Purple versus green‐leafed Ocimum basilicum: Which differences occur with regard to photosynthesis under boron toxicity?

This study was undertaken to investigate how different cultivars of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum) responded to boron (B) excess. Two purple‐leafed and eight green‐leafed cultivars were hydroponically grown for 20 d with 0.2 or 20 mg L^–1 B in the nutrient solution. Leaf B concentration, gas exchanges, chlorophyll a fluorescence, and oxidative stress were determined at the end of the treatment along with the severity of leaf necrosis. A range of tolerance to B toxicity was found: the green cultivars were more susceptible than the purple‐leafed ones characterized by a higher constitutive anthocyanin concentration. In all the genotypes B excess resulted in oxidative stress as determined by accumulation of malondialdehyde by‐products (MDA), reduced photosynthesis, and the occurrence of leaf burn. A close correlation was found between leaf B accumulation and oxidative stress, as well as between oxidative stress and the severity of leaf burn. Net photosynthesis (P_n) was reduced due to both stomatal and nonstomatal limitations in the green cultivars whereas the reduction of P_n in the purple leaves was only attributable to stomatal factors. Chlorophyll a fluorescence revealed a decrease in the maximum quantum yield of PSII (F_v/F_m) and in the electron transport rate (ETR) in plants grown with B excess although less reduction was observed in the purple genotypes. The quantum yield of PSII (Φ_PSII) decreased as a result of B toxicity only in the green cultivars. It is concluded that anthocyanins are involved in attenuation of the negative effects of B toxicity.     

Emissions of CO2, N2O,and NO in conventional and no-till management practices in Rondônia,Brazil

Efforts to restore productivity of pastures often employ agricultural management regimes involving either tillage or no-tillage options combined with various combinations of fertilizer application, herbicide use and the planting of a cash crop prior to the planting of forage grasses. Here we report on the emissions of CO₂, N₂O and NO from the initial phases (first 6 months) of three treatments in central Rondônia. The treatments were (1) control; (2) conventional tillage followed by planting of forage grass (Brachiaria brizantha) and fertilizer additions; (3) no-tillage/herbicide treatment followed by two plantings, the first being a cash crop of rice followed by forage grass. In treatment 3, the rice was fertilized. Relative to the control, tillage increased CO₂ emission by 37% over the first 2 months, while the no-tillage/herbicide regime decreased CO₂ emissions by 7% over the same period. The cumulative N₂O emissions over the first 2 months from the tillage regime (0.94 kg N ha^–1) were much higher than the N₂O releases from either the no-tillage/herbicide regime (0.64 kg N ha^–1) or the control treatment (0.04 kg N ha^–1). The highest levels of N₂O fluxes from both management regimes were observed following N fertilizations. The cumulative NO releases over the first 2 months were largest in the tillage treatment (0.98 kg N ha^–1), intermediate in the no-tillage treatment (0.72 kg N ha^–1), and smallest in the control treatment (0.12 kg N ha^–1). For the first week following fertilization the percentage of fertilizer N lost as N₂O plus NO was 1.0% for the tillage treatment and 3.0% for the no-tillage treatment.     

不同抗旱性小麦气体交换特性和生物量积累与分配对水氮的响应

为了探讨小麦对环境变化表现出的选择性差异,通过设计再裂区田间试验,以3个春小麦品种(和尚头、西旱2号和宁春4号)为材料,设置2个灌水水平(充分灌水4 500 m3·hm-2和有限灌水3 000m3·hm-2)和5个施氮水平(0、75、150、225、300 kg·hm-2),研究了不同抗旱性春小麦品种的光合特性、生物量积累与分配、产量构成因素对水分和氮素的响应。结果表明,增加灌水量和施氮量,3个品种叶片净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率和器官生物量均增加;施氮过量(和尚头和西旱2号超过150kg·hm-2,宁春4号超过225kg·hm-2)时4个指标均降低。有限灌水、低施氮或过量施氮时,春小麦倾向于增加穗粒数和千粒重;充分灌水、中等施氮时,倾向于增加总生物量。在水氮充足时,宁春4号能获得更高的穗粒数和千粒重;在水氮资源严重限制时,和尚头能够维持产量构成因素恒定;无论水氮充足与否,西旱2号的总生物量与籽粒产出均居中等水平。本试验丰富了不同抗旱性春小麦与水分、氮素的互作结果,得出了3个品种在不同水氮条件下生物量分配和产量构成因素的选择倾向,为明确作物在胁迫环境下的资源利用和产量响应提供了一定的科学依据。     

Distributed Modified Bowen Ratio method for surface layer fluxes of reactive and non-reactive trace gases

Modified Bowen ratio technique was used in a horizontally distributed form to determine turbulent fluxes of CO₂, H₂O, O₃, NO and NO₂ over a semi-natural grassland site in North-Eastern Germany. The applicability of the distributed variation of the Modified Bowen Ratio technique was proven prior to the calculation of trace gas fluxes. Turbulent NO fluxes were compared to fluxes up-scaled from laboratory measurements of biogenic NO emission from soil samples, which have been taken at the field site. The NO fluxes up-scaled from laboratory measurements were slightly larger than the fluxes observed in the field. However, both NO fluxes agreed within a factor of two. Under suitable night time conditions, we performed a detailed comparison of turbulent fluxes of CO₂ and O₃ with fluxes derived by the boundary layer budget technique. While there was agreement between these fluxes in a general sense, specific deviations were observed. They could be attributed to different footprint sizes of both methods and to in situ chemistry within the nocturnal boundary layer.     

Consequences of nitrogen fertilization on soil methane consumption in a productive temperate deciduous forest

To investigate the consequences of long-term N additions on soil CH₄ dynamics, we measured in situ CH₄ uptake rates, soil profiles and kinetics parameters during the growing season in a temperate deciduous forest in northwestern Pennsylvania (Allegheny College Bousson Environmental Forest). Measurements were made in control and adjacent plots amended with 100 kg N ha^–1 year^–1 for 8 years. We found that the in situ consumption rates were 0.19±0.02 (mean±SE) for the control and 0.12±0.01 mg CH₄–C m^–2 h^–1 for the N treatment, indicating that consumption had been reduced by 35% after 8 years of N amendments. Despite the large difference in rates of consumption, there were no differences in the CH₄ concentration profiles between the control and N-amended plots. Laboratory incubations of CH₄ consumption throughout the soil column (organic horizon and mineral soil depths) showed that rates were greatest in the organic horizon of both control and N-amended soils, although consumption was reduced by 42% in the N-amended plot. However, the rate in the organic horizon was only about 50% the rate measured in organic horizons at other temperate forests. The apparent K_m [K_m(app)] value in the organic horizon of the control plot was fourfold less than the K_m(app) value in the organic horizon of another temperate forest, but similar to the K_m(app) values in adjacent plots amended with N for a decade. Unlike results for other temperate forests, K_m(app) values at Bousson generally did not decrease with soil depth. These results indicate that N cycling strongly controls the CH₄-consuming community, and suggest that alterations of the N cycle due to N deposition or addition may alter rates and the location of CH₄ consumption by soils, even in soils with high N content and cycling rates.     

湿地生物地球化学研究概述

湿地有其独特的生物地球化学循环,其间许多化学迁移和转化过程不为其它生态系统所共享。湿地土壤在淹水时形成强还原区,但在水—土界面上常有一氧化薄层。发生于还原环境中的C,N,P,S,Fe,Mn的转化都影响着物质对生态系统的有效性;一些化学转化还会导致毒性环境,许多化学转化由微生物种群来调节。化学物质经降水、地表径流、地下水和潮汐等水文途径被输送至湿地中,降水途径占优势的湿地一般养分较贫乏,经另外3个途径输入湿地的化学物质的浓度变化较大,并非所有的湿地都是养分的汇,而且其季节之间、年际之间的模型也不一致。尽管对毗邻的生态系统的直接影响难以定量化,湿地通过有机物质的输出常与毗邻生态系统进行化学耦合。湿地与陆生、水生生态系统相类似,因为它们都可能是富营养或贫营养系统;当然它们之间也有一些差异,特别是在沉积物贮存养分以及植被在不同养分循环中的功能方面差异较大。     

植物气态营养与绿能的生态意义

论述了植物对气体养分的供需关系与所有绿色植物中各种有机物蕴舍的化学能,并分别定义为植物气态营养与绿能。分析了这2种新概念对大气、陆地、水域生态圈及生物与社会生态学的意义。     

茶树土壤的某些生物地球化学特性

Characteristics of the element abundance, material cycling, element budget in tea soils were discussed based on investigations of six tea plantations and the adjacent waste lands in the Three Gorges region. The plantations have different soil-forming parent materials, but similar landforms, and the same tea variety and close ages. The results showed that tea growing could increased the contents of organic matter, total and available N, P, Al and Mn; the elements enriched by tea trees were in the following descending sequence: P>Ca>K>Mn>Mg>Zn>Al>Fe; elements returned through litter of tea were in the sequence of Ca>Mn>P>Zn>Mg>K>Al>Fe; in the nutrient budget of the soil-tea system, P and K were in deficit, whereas Al, Ca, Fe and Mn in surplus.     

一种准确测定土壤空气汞浓度的采样方法研究

自然源汞释放对全球大气汞的贡献和循环具有重要影响,地表过程释汞是大气汞重要的自然源,土壤空气汞浓度与大气汞浓度差决定着土壤/大气汞的交换通量。基于目前测定土壤空气中汞浓度的缺点,建立了一种新的测定土壤空气汞浓度的方法。本研究在南京六合循环农业生态区采集了水稻土壤剖面空气,并对样品总汞浓度进行了分析。利用本实验装置,真空泵在低流量下连续抽取土壤剖面空气并预富集于金管上,并结合冷原子荧光法(CVAFS)测定。实验结果显示方法检出限为0.023 ng m-3,水稻土壤空气汞浓度变化范围在6.0~18.9 ng m-3。平行实验装置在同时测定实验室大气和农田土壤空气汞浓度时,相对标准偏差(RSD)均小于15%,同时对比实验证明没有采集土壤表层大气。实验装置简单,野外操作方便,能准确和精确的测定水分不饱和土壤空气中汞浓度。     

Global forest systems: An uncertain response to atmospheric pollutants and global climate change?

Forest systems cover more than 4.1×10⁹ ha of the Earth's land area. The future response and feedbacks of forest systems to atmospheric pollutants and projected climate change may be significant. Boreal, temperate and tropical forest systems play a prominent role in carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) biogeochemical cycles at regional and global scales. The timing and magnitude of future changes in forest systems will depend on environmental factors such as a changing global climate, an accumulation of CO₂ in the atmosphere, and increase global mineralization of nutrients such as N and S. The interactive effects of all these factors on the world's forest regions are complex and not intuitively obvious and are likely to differ among geographic regions. Although the potential effects of some atmospheric pollutants on forest systems have been observed or simulated, large uncertainty exists in our ability to project future forest distribution, composition and productivity under transient or nontransient global climate change scenarios. The potential to manage and adapt forests to future global environmental conditions varies widely among nations. Mitigation practices, such as liming or fertilization to ameliorate excess NO_x or SO_x or forest management to sequester CO₂ are now being applied in selected nations worldwide.The U.S. Government's right to a non-exclusive, royalty free licence in and to any copyright is acknowledged.     

甘肃主要农业土壤中Cu、Zn、Mn、Fe的形态及有效性研究

本文对甘肃省主要农业土壤中Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ、Ｍｎ、Ｆｅ的形态及其有效性进行了研究。结果表明,供试土壤的全Ｃｕ含量范围为２２－２４ｍｇ／ｋｇ,全Ｍｎ为５４２－７７２ｍｇ／ｋｇ,全Ｆｅ为３５６８５－３８３５５ｍｇ／ｋｇ。四种元素均以灌漠土的含量最低,褐土最高。土壤中Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ、Ｍｎ、Ｆｅ的大部分以残留矿物态和氧化铁结合态存在。生物试验和统计分析表明,Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ、Ｍｎ、Ｆｅ的交换态和松结有机态对植物最为有效,     

人工光型密闭式植物工厂的设计与环境控制

完全使用人工光源的密闭式植物工厂就是以最小限的物质、能源和资源消耗为前提实现适度环境控制的系统,可用来进行高品质种苗生产。研究利用不透光的绝热材料在中国农业大学建成了2套示范型密闭式植物工厂,利用与植物光合吸收光谱特性近似的荧光灯作为人工光照源、层流循环送回风及粗效/高效过滤有效地调控植物生产空间的物理环境和洁净度。经过两年的实际运行表明该密闭式植物工厂的空气洁净度达到了国家标准M7级。面积为15 m²的组织培养间在荧光灯的光照度分别为(47±8),(67±12)和(113±21)μmol/m²/s时,控制点的温度变化分别为(25.4±0.5),(25.3±0.7)和(25.5±0.7)℃,相对湿度变化分别为(63±4)%,(65±6)%和(63±7)%,CO₂浓度变化为(803±13)μL/L。因此,该人工光型密闭式植物工厂作为一种清洁高效的新型生产模式能够达到适度的环境控制和较高的洁净度,且植物生产空间的环境差异较小,适用于高品质种苗和高附加价值的药草或香料植物的大规模生产。     

Nocturnal cooling below a forest canopy: Model and evaluation

Nocturnal cooling of air within a forest canopy and the resulting temperature profile may drive local thermally driven motions, such as drainage flows, which are believed to impact measurements of ecosystem-atmosphere exchange. To model such flows, it is necessary to accurately predict the rate of cooling. Cooling occurs primarily due to radiative heat loss. However, much of the radiative loss occurs at the surface of canopy elements (leaves, branches, and boles of trees), while radiative divergence in the canopy air space is small due to high transmissivity of air. Furthermore, sensible heat exchange between the canopy elements and the air space is slow relative to radiative fluxes. Therefore, canopy elements initially cool much more quickly than the canopy air space after the switch from radiative gain during the day to radiative loss during the night. Thus in modeling air cooling within a canopy, it is not appropriate to neglect the storage change of heat in the canopy elements or even to assume equal rates of cooling of the canopy air and canopy elements. Here a simple parameterization of radiatively driven cooling of air within the canopy is presented, which accounts implicitly for radiative cooling of the canopy volume, heat storage in the canopy elements, and heat transfer between the canopy elements and the air. Simulations using this parameterization are compared to temperature data from the Morgan-Monroe State Forest (IN, USA) FLUXNET site. While the model does not perfectly reproduce the measured rates of cooling, particularly near the top of the canopy, the simulated cooling rates are of the correct order of magnitude.