头凯湖翘嘴红Bai肌肉营养成分分析

采用国标生化分析方法对兴凯湖野生翘嘴红Bai（Erythroculter ilishaeformis）和养殖翘嘴红Bai肌肉的营养成分（粗蛋白、粗脂肪、水分、灰分、氨基酸、脂肪酸及微量元素）进行分析。野生样品体重246.5-342.6g,采于2001年6月;养殖样品体重297.5-389.7g,采于2000年9月。结果表明,野生翘嘴红Bai与养殖翘嘴红Bai肌肉中的营养成分在组成上是一致的,在含量上存在着差异,野生翘嘴红Bai肌肉中必需氨基酸含量以及微量元素K、Na、Mg、Se均高于养殖品种,但脂肪含量低于后者。     

野生与养殖翘嘴鲌品质的比较研究

为研究野生和养殖翘嘴鲌(Culter albunus)之间肉质指标的差异,对野生和人工养殖翘嘴鲌的基本营养成分、氨基酸组成、脂肪酸组成、质地特性、体色等指标进行了分析。结果显示:野生翘嘴鲌肌肉蛋白质含量(19.84%)及灰分含量(0.27%)均显著高于养殖翘嘴鲌(13.29%和0.21%),但是脂肪含量(4.34%)和水分含量(71.84%)均显著低于养殖翘嘴鲌(5.51%和78.61%);野生翘嘴鲌氨基酸总量和鲜味氨基酸总量分别较养殖翘嘴鲌高出11.36%和11.16%;野生和养殖翘嘴鲌的氨基酸评价指数(EAAI)分别为100.51和98.13;养殖翘嘴鲌肌肉单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)含量及n-3/n-6系列多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)的比值显著高于野生翘嘴鲌,但是饱和脂肪酸(SFA)含量显著低于野生翘嘴鲌。此外,野生翘嘴鲌背部和腹部红色值、黄色值及侧线部红色值均显著高于养殖翘嘴鲌;野生翘嘴鲌的肌肉硬度和内聚性显著高于养殖翘嘴鲌;养殖翘嘴鲌的肌肉滴水损失、蒸煮损失及pH值显著高于野生翘嘴鲌。结果表明,野生翘嘴鲌的营养价值更高、鲜味更好,而养殖翘嘴鲌在脂肪酸组成方面更具优势。     

野生与养殖翘嘴鲌肉质的比较研究

为研究野生和养殖翘嘴鲌(Culter albunus)之间肉质指标的差异,对野生和人工养殖翘嘴鲌的基本营养成分、氨基酸组成、脂肪酸组成、质地特性、体色等指标进行了分析.结果显示:野生翘嘴鲌肌肉蛋白质含量(19.84％)及灰分含量(0.27％)均显著高于养殖翘嘴鲌(13.29％和0.21％),但是脂肪含量(4.34％)和...     

不同年龄野生和养殖兴凯湖翘嘴鲌肌肉营养成分分析

为评定营养价值、建立种质标准以及研制人工配合饲料,对2龄、4龄和6龄兴凯湖翘嘴鲌(Culter alburnus)野生和养殖群体的肌肉营养成分和营养品质进行了分析比较,结果显示,2龄兴凯湖翘嘴鲌野生和养殖群体肌肉营养成分含量无显著差异(P>0.05);4龄、6龄野生群体的水分和粗蛋白含量显著高于养殖群体(P<0.05),粗脂肪含量显著低于养殖群体(P<0.05)。与常见养殖鱼类相比,野生兴凯湖翘嘴鲌Ca和P含量较高。野生和养殖群体的氨基酸组成一致,甘氨酸含量最高,谷氨酸和赖氨酸次之。4龄、6龄野生群体氨基酸总量(TAA)、必需氨基酸总量(EAA)和鲜味氨基酸含量显著高于养殖群体(P<0.05)。结果表明,兴凯湖翘嘴鲌野生与养殖群体蛋白质含量较高,均含有丰富的氨基酸,具有较高的营养价值和食用价值;野生群体肌肉营养价值和肉味鲜美程度明显优于养殖群体,且随年龄增长差异更鲌加明显。在配制兴凯湖翘嘴鲌人工饲料时,应适当添加限制性氨基酸蛋氨酸和胱氨酸,以提高其营养价值;适当添加甘氨酸和谷氨酸,以提高养殖鱼体风味。     

兴凯湖翘嘴鲌野生和养殖群体脂肪酸及相关血液指标的比较

对3龄、4龄和5龄兴凯湖翘嘴鲌(Culter alburnus)野生和养殖群体肌肉脂肪含量、脂肪酸含量以及部分血液生化指标进行了分析比较.结果表明:在兴凯湖翘嘴鲌野生与养殖群体肌肉中均检测到18种脂肪酸,以油酸、亚油酸和棕榈酸为主.野生群体肌肉饱和脂肪酸(SFA)、多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)、二十碳五烯酸(EPA)和二...     

池塘内循环水“跑道”养殖与池塘传统养殖翘嘴鲌肌肉营养成分和挥发性风味物质的比较

为探究池塘内循环水"跑道"养殖与池塘传统养殖鱼类在肌肉营养品质与挥发性风味化合物方面的差异,以翘嘴鲌为研究对象,通过氨基酸自动分析仪、高效液相色谱法以及气相色谱-离子迁移谱(GC-IMS)联用技术对两种养殖方式下的翘嘴鲌肌肉进行了氨基酸、脂肪酸和挥发性风味物质的鉴定与分析,并建立了两种不同养殖模式下翘嘴鲌肌肉挥发性风味物质的指纹图谱。结果显示,两种养殖方式下的翘嘴鲌肌肉蛋白脂肪无显著性差异,"跑道"养殖组翘嘴鲌显著提高了肌肉中必需氨基酸[(8.54±0.01) g/100 g]和总氨基酸含量[(17.36±0.00) g/100 g]。在两种翘嘴鲌肌肉中共鉴定到23种挥发性风味化合物,相较于池塘传统养殖组,"跑道"养殖组提高了翘嘴鲌肌肉中2-庚酮、正己醇和1-辛烯-3-醇的含量,降低了乙醇、2-丁酮、3-羟基-2-丁酮、丁醛、3-甲基-丁醛、2-甲基-丁醛、正戊醛、正庚醛、苯甲醛、正辛醛和壬醛的含量。"跑道"养殖组翘嘴鲌相较于池塘传统养殖组,降低了部分能产生不愉悦气味的化合物的含量,具有改善肌肉挥发性气味的潜能。研究表明,"跑道"养殖翘嘴鲌在不改变肌肉成分的基础上,改善了翘嘴鲌肌肉氨基酸和风味物质的组成。以上结果为池塘内循环水"跑道"养殖模式养殖下的翘嘴鲌肉质评价提供了理论依据。     

翘嘴鳊及其亲本肌肉营养成分分析

为研究新型杂交鱼翘嘴鳊(二倍体鲂鲌F1♀×团头鲂♂)的肌肉营养价值,实验运用生化方法测定和分析了翘嘴鳊、翘嘴红鲌、团头鲂、二倍体鲂鲌F1(团头鲂♀×翘嘴红鲌♂)的肌肉营养成分,包括这些样品的水分、脂肪、蛋白质和灰分含量,以及脂肪酸组成和氨基酸组成。结果表明,翘嘴鳊与其原始亲本相比具有较高的蛋白质和较低的碳水化合物含量;脂肪酸分析发现翘嘴鳊的不饱和脂肪酸,尤其是油酸、DHA等含量显著高于其原始父母本和其他有关鱼类(P0.05);翘嘴鳊肌肉中具有较高呈味氨基酸比例,该比例高于其父母本的相应比例。研究表明,翘嘴鳊是一种营养价值高、口感好的优质鱼类。     

野生和人工养殖胭脂鱼肌肉营养成分的比较

对野生(体重(447.5±20.5)g)及人工养殖((484.3±19.6)g)的胭脂鱼(Myxocyprinus asiaticus)肌肉营养成分进行了分析比较.结果表明:野生胭脂鱼肌肉中水分、粗灰分、粗蛋白含量均显著高于人工养殖胭脂鱼(P＜0.05),而含肉率和粗脂肪含量却显著低于人工养殖胭脂鱼(P＜0.05).野...     

翘嘴红鲌人工繁殖与苗种培育

翘嘴红鲌地方名翘嘴、鲌鱼、大白鱼等,属鲤科、鲌亚科、红鲌属。广泛分布于我国诸多水系,在长江中下游、黑龙江流域等地属名贵经济鱼类,在太湖、兴凯湖、丹江口水库等水域中,是主要渔获物。近年来,由于野生资源量的衰退及人工养殖品种结构的调整,翘嘴红鲌养殖在我国许多地方得到推广,我所自1998年起进行了翘嘴红鲌的人工繁殖及苗种培育的试验工作,现将有关情况报告如下: 一、人工繁殖 1.亲鱼捕捞及培育 每年冬季水温10℃左右期间,从丹江口水库、泉河水库等自然水域中收集体重500g以上、年龄2龄     

放养密度对池塘循环水养殖翘嘴鳜生长的影响

为探索池塘循环水条件下不同养殖密度对翘嘴鳜(Siniperca chuatsi)生长的影响,按占池塘面积6%的比例建设养殖单元,剩余94%水体作为尾水净化单元,构建了翘嘴鳜和水生植物(藕、菱)的复合养殖系统。2018年6月,试验设置了20、30、40尾/m2三个养殖密度梯度,每个放养密度组重复3次,对不同养殖密度翘嘴鳜的生长速度、饵料系数、肌肉中营养物质含量进行了测定。结果显示:随着养殖密度的增加,翘嘴鳜平均日增重由4.86 g降至4.19 g,成活率由92.88%降至86.49%,饵料系数由3.77增至4.34。肌肉干物质中共检测出17种氨基酸,总氨基酸(TAA)含量是76.06~80.89 g/100 g、必需氨基酸(EAA)含量是30.39~31.28 g/100 g。肌肉中营养物质包括TAA、EAA、非必需氨基酸(NEAA)含量等均没有随着养殖密度的变化而发生规律性变化。结果表明,池塘循环水条件下适宜养殖密度为30尾/m2。     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Evaluation of a Fast Method Based on the Presence of Two Restriction Sites in the Mitochondrial ND5 (mt ND5) Gene for the Identification of Scomber Species

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the suitability of a method based on the presence of two restriction sites (for Hae III and Hindf I) in the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (mt ND5) gene to identify Scomber species. The evaluation was performed on 144 reference and market samples by sequencing of the entire 505-bp fragment of the mt ND5 gene and of a 464-bp fragment of the Kocher fragment of the cytochrome b gene (mt Cytb). Sequence analysis of any of the two fragments allows the identification of each of the four Scomber species, but S. japonicus and S. colias had the same restriction sites at the ND5 amplicon and would not have been differentiated by this analysis. Similarly, loss of the Hae III site in some S. scombrus individuals would have misidentified them as not being Scomber. All the market products were correctly labeled except one acquired in Spain labeled as originating in the Atlantic and containing S. japonicus.     

Nitrogenous waste excretion and accumulation of urea and ammonia inChalcalburnus tarichi (Cyprinidae), endemic to the extremely alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Turkey)

The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I^–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg^–1 fish·h^–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g^–1·ml^–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min^–1·g^–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min^–1·g^–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.     

Effect of iodophor disinfection of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs on their bacterial and fungus load

This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos.