玉龙油橄榄介壳虫种类及发生规律

2012年1月至2014年6月,在玉龙县对危害油橄榄(Olea europaea)的介壳虫种类、发生规律、天敌种类进行调查.结果表明:玉龙县油橄榄介壳虫种类主要有蚧科的橄榄黑盔蚧(Saissetia oleae)、盾蚧科的红圆蚧(Aonidiella aurantii )和矢尖蚧(Unaspis yanonensis);每年4月、10月为介壳虫的发生高峰期;3种介壳虫的捕食性天敌主要有黑缘红瓢虫(Chilocorus rubidus)和红点唇瓢虫(C. kuwanae).     

水源涵养林——水土保持之本

近十多年来,美国每年因水土流失损失约40亿美元,洪水夺走100余人的生命.印度于1978—1979年连续发生水灾,损失约13亿美元,有1.7万多人、42万余头牛丧失了生命.孟加拉国的孟克拉水库,蓄水量约72.6亿立方米,现每年淤积量为1亿吨左右.厄瓜多尔的波萨磅达河发生泛滥,造成71个水库被沙石所掩埋.印度的17个主要水库,原设计每年每平方公里淤积量为293立方米,实际则为917立方米.上游水源林遭受破坏是造成洪灾的重要原     

阿坝州森林火灾发生规律的观察

一、森林火灾的时间.根据历年森林火灾发生的规律,全州规定每年11月至次年5月为森林防火期,1、2、4月为防火警戒期,以1976—1978年的火情记录为例,6年中全州共发生森林火灾24次,占79%.在防火期外,特别是在七、八月伏旱期,也曾发生过森林火灾,但已无火情记录可查.     

泥石流的灾害与防治

泥石流是发生在山区的常见自然灾害,每年在世界各地都有大的泥石流灾害事件发生.我国是世界上泥石流灾害最为严重的国家之一,近几十年来,平均每年造成的直接经济损失达1 0多亿元,死亡人数近千人(罗元华2000年),并且,随着人类社会经济活动的不断增强,人们对自然资源的过度索取和对环境的持续破坏,使泥石流等自然灾害更趋严重.因此,必须加强泥石流灾害的研究、评估、预测预报和减灾管理,组织实施经济有效的防治工程,从而尽可能防范灾害的发生和尽量减轻灾害损失.     

落叶松锉叶蜂的发生与防治技术

<正>落叶松锉叶蜂(Pristiphora laricis(Hartig))是危害落叶松的食叶害虫,在围场县塞罕坝机械林场和孟滦林管局1a发生1代,每年发生面积达到6000多公顷,其中塞罕坝机械林场发生面积最大,每年发生400hm2左右,孟滦林管局每年发生面积为26667hm2左右,由于虫口密度较大,严重影响了林木的生长,同时也影响了围场县的旅游形象,为此,塞罕坝机械林场自1996年开始对该种害虫进行了专题研究。1形态特征     

国外护林防火发展概况及趋势

目前,世界各地每年发生的林火有20多万次,烧毁森林面积数百万公顷。美国每年发生12.7万多次森林火灾,火烧面积达120万公顷,平均每次火灾面积为9.5公顷,估计每年林火造成的损失及护林防火的费用在4～6亿美元之间。加拿大的森林火灾每年平均7,000多次,森林火烧面积约118.5万公顷,每次火灾平均面积为155公顷。其它国家如苏联、澳大利亚、意大利、日本及法国等,森林火灾也很     

安康地区马尾松毛虫生物学特性观察

马尾松毛虫 ( Dendrolimus punctatusWalker)是重要的森林害虫之一。该害虫曾于1 993、1 994年在安康地区文武山林区暴发成灾。 1 998～ 1 999年 ,又相继在安康、宁陕、石泉、汉阴等县市猖獗发生 ,给林业生产造成严重损失。观察认为 :该害虫每年发生 2～ 3代 ,以老熟幼虫在树干翘皮缝中越冬。越冬幼虫每年 4月份大量出蛰 ,第 1代幼虫每年 5月中下旬始发 ,6月上旬盛发 ,为防治的关键时期。1　生活史观察与调查方法1 .1　卵期1 999年 5月下旬 ,在汉阴县龙宝乡采收新产卵块 2 0枚 (部分为捕捉雌成虫产卵获得 )置于室外 ,自然孵化。逐日观察记…     

喀左县褐梗天牛成虫羽化规律研究

为揭示褐梗天牛(Arhopalus rusticus)在喀左县发生规律,采用林间踏查、悬挂诱捕器的方法对喀左县油松林内褐梗天牛发生规律及特性进行调查分析。结果表明褐梗天牛在喀左县成虫期为每年4月底5月初至10月上中旬,每年有两个羽化高峰期,分别为6月中旬至8月上旬和8月中旬至9月下旬。试验结果为喀左县防治褐梗天牛,控制松材线虫病蔓延提供了参考依据。     

桃小食心虫成虫发生规律与气象因子相关性及防治

为掌握桃小食心虫在枣园内的发生规律及防治最佳期,采用桃小性诱剂为测报工具,对其进行研究,结果表明,桃小食心虫成虫每年有２￣３次发生高峰,分别为６月上中旬、７月上中旬和８月上中旬,同时,发现桃小成虫发生与气象因子有密切关系;温度在２４℃时桃小羽化最为适宜,小于１８℃或大于３０℃时,难以羽化;羽化期适量降雨有利于羽化,干旱、大风、大雨不利于羽化。因此,６月底以地面防治为主。７月上旬以树上防治为主的防治     

伊膝厚丝叶蜂越冬期情况调查初报

伊膝厚丝叶蜂越冬期情况调查初报王峰（辽宁省白石砬子国家级自然保护区管理处１１８２０１）近年在本地区发生了暴食性森林害虫一伊膝厚丝叶蜂（ＰａｃｌｔｙｅｍａｔｕｓｉｔｏｉＯｋｕｔａｎｉ）。该虫是我国森林害虫的新记录种，专食落叶松针叶，每年发生３代，并能在...     

一种桔小实蝇幼虫人工饲料的配制

以豆渣、麦胚、酵母粉、蔗糖为主要原料,配制成桔小实蝇幼虫人工饲料,与天然饲料(水果)和现常用的人工配方饲料进行饲养试验,测定采用3种饲料饲养的桔小实蝇的卵孵化率、化蛹率及羽化率。结果表明,以豆渣为主要原料的人工饲料配制成本低廉,饲养效果接近天然饲料。     

元江芒果实蝇的为害特点及其防治

经对元江县芒果成熟期的虫害芒果实蝇 2年的系统观察 ,掌握了该虫害的完整生活史和为害特点。元江芒果实蝇 1年发生 6代 ,每年 2个高峰期 ,第 1个高峰期在 4月下旬 ,第 2个高峰期在 7月初至 8月初。成虫产卵于成熟果实的果皮下 ,幼虫在果内取食果肉。在大田上进行果实套袋 ,农药和性诱剂诱杀 ,化学药剂防治试验 ,取得了一定防治效果。在芒果近成熟期连续施诱杀剂 12次 ,可有效地控制芒果实蝇的为害 ,诱杀剂以甲基丁香酚效果为好。     

番石榴实蝇研究概况

概述了番石榴实蝇主要生物学、生态学特点以及分布和分类学地位和防治措施,并简介国内研究的近况。     

桔小实蝇高致病性球孢白僵菌菌株的筛选

为筛选对桔小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis（Hendal）有高毒力的球孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana菌株,本文选取了对双翅目蝇类有致病性的球孢白僵菌菌株12株（Bb1824、Bb1840、Bb1853、Bb1981、Bb1995、Bb2003、Bb268、Bb853、Bb886、Bb1035、Bb1205、Bb2264）,通过菌落生长形状观察、产孢量测定、孢子萌发率的测定的方法筛选出菌株营养生长速度快、产孢量大、孢子萌发率高的优势菌株6株（Bb886、Bb1035、Bb1824、Bb1981、Bb2003、Bb1840）;再通过生物测定的方法,在6株优势菌株中筛选出了对桔小实蝇幼虫感染率最高、死亡率最高、LT50最小的Bb886菌株,该菌株对桔小实蝇幼虫的感染率为86.7%,校正死亡率达89.2%,在孢子浓度为2×107个/mL时的LT50仅为5.18天。     

元江县桔小实蝇为害特点及防治试验

桔小实蝇在云南省元江县一年发生6代。每年有两个发生高峰期；4月下旬和7月初至8月初。该虫主要以幼虫取食芒果果实危害。采用果实套袋和甲基丁香酚诱杀雄虫可保护果实，降低桔小实蝇种群数量。     

丽水山区竹子害虫种类调查与为害评估

在不同时间对竹林中不同虫态的害虫进行调查。结合室内饲养观察，共采集各种标本5000余号，经整理鉴定（包括资料摘录），丽水山区竹子害虫种类有11目72科177属244种。其中一字竹笋象、刚竹毒蛾、卵圆蝽、竹织叶野螟、竹蝗、德清真片胸叶蜂、竹莫小叶蝉、南京裂爪螨等为害较严重。     

Extended holding period and yeast hydrolysate in pre-release diet increase abundance of mature sterile Queensland fruit fly males in the field

Journal of Pest Science - Queensland fruit fly (Q-fly), Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt), is a significant pest of horticultural crops in Australia. The sterile insect technique (SIT) is currently...     

The use of the cumulative degree-days to predict olive fly, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bactrocera oleae</Emphasis> (Rossi), activity in traditional olive groves from the northeast of Portugal

Terra Quente, situated in the province of Trás-os-Montes (northeast of Portugal), is one of the most important olive growing areas of Portugal. In this region, which is extremely hot and dry during summer, losses due to the olive fly, Bactrocera oleae (Rossi), are highly variable between years, with estimates ranging from 16.3 to 98.8% of infested fruits. The objective of this study was to test the use of the degree-days models, based in a daily accumulation of temperature (°DD) to predict insect activity in the field and timing control measures, in such a climatic condition. Seasonal flight activity periods and insect development were studied from 2005 to 2008 in traditional olive groves and a degree-day model was developed for predicting the development of olive fly second generation, which is the one that can cause losses. It was found that, while the use of these models could be hampered by high temperatures and low relative humidity prevailing during summer, they may have some potential as a tool for the management of B. oleae populations, allowing the identification with acceptable error of the main second generation events. Results indicated that, if adulticide sprays are to be used, the spray-window for their applications lasts between an accumulation, since January 1, of 1837.20 ± 35.82°DD_8.99, which corresponds to the beginning of the insect second flight and 2045.87 ± 34.30°DD_8.99, which corresponds to its main peak.     

Recent spread and climatic ecological niche of the invasive guava fruit fly, Bactrocera correcta, in mainland China

The guava fruit fly, Bactrocera correcta (Bezzi) (Diptera:Tephritidae), is a harmful exotic insect pest in mainland China, which was first recorded in Yuanjiang County of Yunnan province in 1982. In order to elucidate its rate of spread, extensive field surveys were conducted during 2003–2011. Through 2011, B. correcta was found in areas below 1,500 m in altitude within the Longitudinal Range-Gorge Region of southwestern China (21–28°N latitude, 97–107°E longitude). The northernmost site where B. correcta was found was in Miyi County (26.48°N Latitude, 102.00°E longitude, Alt. 1,060 m) in Sichuan province. Within the currently infested area of mainland China, B. correcta mainly occurred in low-altitude valleys and basins, and displayed a patchy distribution. The mountain chains tend to run south to north, forming a natural barrier to insect flight eastward and westward. Human-assisted transport of infested fruits was the likely factor by which B. correcta moved across mountain chains. The analysis indicated that high-altitude portions of the northern Longitudinal Range-Gorge Region may block B. correcta spread northward.     

Sexual communication and related behaviours in Tephritidae: current knowledge and potential applications for Integrated Pest Management

Tephritidae are an enormous threat to fruit and vegetable production throughout the world, causing both quantitative and qualitative losses. Investigating mating sequences could help to unravel mate choice dynamics, adding useful information to improve behaviour-based control strategies. We review current knowledge about sexual communication and related behaviours in Tephritidae, with a focus on six key agricultural pests: Anastrepha ludens, Bactrocera cucurbitae, Bactrocera dorsalis, Bactrocera oleae, Ceratitis capitata and Rhagoletis pomonella. We examine features and the role of male–male combat in lekking sites, cues affecting mating dynamics, and some fitness-promoting female behaviours that occur at oviposition sites [the use of oviposition marking pheromones (OMPs) and female–female fights for single oviposition sites]. We outline future perspectives and potential contributions of knowledge about sexual communication to Integrated Pest Management programs for tephritid pests. Sexually selected traits are frequently good indicators of male fitness and knowledge of sexual selection processes may contribute to the improvement of the sterile insect technique (SIT), to select genotypes with high reproductive success and to promote sexually selected phenotypes through mass-rearing optimization. Furthermore, males’ exposure to parapheromones, such as phenyl propanoids (PPs), ginger root oil and trimedlure can enhance the mating success of sterile flies used in SIT programs. PPs are also a powerful tool to improve reduced-risk monitoring dispensers and the male annihilation technique, with low side effects on non-target insects. Lastly, we outline the possibility to sensitise or train mass-reared parasitoids on OMPs during the pre-release phase, in order to improve their post-release performance in the field.