Net nitrogen mineralization and nitrification rates in forest soil in northeastern Taiwan

We used a laboratory incubation approach to measure rates of net N mineralization and nitrification in forest soils from Fu-shan Experimental Forest WS1 in northern Taiwan. Net mineralization rates in the O horizon ranged from 4.0 to 13.8 mg N kg⁻¹ day⁻¹, and net nitrification rates ranged from 2.2 to 11.6 mg N kg⁻¹ day⁻¹. For mineral (10–20 cm depth) soil, net mineralization ranged from 0.06 to 2.8 mg N kg⁻¹ day⁻¹ and net nitrification rates ranged from 0.02 to 2.8 mg N kg⁻¹ day⁻¹. We did not find any consistent differences in N mineralization or nitrification rates in soils from the upper and lower part of the watershed. We compared the rates of these processes in three soil horizons (to a soil depth of 30 cm) on a single sampling date and found a large decrease in both net N mineralization and nitrification with depth. We estimated that the soil total N pool was 6,909 kg N ha⁻¹. The present study demonstrates the importance of the stock of mineral soil N in WS1, mostly organic N, which can be transformed to inorganic N and potentially exported to surface and ground water from this watershed. Additional studies quantifying the rates of soil N cycling, particularly multi-site comparisons within Taiwan and the East Asia–Pacific region, will greatly improve our understanding of regional patterns in nitrogen cycling.     

亚热带松林中强酸性土壤自养和异养硝化作用的研究

The occurrence of nitrification in some acidic forest soils is still a subject of debate. Identification of main nitrification pathways in acidic forest soils is still largely unknown. Acidic yellow soil (Oxisol) samples were selected to test whether nitrification can occur or not in acidic subtropical pine forest ecosystems. Relative contributions of autotrophs and heterotrophs to nitrification were studied by adding selective nitrification inhibitor nitrapyrin. Soil NH₄⁺-N concentrations decreased, but NO₃^--N concentrations increased significantly for the no-nitrapyrin control during the first week of incubation, indicating that nitrification did occur in the acidic subtropical soil. The calculated net nitrification rate was 0.49 mg N kg^-1 d^-1 for the no-nitrapyrin control during the first week of incubation. Nitrapyrin amendment resulted in a significant reduction of NO₃^--N concentration. Autotrophic nitrification rate averaged 0.28 mg N kg^-1 d^-1 and the heterotrophic nitrification rate was 0.21 mg N kg^-1 d^-1 in the first week. Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) abundance increased slightly during incubation, but nitrapyrin amendment significantly decreased AOB amoA gene copy numbers by about 80%. However, the ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) abundance showed significant increases only in the last 2 weeks of incubation and it was also decreased by nitrapyrin amendment. Our results indicated that nitrification did occur in the present acidic subtropical pine forest soil, and autotrophic nitrification was the main nitrification pathway. Both AOA and AOB were the active biotic agents responsible for autotrophic nitrification in the acidic subtropical pine forest soil.     

Effect of labile and recalcitrant carbon on heterotrophic nitrification in a subtropical forest soil

Carbon (C) is an important factor controlling heterotrophic nitrification in soil, but the effect of individual C components (e.g., labile and recalcitrant C) is largely unclear. We carried out a C amendment experiment in which either labile C (glucose) or a recalcitrant C (cellulose and biochar) was added to a subtropical forest soil. A ¹⁵N-, ¹³C-tracing and MiSeq sequencing study was performed to investigate soil gross heterotrophic nitrification rates, carbon utilization for soil respiration and microbial biomass production and microbial composition, respectively. After 2 days, results showed a significant increase of gross heterotrophic nitrification rate in glucose (GLU) (on average 3.34 mg N kg⁻¹ day⁻¹), cellulose (CEL) (on average 0.21 mg N kg⁻¹ day⁻¹) and biochar (BIO) (on average 0.13 mg N kg⁻¹ day⁻¹) amendment in comparison with the unamended soil (CK) (on average 0.01 mg N kg⁻¹ day⁻¹; p < 0.05). The contribution of heterotrophic nitrification to total soil nitrification was significantly larger in GLU (average 85.86%), CEL (average 98.52%) and BIO (average 81.25%) treatments compared with CK (average 33.33%; p < 0.01). After 2-month amendment, the gross rates remarkably decreased in GLU (average 0.02 mg N kg⁻¹ day⁻¹), and the contribution to total nitrification (average 8.73%) were significantly lower than that in CK (p < 0.05). A decrease in the proportion of heterotrophic nitrification to total nitrification in soil was also observed in CEL (average 38.40%) and BIO (6.74%) treatments. Nevertheless, BIO amendment (compared to CK, GLU and CEL) showed the highest gross heterotrophic nitrification rate, accompanied by a notably higher abundance of specific heterotrophic nitrifiers, i.e. Trichoderma, Aspergillus and Penicillium. These results point to a stimulatory effect of C addition on soil heterotrophic nitrification in the short term, while the stimulatory impact of C amendment diminishes with the decline in easily available C. In addition, a shift of the microbial composition in the long term can possibly be sustained for longer if additional recalcitrant C is available to heterotrophic nitrifiers. The dynamic response of heterotrophic nitrification to labile and recalcitrant C in this study offered an explanation for the positive effect of plantation and plant root exudation on the process.     

硝化抑制剂对春玉米氮素利用及土壤pH值和无机氮的影响

通过大田试验,研究了黑土区春玉米施用硝化抑制剂对土壤pH值、土壤铵态氮和硝态氮变化、硝化抑制率、产量及氮素利用率的影响。试验结果表明:硝化抑制剂处理中,混合物B的中水平添加量处理(B2)玉米产量较一次性全施肥处理(AF)能够增产且增产率最高,为5.60%,氮素利用率较追肥处理(TP)提高5.43%,硝化抑制作用和增产的效果明显;施用硝化抑制剂可使土壤pH值缓慢阶梯式下降;土壤含水率与土壤铵态氮含量呈负相关性(P0.01);土壤铵态氮含量与土壤pH值呈显著正相关;所选用的两种硝化抑制剂的配方中,B2和A3(混合物A的低水平添加量)处理的增产和硝化抑制效果最佳。     

不同外源氮对石灰性土壤硝化作用的影响及其动力学分析

为了揭示外源氮源对石灰性土壤硝化作用的影响机理,以钙积半干润均腐土（Cal-Ustic Isohumasols）为材料,采用室内培养方法研究了不同添加量和不同氮源对土壤硝化作用的影响,并建立了对应的硝化模型。结果表明,NH4+-N消耗速率和NO3--N增加速率呈S曲线变化,NH4+-N消耗速率高于NO3--N增加速率。氮素添加量与NH4+-N消耗速率和NO3--N增加速率呈正相关,硝化菌外的因子对NH4+-N和NO3--N的吸收与NH4+-N添加量呈正相关;不同氮素添加量对硝化作用影响程度不同,当氮素添加量为N 75 mg /kg,干土时,硝化作用较彻底。SO42-可加快硝化作用速率,同时也可改变其他因子对NH4+-N和NO3--N的利用。     

两种硝化抑制剂对土壤氮转化的影响

为比较硝化抑制剂双氰胺、硫代硫酸钾对土壤氮的硝化抑制效果,明确其对土壤氮转化作用效应,采用室内培养试验方法,研究了双氰胺、硫代硫酸钾及其配施对土壤矿质氮动态变化、硝化作用及氮回收率的影响。结果表明,单施氮肥土壤硝化作用活跃,77.7%的化肥氮以铵态氮形式从矿质氮库消失,其中56.6%的氮形成硝态氮。氮肥配施双氰胺、硫代硫酸钾分别显著降低矿质氮库铵态氮消失量74.1%(P0.01)和16.6%(P0.05),同时配施双氰胺和硫代硫酸钾处理铵态氮出现增加现象。氮肥配施双氰胺及同时配施2种抑制剂均不同程度地抑制氮的硝化作用,抑制率分别为35.5%~98.7%和82.2%~103.5%,硝化作用延滞时间均在20 d以上。氮肥配施硫代硫酸钾的硝化抑制率为1.6%~62.6%,硝化作用延滞时间为10 d。双氰胺硝化抑制效应优于硫代硫酸钾,且2种抑制剂同时配施作用效果优于其单独施用。施用硫代硫酸钾可促进土壤NO2--N积累,双氰胺可抑制NO2--N生成。氮肥配施双氰胺及同时配施两种抑制剂处理显著增加土壤矿质氮含量、降低其他去向氮含量同时显著提高土壤矿质氮回收率14.7%(P0.05)和12.0%(P0.05)。总体上,抑制剂双氰胺在铵态氮转化、硝化作用抑制及提高矿质氮回收率等方面作用效果均优于硫代硫酸钾,硫代硫酸钾与双氰胺配施在硝化抑制作用方面具有协同效应。该研究结果可为双氰胺、硫代硫酸钾在农田氮素面源污染控制中的应用提供科学依据,但对2种抑制剂硝化抑制特性的全面了解,尚需在田间试验条件下进行进一步的研究和验证。     

Temperature sensitivity of mineral N transformation rates, and heterotrophic nitrification: possible factors controlling the post-disturbance mineral N flush in forest floors

A major forest disturbance such as clearcutting may bring on a flush of mineral N in organic forest floor horizons, but the magnitude of this flush can vary markedly from one ecosystem to another. For example, it was previously established that clearcutting in a high elevation Engelmann spruce-subalpine fir (ESSF) ecosystem results in significantly higher NH₄⁺ and NO₃⁻ concentrations, whereas clearcutting in an old-growth coastal western hemlock (CWH) ecosystem has little effect on mineral N dynamics. We hypothesized that the higher mineral N flush observed in the ESSF ecosystem is due to a greater temperature sensitivity of mineral N transformation rates, and to a lower proportion of heterotrophic nitrifiers, compared to the CWH ecosystem. To test these two hypotheses, we sampled forest floors several times over the growing season from clearcut and old-growth plots in both ecosystems, and measured gross mineral N transformation rates at field temperatures and at 10 °C above field temperatures, as well as with and without acetylene to inhibit autotrophic nitrifiers. Gross NH₄⁺ transformations rates ranged between 20 and 120 μg N (g forest floor)⁻¹ day⁻¹ at the ESSF site, and between 15 and 40 μg N (g forest floor)⁻¹ day⁻¹ at the CWH site. Higher temperature increased gross NH₄⁺ transformation rates in forest floor samples at both sites, but the average Q₁₀ value was higher at the ESSF site (3.15) than at the CWH site (1.25). Temperature sensitivity at the ESSF site was greater in clearcut plots (Q₁₀=4.31) than in old-growth plots (Q₁₀=1.98). Gross NO₃⁻ transformation rates ranged between 10 and 32 μg N (g forest floor)⁻¹ day⁻¹ at the ESSF site, and between 10 and 24 μg N (g forest floor)⁻¹ day⁻¹ at the CWH site, but there were no significant effects of temperature or clearcutting on gross NO₃⁻ transformation rates at either site. Likewise, there were no significant differences in the proportion of heterotrophic nitrifiers between sites. Overall, our results support the view that the temperature sensitivity of microbial processes may explain the magnitude of the NH₄⁺ flush in some coniferous ecosystems, but we lack the evidence relating the magnitude of the NO₃⁻ flush to the proportion of heterotrophic nitrifiers.     

Importance of heterotrophic nitrification and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium in a cropland soil: Evidences from a 15N tracing study to literature synthesis

Future climate change is predicted to influence soil moisture regime, a key factor regulating soil nitrogen (N) cycling. To elucidate how soil moisture affects gross N transformation in a cultivated black soil, a ¹⁵N tracing study was conducted at 30%, 50% and 70% water-filled pore space (WFPS). While gross mineralization rate of recalcitrant organic N (N_rec) increased from 0.56 to 2.47 mg N kg⁻¹ d⁻¹, the rate of labile organic N mineralization declined from 4.23 to 2.41 mg N kg⁻¹ d⁻¹ with a WFPS increase from 30% to 70%. Similar to total mineralization, no distinct moisture effect was found on total immobilization of ammonium, which primarily entered the N_rec pool. Nitrate (NO₃⁻) was mainly produced via autotrophic nitrification, which was significantly stimulated by increasing WFPS. Unexpectedly, heterotrophic nitrification was observed, with the highest rate of 1.06 mg N kg⁻¹ d⁻¹ at 30% WFPS, contributing 31.8% to total NO₃⁻ production, and decreased with WFPS. Dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) increased from near zero (30% WFPS) to 0.26 mg N kg⁻¹ d⁻¹ (70% WFPS), amounting to 16.7–92.9% of NO₃⁻ consumption. A literature synthetic analysis from global multiple ecosystems showed that the rates of heterotrophic nitrification and DNRA in test soil were comparative to the forest and grassland ecosystems, and that heterotrophic nitrification was positively correlated with precipitation, soil organic carbon (SOC) and C/N, but negatively with pH and bulk density, while DNRA showed positive relationships with precipitation, clay, SOC, C/NO₃⁻ and WFPS. We suggested that low pH and bulk density and high SOC and C/N in test soil might favor heterotrophic nitrification, and that C and NO₃⁻ availability together with anaerobic condition were crucial for DNRA. Overall, our study highlights the role of moisture in regulating gross N turnover and the importance of heterotrophic nitrification for NO₃⁻ production under low moisture and DNRA for NO₃⁻ retention under high moisture in cropland.     

施氮量、土壤和植株氮浓度与小麦赤霉病的关系

【目的】赤霉病已成为影响小麦产量和品质的重要病害之一,为了解施用氮肥对小麦赤霉病的影响,本文通过研究不同施氮水平下小麦赤霉病的发病情况,探索施氮、土壤供氮、植株氮浓度与小麦赤霉病的关系。【方法】采用田间小区试验,以多穗型豫麦49-198(YM49-198)和大穗型周麦16(ZM16)为供试品种,设N 0、120、180、240、360 kg/hm25个施氮水平(N0、N120、N180、N240、N360),根据"小麦赤霉病测报技术规范"调查小麦赤霉病的发病情况。【结果】土壤硝态氮含量及0—90 cm土层土壤硝态氮累积量均随施氮量的增加而增加,小麦收获期N0、N120、N180处理0—30 cm土层硝态氮含量及0—90 cm累积量差异不显著,但显著低于N240和N360处理。两个品种小麦赤霉病病穗率和病情指数(DI)随施氮量的增加而增加,各处理间差异显著;豫麦49-198施氮处理的病穗率和DI比不施氮处理分别增加29.5%~132.0%和35.9%~225.2%,周麦16施氮处理的病穗率和DI比不施氮处理分别增加42.4%~161.8%和41.7%~206.9%;两个品种小麦N180处理赤霉病的病穗率和病情指数与N0、N120差异较小,显著低于N240和N360;周麦16较豫麦49-198发病严重,各处理的病穗率和病情指数比豫麦49-198分别高出7%~25%和28.0%~63.6%。小麦赤霉病病穗率和DI与硝态氮含量显著正相关,与0—90 cm硝态氮累积量呈线性正相关。孕穗期、开花期和灌浆期茎基部硝酸盐含量和拔节期~开花期植株的全氮含量各处理间差异较大,且与小麦赤霉病病穗率和DI显著线性正相关。【结论】土壤硝态氮含量及累积量随施氮量增加而增加,小麦收获后施氮量低于N 180 kg/hm2时土壤中硝态氮残留较低,赤霉病发病较轻。小麦赤霉病病穗率和病情指数随施氮量的增加而增加,说明施氮量过高会加重小麦赤霉病病害;小麦拔节期~开花期的氮浓度过高会加重赤霉病病害,因此在这一时期,适宜的施氮量、土壤硝态氮和植株氮浓度在赤霉病发生年份可以减轻病害,综合考虑土壤硝态氮残留、产量和赤霉病害等因素的适宜施氮量为N 180 kg/hm2。     

西藏高原自然生态系统转化为农田后提高了土壤的净矿化和净硝化

A comparative study was conducted to determine the NH4^＋ and NO3^- concentrations in soil profiles and to examine the net nitrogen （N） mineralization and nitrification in adjacent forest, grassland, and cropland soils on the Tibetan Plateau. Cropland soil showed significantly higher inorganic N concentrations in soil profiles compared with forest and grassland soils. NO3^- -N accounted for 70%-90^ of inorganic N in cropland soil, while NH4^＋ -N was the main form of inorganic N in forest and grassland soils. The average net N mineralization rate at 0 20 cm depth was approximately twice in cropland soil （1.48 mg kg^-1 d^-1） as high as in forest （0.83 mg kg^-1 d^-1） or grassland soil （0.72 mg kg^-1 d^-1）. Cropland showed strong net nitrification, with the net rate almost equal to the total net N mineralization. Urea addition stimulated soil respiration, particularly in forest soil. Most urea-N, however, remained as NH4^＋ in forest and grassland soils, while NO3^- was the main form of inorganic N to increase in cropland soil. Higher rates of net nitrification in cropland soils suggest that land use change on the Tibetan Plateau may lead to high N losses through nitrate leaching.     

Effects of amino-acid chemistry and soil properties on the behavior of free amino acids in acidic forest soils

Free amino acids (FAAs) in soil solution are increasingly recognized as a potentially important source of nitrogen (N) for plants, yet we are just beginning to understand the behavior of FAAs in soil. I investigated the effects of amino-acid chemistry and soil properties on mineralization, microbial assimilation and sorption of amino-acid N in soils from three ecosystems representing the two endpoints and mid point of a temperate forest fertility gradient ranging from low mineral N availability/high FAA oak forests to high mineral N availability/low FAA maple-basswood forests. Soils were amended with six ¹⁵N-labeled amino-acid substrates that ranged widely in chemical properties, including molecular weight, C:N ratio, average net charge, hydrophobicity, and polarity: Arginine (Arg), Glutamine (Gln), Glutamate (Glu), Serine (Ser), Glycine (Gly) and Leucine (Leu). Mineralization of amino-acid N accounted for 7-45% (18% avg.) of the added label and was most strongly affected by soil characteristics, with mineralization increasing with increasing soil fertility. Mineralization of amino-acid N was unrelated to amino-acid C:N ratio, rather, I observed greater N mineralization from polar FAAs compared to non-polar ones. Assimilation of amino-acid N into microbial biomass accounted for 6-48% (29% avg.) of the added label, and was poorly predicted by either intrinsic amino-acid properties or soil properties, but instead appeared to be explicable in terms of compound-specific demand by soil micoorganisms. Sorption of amino-acid N to soil solids accounted for 4-15% (7% avg.) of the added label and was largely controlled by charge characteristics of individual amino acids. The fact that both positively- and negatively-charged amino acids were more strongly sorbed than neutral ones suggests that cation and anion exchange sites are an important factor controlling sorption of FAAs in these acid forest soils. Together, the findings from this study suggest that there may be important differences in the behavior of free amino acids in sandy, acidic forest soils compared to generalizations drawn from finer-textured grassland soils, which, in turn, might affect the availability of some FAAs in soil solution.     

A scheme for sampling inorganic nitrogen in forest soils

Abstract

An efficient sampling scheme for evaluating seasonal changes of inorganic nitrogen in a forest soil was designed. It was based on variances of ammonium‐ and nitrate‐nitrogen estimated from core samples from each of three horizons (A1, A2, B1) taken from 8 randomly selected sites in a three‐hectare study area. The scheme adopted was: At each sampling time a single composite sample for each horizon was made using 15 cores from randomly‐selected locations; duplicate subsamples from each composite were analyzed for ammonium‐ and nitrate‐nitrogen.     

Effect of phosphate rock, lime and cellulose on soil microbial biomass in acidic forest soil and its significance in carbon cycling

Phosphate rock (PR), limestone, coal combustion by-product (CCBP) high in Ca and high organic manures are potential amendments for increasing agricultural production in the acidic soils of the Appalachian region. The objective of this study was to examine effects of PR, CCBP and cellulose addition on soil microbial biomass in an acidic soil based on the measurement of soil microbial biomass P (P _mic) and on the mineralization of organic matter. Application of PR alone or in combination with CCBP increased P _mic. The P _mic was far less when the soil received PR in combination with limestone than with PR application alone or PR in combination with CCBP. Either CCBP or limestone application alone considerably decreased P _mic in the soil due to reduced P solubility. Cellulose addition alone did not increase P _mic, but P _mic was significantly increased when the soil was amended with cellulose in combination with PR. The decomposition of added cellulose was very slow in the soil without PR amendment. However, mineralization of both native organic matter and added cellulose was enhanced by PR application. Mineralization of organic matter was less when the soil was amended with PR in combination with high rates of CCBP (> 2.5%) because PR dissolution varied inversely with amount of CCBP addition. Overall, CCBP had no detrimental effect on soil microbial biomass at low application rates, although, like limestone, CCBP at a high rate may decrease P _mic in P-deficient soils through its influence on increased soil pH and decreased P bioavailability in the soil. Application of PR to an acidic soil considerably enhanced the microbial activity, thereby promoting the cycling of carbon and other nutrients. Received: 11 December 1995     

土壤pH值和含水量对土壤硝化抑制剂效果的影响

硝化抑制剂如2-氯-6-三氯甲基吡nitrapyrin,通常与氮肥配施来抑制硝化作用提高农田中肥料的利用率,但是其抑制效果会受到土壤理化性质的影响。采用新工艺重新合成后的新型nitrapyrin纯度高达98%,由于杂质减少而具有更好的硝化抑制效果。为了研究土壤pH值和含水量对新型nitrapyrin抑制效果的影响,明确nitrapyrin适合施用的土壤条件,采用室内培养试验,研究了在不同的土壤pH值和含水量下nitrapyrin对无机氮含量动态变化和硝化作用强度的影响,以及其硝化抑制率的变化规律。结果表明:随着土壤pH值的升高,铵态氮含量降低,硝态氮含量和表观硝化率呈现上升的趋势,并且在所有pH值处理下氮肥配施nitrapyrin均显著地降低了矿质氮库铵态氮的转化量,均不同程度地抑制了硝化作用;在培养的第9天,nitrapyrin在pH值7.70处理下对硝化作用抑制效果最好,硝化抑制率达到91.53%,但硝化抑制率的降低速率在高pH值处理上更快;在培养的第45天,当pH值为4.66时,硝化抑制率为36.43%,显著高于其他处理;在整个培养过程中,施用nitrapyrin能显著抑制各处理的硝化作用,硝化抑制率在不同土壤含水量上的表现为:40%WHC60%WHC80%WHC。可见,nitrapyrin更加适合施用在酸性土壤以及旱地土壤上,该研究可以为新型硝化抑制剂nitrapyrin在农田中施用的最优条件提供理论依据。     

不同肥力农田和不同林型林地红壤总硝化特征研究

在3种不同肥力的农田和3种不同林型林地红壤上利用原状土心-15N库稀释技术原位测定了其总硝化率。结果表明:不同肥力农田和不同林地红壤的总硝化速率在N7.29～23.50μg/(g·d)间波动,总体来说,农田土壤的总硝化速率大于林地土壤。在不同肥力的农田间,施肥处理的总硝化率显著高于不施肥处理(p<0.05)。在不同植被类型林地间,湿地松林地的总硝化率比木荷和混交林林地分别提高了24.8%和66.9%。总硝化包括净硝化和NO3--N的消耗部分。本试验农田NO3--N的消耗速率比林地大,与总硝化率的变化趋势类似。在同一利用方式的不同处理中,NO3--N含量的变化趋势与总硝化速率的变化趋势相类似。     

Effect of soil solarization on subsequent nitrification activity at elevated temperatures

Soil solarization is a nonchemical method of soil disinfection achieved by covering the soil surface with sheets of vinyl plastic to generate elevated soil temperature, generally over 45°C. Such elevated temperatures may be detrimental to some nitrifying microorganisms and favorable to others. However, little information exists to indicate how nitrification activity in soil is affected after solarization. We performed several experiments to investigate the effects of soil solarization on nitrification activity. We found that: (1) if a soil was subjected to pretreatment of 45 or 50°C for as little as 1 d, nitrification activity in a subsequent incubation at 30°C was less than that of a soil that did not receive any high-temperature pretreatment. However, if a soil received pretreatments of 45 or 50°C for more than 7 d, nitrification activity in a subsequent incubation at 45 or 50°C was greater than that of soil that did not receive high temperature pretreatment. (2) Nitrification activity in three kinds of soil taken from 0–5 cm depth after solarization treatment was greater at 45°C than 30°C. (3) Nitrification activity at 45°C in soil that had received solarization in the preceding year was greater than that in soil that had not been subjected to solarization. This was consistent with the fact that the population densities of ammonia oxidizers were greater in soils that had been subjected to solarization. These results suggest that soil solarization induces nitrifying microorganisms that are more active at 45–50°C than they are at 30°C, and that the effect of solarization on nitrification persists until the next crop season.     

硝化/脲酶抑制剂对秋马铃薯植株及土壤氮素利用的影响

通过添加硝化/脲酶抑制剂达到秋马铃薯生产中减氮增效的目的,为制定秋马铃薯的农田氮素管理措施及节肥增效策略提供依据.采用随机区组试验设计,设置30、60、90、120 kg/hm24个施氮水平与硝化/脲酶抑制剂N-丁基硫代磷酰三胺(NBPT)、双氰胺(DCD)、2-氯-6-三氯甲基吡啶(CP)、未添加硝化/脲酶抑制剂(C...     

Quantification of ammonia-oxidising bacteria in limed and non-limed acidic coniferous forest soil using real-time PCR

Ammonia-oxidising bacteria (AOB) in limed and non-limed acidic coniferous forest soil were investigated using real-time PCR. Two sites in southern Sweden were studied, 244 Åled and Oxafällan. The primers and probe used earlier appeared to be specific to the 16S rRNA gene of AOB belonging to the β-subgroup of the Proteobacteria [Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67 (2001) 972]. Plots treated with two different doses of lime, 3 or 6 t ha⁻¹, were compared with non-limed control plots on two occasions during a single growing season. Three different soil depths were analysed to elucidate possible differences in the density of their AOB communities. The only clear effect of liming on the AOB was recorded in the beginning of the growing season at 244 Åled. In samples taken in April from this site, the numbers of AOB were higher in the limed plots than in the control plots. At the end of the growing season the AOB communities were all of a similar size in the different plots at both sites, irrespective of liming. The number of AOB, determined using real-time PCR, ranged between 6×10⁶ and 1×10⁹ cells g⁻¹ soil (dw) at the two sites, and generally decreased with increasing soil depth. The results showed no correlation between community density and potential nitrification. This may indicate a partly inactive AOB community. Furthermore, more than 10⁷ cells g⁻¹ soil (dw) were recorded using real-time PCR in the control plot at 244 Åled, although Bäckman et al. [Soil Biol. Biochem. 35 (2003) 1337] detected no AOB like sequences in the same plots using PCR followed by DGGE. Taken together our results strongly suggest that the primers and probe set used are not well suited for quantifying AOB in acidic forest soils, which is probably due to an insufficient specificity. This shows that it is extremely important to re-evaluate any primers and probe set when used in a new environment. Consideration should be given to the specificity and sensitivity, both empirically and using bioinformatic tools.