速率的增加而增大。因研究区侵蚀不严重,土壤侵蚀对开垦以来的SOC库损耗贡献较小。     

不同肥力农田和不同林型林地红壤总硝化特征研究

在3种不同肥力的农田和3种不同林型林地红壤上利用原状土心-15N库稀释技术原位测定了其总硝化率。结果表明:不同肥力农田和不同林地红壤的总硝化速率在N7.29～23.50μg/(g·d)间波动,总体来说,农田土壤的总硝化速率大于林地土壤。在不同肥力的农田间,施肥处理的总硝化率显著高于不施肥处理(p<0.05)。在不同植被类型林地间,湿地松林地的总硝化率比木荷和混交林林地分别提高了24.8%和66.9%。总硝化包括净硝化和NO3--N的消耗部分。本试验农田NO3--N的消耗速率比林地大,与总硝化率的变化趋势类似。在同一利用方式的不同处理中,NO3--N含量的变化趋势与总硝化速率的变化趋势相类似。     

中国某些水稻土中硝态氮向铵态氮的还原研究

Three paddy soils were examined for their capacities of dissimilatory reduction of nitrate to ammonium (DRNA). 15N-labelled KNO3 was added at the rate of 100 mg N/kg. Either glucose or rice straw powder was incorporated at the rate of 1.0 or 2.0 mg C/kg respectively. Three treatments were designed to keep the soil saturated with water: (1) a 2-cm water layer on soil surface (with beaker mouth open); (2) a 2-cm water layer and a 1-cm liquid paraffin layer (with beaker mouth open); and (3) water saturated under an O2-free Ar atmosphere. The soils were incubated at 28℃ for 5 days. There was almost no 15N-labelled NH4+-N detected in Treatment 1. However, there was 1.4 to 3.4 mg N/kg 15N-labelled NH4+-N in Treatment 2, and 2.1 to 13.8 mg N/kg in Treatment 3. Glucose was more effective than straw powder in ammonium production. Because there was sufficient amount of non-labelled NH4+-N in the original soils, 15N-labelled NH4+-N produced as such should be the result of dissimilatory reduction. Studies on microbial population showed that there were plenty of bacteria responsible for DRNA process (DRNA bacteria) in the soils examined, indicating that number of DRNA bacteria was not a limiting factor for ammonium production. However, DRNA bacteria were inferior in number to denitrifiers. The DRNA process in soil suspension started after 5 days of incubation. Glycerol and sodium succinate, though both are readily available carbon sources to organisms, did not facilitate DRNA process. DRNA occurred only when glucose was available and at a C:NO3--N ratio >12. Both availability and quality of the carbon sources affected DRNA.     

黑土土壤水分反射光谱特征定量分析与预测

选择单一土类黑土作为研究对象,并准确调配其不同含水量,实验室测定土壤高光谱反射率,利用光谱分析与统计方法,定量描述了不同含水量黑土反射光谱特征,并建立了黑土含水量反射光谱预测模型。结果表明,随土壤含水量的增加,并达到一定阈值(300 g kg-1),反射率存在过饱和现象,但其倒数对数微分可以有效去除过饱和问题;土壤反射率倒数对数微分对土壤含水量的响应表现出三个变化阶段,导致1 870 nm波段的倒数对数微分也表现为非线性变化,需要利用分段函数进行土壤含水量的光谱精确速测。     

典型黑土区不同坡位剖面土壤速效钾空间分布规律研究

本研究系统地揭示了典型黑土区典型样带多个剖面0~60 cm土壤速效钾横向和纵向分布规律。研究结果表明:研究区各样带土壤速效钾含量处于97.5~395.5 mg/kg之间,各样带土壤速效钾平均值一般是从表土层0~20 cm向20~40 cm处减小,然后逐渐向50~60 cm处增大。其变异系数和极差一般从表土层0~20 cm向50~60 cm处逐渐降低。土壤速效钾总体沿坡向向下呈下降趋势,同一土带各土层相隔越近速效钾沿坡向变化趋势越接近。各样带土壤剖面0~60 cm土层速效钾沿坡向变异均是从坡顶变异程度最大(CV=23%~28%),至坡肩变异程度相对较小(CV=12%~14%)。剖面土壤速效钾变化趋势整体上从0~20 cm向深土层先逐渐减少而后增加,通常在20~40 cm出现最低值。     

实施油菜生物柴油计划建造永不枯竭的“绿色油田”

油菜是我国重要的油料作物,当铵态氮(NH₄⁺-N)作为唯一氮源时,油菜的光合作用受到显著抑制,添加硝态氮(NO₃⁻-N)能显著缓解NH₄⁺-N的抑制效应。探究不同硝铵配比对油菜叶片光合能力的影响,明确硝态氮调控油菜光合能力的生理机制,对优化施用氮肥形态,保障冬油菜扩面增产有重要意义。

利用水培试验方法,在高氮(8 mmol/L, HN)和低氮(1 mmol/L, LN)处理下,设置全硝、硝铵3∶1、硝铵1∶1、硝铵1∶3、全铵5个配合比例,在处理15、20、25天时,取油菜样品,测定光合能力参数和生物量。利用光合限制模型分析硝铵比对光合速率的限制。

全铵处理的油菜在HN处理下第5天和LN处理下第7天开始出现枯黄症状,直至18天全部死亡,在处理15天后,植株生物量差异显著。与硝铵3∶1相比,硝铵1∶1处理生物量降低了5.6%～61.3%,硝铵1∶3处理下降了6.9%～110.6%。同一氮水平下,不同硝铵比例叶片全氮含量无显著差异,然而硝态氮和铵态氮含量差异显著,硝铵3∶1处理叶片硝态氮含量显著高于硝铵1∶1和1∶3处理,分别高出91.7%～292.7%和130.0%～1255.0%;而叶片铵态氮含量在生长后期以硝铵1∶3配比显著高于硝铵3∶1和全硝处理,分别高出52.6%～53.3%和61.1%～76.9%。硝态氮添加显著提高叶片净光合速率(A),硝铵3∶1配比的A最高,较硝铵1∶1和1∶3 配比的A显著提高了16.7%～50.3%;硝铵3∶1处理显著提高了最大净光合速率(A_max)、最大羧化速率(V_cmax)、最大电子传递速率(J_max)和叶肉导度(g_m),分别提高了6.8%～107.4%、9.2%～79.5%、50.5%～115.8%和8.6%～134.8%。A随叶片硝态氮浓度和硝态铵态氮含量比值增加而增加,在硝态氮含量超过120.2～151.2 μg/g,比值超过2.6～3.2后,不再显著变化。通过光合限制模型分析,硝态氮添加提高油菜光合速率是通过降低生化限制和叶肉导度限制。

适当提高油菜氮肥的硝铵比可促进叶片的g_m、V_cmax,从而提高叶片光合能力和植株生物量。氮源中铵超过一半后抑制油菜的光合作用,甚至导致油菜不能完成生命周期,而100%硝态氮也不利于油菜的光合作用。

     

水耕年限对麦季土壤水—氮动态与小麦产量的影响

为揭示水耕年限对小麦生产的影响,在江汉平原选取了3种水耕年限(2年、18年、>100年)稻—麦轮作农田,采集了小麦各生育期的土壤样品与成熟期的小麦植株样品,测定了土壤水分、硝态氮含量、铵态氮含量和小麦产量等指标,分析了土壤剖面水—氮动态分布与积累特征,及其对小麦产量的影响程度与机制.结果表明:(1)随水耕年限延长,土壤...     

地中海生态系统中可溶性有机N研究

Dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) in soils has recently gained increasing interest because it may be both a direct N source for plants and the dominant available N form in nutrient-poor soils, however, its prevalence in Mediterranean ecosystems remains unclear. The aims of this study were to i) estimate soil DON in a wide set of Mediterranean ecosystems and compare this levels with those for other ecosystems; ii) describe temporal changes in DON and dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) forms (NH4+ and NO3? ), and characterize spatial heterogeneity within plant communities; and iii) study the relative proportion of soil DON and DIN forms as a test of Schimel and Bennett’s hypothesis that the prevalence of different N forms follows a gradient of nutrient availability. The study was carried out in eleven plant communities chosen to represent a wide spectrum of Mediterranean vegetation types, ranging from early to late successional status. DON concentrations in the studied Mediterranean plant communities (0-18.2 mg N kg-1) were consistently lower than those found in the literature for other ecosystems. We found high temporal and spatial variability in soil DON for all plant communities. As predicted by the Schimel and Bennett model for nutrient-poor ecosystems, DON dominance over ammonium and nitrate was observed for most plant communities in winter and spring soil samples. However, mineral-N dominated over DON in summer and autumn. Thus, soil water content may have an important effect on DON versus mineral N dominance in Mediterranean ecosystems.     

太湖地区稻麦轮作农田改葡萄园对土壤氮转化过程的影响

采用15N成对标记技术结合数值模型,测定太湖地区两种土地利用方式(稻麦轮作农田和葡萄园)下的土壤氮素初级转化速率,探讨了土地利用方式改变对土壤供氮和保氮能力的影响。结果表明,葡萄园土壤初级矿化速率高于稻麦轮作农田土壤,但是其NH4+-N同化速率几乎可以忽略不计(0.02 mg kg-1 d-1),自养硝化成为培养条件下葡萄园土壤NH4+-N的唯一去向。葡萄园土壤初级自养硝化速率(15.85 mg kg-1 d-1)显著高于稻麦轮作农田土壤(13.65 mg kg-1 d-1),但两者初级异养硝化速率和NO3--N同化速率均接近零值。可见,太湖地区稻麦轮作农田改种为葡萄园后,土壤NH4+-N同化速率显著降低而自养硝化速率增加,由此导致更多的NO3--N在土壤中累积,进而可能增加土壤中N的淋溶和径流损失风险。