持续低温弱光及之后光强对辣椒幼苗光抑制的影响

模拟日光温室低温弱光逆境,以耐低温弱光性不同的辣椒(Capsicum annuum L.)品种为试材,以叶绿素a荧光为探针,研究了持续低温弱光和低温弱光后不同光强对辣椒幼苗光抑制的影响,以期为日光温室辣椒栽培中持续低温弱光天气转晴后的光强管理提供依据.试验结果表明,15℃/5℃(昼/夜),100μmol-m-2·s-1光照条件下处理1～7d,耐性强的佳木斯辣椒未发生光抑制,而耐性差的陇椒6号处理3～7d时发生了光抑制.经低温弱光胁迫0～7d的辣椒叶片在300～1200μmol·m-2·s1光下连续照射4h,均使其Fv/Fm降低.经低温弱光胁迫1、3d,300、600μmol·m-2·s-1光照射4h,陇椒6号叶片的Fv/Fm在弱光条件下可以恢复,800、1200μmol·m-2·s-1光照射则不能恢复,光合机构发生了不可逆破坏.低温弱光胁迫5d以上,300～1200μmol·m-2·s-1光照射4h,陇椒6号叶片的Fv/Fm均不能恢复.经低温弱光胁迫1～5d,300～1200μmol·m-2·s-1光照射4h,佳木斯辣椒叶片的Fv/Fm在弱光条件下均可以恢复;胁迫达7d,则300～1200μmol·m-2·s-1光照射后,其Fv/Fm不能恢复.低温弱光使辣椒幼苗对光抑制的敏感性增强,低温弱光后强光对耐低温弱光性差的品种引起的光抑制程度较耐低温弱光性强的品种严重.     

低温弱光对辣椒叶片光合作用、叶绿素荧光猝灭及光能分配的影响

以不同耐性的辣椒幼苗为材料,研究了低温弱光(15℃/6℃,100μmol.m-2.s-1)对辣椒冷害指数、色素含量、光合作用、叶绿素荧光参数和光能分配的影响。低温弱光处理后,辣椒冷害指数明显上升,杭椒1号冷害指数较低,表明其耐低温弱光性高于杭椒6号。随着低温处理时间的延长,叶片光合色素含量、净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、光化学猝灭系数(qP)、天线色素捕光效率(Fv’/Fm’),半饱和光强(Ik)均逐渐降低,其中杭椒1号降低幅度明显小于杭椒6号。低温弱光处理6 d时,杭椒6号最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)出现可逆性降低,杭椒1号未见明显变化。低温弱光处理后,杭椒1号用于光化学反应的量子效率(ΦPSII)降低幅度低于杭椒6号,与此同时,调节性能量耗散量子产量(Y(NPQ))与非调节性能量耗散量子产量(Y(NO))均明显提高,杭椒6号上升幅度较大。低温弱光处理后杭椒1号光合色素含量较高,分配于光化学反应量子产量较高,非调节性能量耗散量子产量较低,光合速率较高,因而表现出较强的耐低温弱光性。     

辣椒幼苗叶片光合特性对低温、弱光及盐胁迫3重逆境的响应

以"中椒4号"辣椒为试材,研究了低温(18℃/10℃,昼/夜)、弱光(80μmol·m-2·s-1)及盐胁迫(70mmol·L-1NaCl)3重逆境对辣椒幼苗叶片光合参数、需光特性及CO2需求特性等指标的影响。低温、弱光、盐胁迫单一及复合逆境均导致辣椒叶片净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)下降,低温盐胁迫处理的上述各指标降低幅度较大,处理后15d净光合速率比对照降低71.28%。各逆境导致净光合速率下降的限制因子不同。弱光处理提高了辣椒叶片表观量子效率(AQY),其他逆境处理均导致辣椒叶片光补偿点(LCP)、光饱和点(LSP)、AQY及光饱和时的光合速率降低;低温弱光处理辣椒幼苗的CO2补偿点(CCP)高于对照,其他逆境处理辣椒幼苗的CCP、CO2饱和点(CSP)、羧化效率(CE)及RuBP最大再生速率均有所降低;低温盐胁迫处理辣椒叶片上述各指标降低幅度最大,其次为低温弱光及盐胁迫处理。说明低温、弱光及盐胁迫3重逆境下辣椒叶片光合特性的响应机制与单一或双重逆境下有所差异,弱光在一定程度上可缓解低温盐胁迫复合逆境处理引起的辣椒叶片光合能力的降低。     

辣椒苗期耐低温弱光鉴定指标研究

为提高辣椒耐低温弱光鉴定方法的客观高效性,以5份具有不同耐低温弱光特性的辣椒为材料,采用营养液水培法,对辣椒苗期耐低温弱光鉴定指标进行了研究。结果表明,与28℃/25℃(昼/夜)、300 μmol·m^-2·s^-1 条件下生长的对照组植株相比,10℃/5℃(昼/夜)、100 μmol·m^-2·s^-1低温弱光处理5 d后的辣椒幼苗叶片的SPAD值、光合系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)最大光化学量子产量(F_v/F_m)、光化学淬灭系数(qP)和相对电子传递速率(ETR)等光合指标,以及根系长度、根系表面积、根系直径、根系体积和根尖数等均发生了变化,但变化幅度存在品种间差异。28℃/25℃(昼/夜)、300 μmol·m^-2·s^-1恢复生长28 d后,5份材料的叶绿素荧光参数均恢复到正常水平,SPAD值、根系形态、茎叶干重、根系干重、整株干重和根冠比的恢复情况存在品种间差异。低温弱光处理5 d后辣椒幼苗的SPAD值、F_v/F_m和根系直径,以及恢复生长后的茎叶干重、根系干重、整株干重和根冠比等7个指标与冷害指数相关性较高,可作为辣椒苗期耐低温弱光鉴定指标。这些指标可直接通过仪器和软件分析获得,避免了复杂的样品处理和主观判断等因素干扰,实现了简便化、数量化和客观化,可为辣椒耐低温弱光鉴定体系的优化提供参考。     

黄瓜幼苗光合作用对亚适温弱光胁迫的适应性

为探讨黄瓜光合作用对温光逆境的适应机理,研究了弱光、亚适温、亚适温弱光胁迫处理对津优3号黄瓜幼苗光合作用的影响.结果表明,弱光、亚适温、亚适温弱光胁迫均使黄瓜幼苗的光合速率(Pn)和RuBP羧化酶活性明显降低,Pn的主要限制因素是非气孔因素,但亚适温和亚适温弱光下Pn的降低与气孔限制有一定相关性.弱光和亚适温胁迫同时出现时,温度起主要作用.10 d内弱光及亚适温弱光胁迫可使黄瓜幼苗叶片的光补偿点降低.弱光和亚适温弱光处理的光下实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)和初始荧光(Fo)降低,暗下光化学效率(Fv/Fm)变化不大:亚适温处理的ΦPSⅡ和Fv/Fm均降低,Fo没有明显变化.说明弱光和亚适温弱光处理没有产生明显的光抑制;亚适温胁迫诱导了黄瓜叶片PSⅡ的光抑制,但对PS Ⅱ反应中心的损伤不明显.     

干旱气候条件下水分胁迫对辣椒叶片生理特性的影响

以"陇椒2号"辣椒为材料,研究了正常水分处理、轻度水分胁迫和中度水分胁迫对辣椒叶片MDA含量、保护酶活性及叶绿素荧光参数的影响,以确定甘肃省干旱气候条件下满足辣椒正常生长的土壤水分。结果表明:随着处理时间的延长,3种处理下辣椒叶片的MDA含量呈上升的趋势,SOD和POD活性均呈现先升高后降低的趋势;中度水分胁迫下辣椒叶片MDA含量和SOD活性均高于另外2个处理,POD活性在处理前期较高,在处理后期则下降;3种处理下辣椒叶片的Fv/Fm、Fv’/Fm’、ФPSII和qP指标均表现出先上升后下降的趋势,在处理后期,中度水分胁迫下的叶片上述指标较低;3种处理下辣椒叶片的NPQ指标变化趋势与qP指标的趋势相反,在轻度水分胁迫下2个指标的变化较为平缓。综合结果说明在水资源相对匮乏的干旱地区,轻度水分胁迫(田间持水量的60%)可以满足辣椒的正常生长需要。     

增施CO_2气肥对温室结球莴苣光合作用影响的综合模型研究

为探讨不同温度和光照条件下增施 CO2 气肥对温室作物生长的影响 ,应用红外线 CO2 气体分析仪测定方法 ,对不同 CO2 浓度下结球莴苣光合作用速率的变化进行了深入系统的研究 ,并分别建立了低温条件下和中、高温条件下增施 CO2 气肥对光合作用速率影响的综合模型。研究结果表明 ,在一定范围内 ,随着光照度提高和温度上升 ,增施 CO2 气肥对于光合作用的促进效果提高 ,但是超过饱和点后会有负的效应。本实验条件下 ,结球莴苣光合作用最佳的生态因子组合为 :光照度 897.3μmol· m- 2 · s- 1 ,温度 2 8.9℃ ,CO2 浓度 2 16 0μL / L ,此时的净光合速率 (CO2 ) Pn为 36 .0 μm ol· m- 2· s- 1。     

谷胱甘肽对自毒作用下辣椒叶片光合特性的影响

以当地辣椒(Capsicum annuum L.)主栽品种"陇椒5号"和"七寸红"为试材,研究自毒作用下不同浓度外源谷胱甘肽(GSH)对辣椒幼苗叶绿素含量、光合参数和叶绿素荧光参数的影响,以探讨GSH对辣椒自毒作用的缓解效果和生理作用机制。结果表明:单一叶浸提液处理(CK2)后,2个品种辣椒叶片的叶绿素含量、净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、PSII最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSII有效光能转化效率(Fv’/Fm’)和实际光化学效率(ФPSII)均较清水处理(CK1)降低,初始荧光(Fo)升高,胞间CO2浓度(Ci)则先升后降。说明辣椒叶浸提液引起的自毒作用导致光合作用的下降主要是由于非气孔因素引起的。含有不同浓度GSH的叶浸提液处理后,叶绿素含量、Pn、Gs、Tr、Fv/Fm、Fv’/Fm’和ФPSII与单一辣椒叶浸提液处理相比均有一定程度的回升,Ci和Fo均较叶浸提液处理的降低。说明外源GSH能够提高自毒作用下辣椒幼苗叶片CO2的利用率,降低非气孔因素的伤害,进而缓解自毒物质对辣椒幼苗的毒害。研究表明,适合缓解陇椒5号和七寸红自毒作用的GSH浓度分别为50和30mg.L-1。     

弱光与偏低温弱光下温室黄瓜耐性指标的研究

采用弱光以及偏低温与弱光互作对4个生态型的16个黄瓜品种进行苗期处理，结果表明：弱光、偏低温弱光均未显著影响到黄瓜的光合系统Ⅱ，但对黄瓜叶绿素荧光参数M峰以及荧光猝灭系数(qN)有影响，各生态型的反应不一。弱光与偏低温组合时，弱光对黄瓜的影响处于主导地位。弱光(60～80 μmolm^-2·s^-1)、偏低温(20℃/12℃)弱光胁迫下不同黄瓜的叶面积增长量与其已知的低温弱光耐性一致。与各项生理指标相比，叶面积更适宜作低温弱光耐受性的评价指标，以子叶展开时进行弱光处理为最佳。     

寡照胁迫对设施葡萄叶片光合特性的影响及评价

以"红提"葡萄(Vitis vinifera L.)为试材,于人工气候箱设置L1(80μmol·m-2·s-1)、L2(200μmol·m-2·s-1)两种辐射水平,分T1、T3、T5、T7、T9(持续胁迫1、3、5、7、9d)5种胁迫天数对试材进行寡照处理,以L0(600μmol·m-2·s-1)为对照(CK),胁迫结束后统一以L0辐射水平进行16d的恢复试验。测定葡萄叶片相对叶绿素含量、光合参数和叶绿素荧光动力参数等指标,利用主成分分析方法筛选所测指标定义胁迫程度指数(Light stress index,LSI),结合恢复生长法划分寡照胁迫等级。结果表明:(1)寡照胁迫使葡萄叶片光合作用受到抑制,随着寡照胁迫程度加深,葡萄叶片的相对叶绿素含量(SPAD)、光饱和点(LSP)、最大光合速率(Pnmax)、表观量子效率(AQE)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、光化学淬灭系数(q P)、光合电子传递速率(ETR)均表现为降低的趋势,非光化学淬灭系数(q N)呈上升趋势。L1处理的各指标变化幅度大于L2处理,胁迫9d时,Pnmax降至CK的26.5%,q N增至CK的1.89倍。Fv/Fm随胁迫时间表现为先增大后减小的趋势,L1T5处理达最大为0.79;(2)寡照胁迫后,0~8d为葡萄叶片光合参数快速恢复阶段,恢复至相对稳定状态需要12d左右。短时轻度寡照胁迫对葡萄叶片光合作用无明显抑制,甚至在恢复光照后表现出一定的刺激作用。长时重度寡照胁迫会对葡萄叶片光合系统造成不可逆损伤。(3)综合不同水平胁迫后葡萄叶片光合参数的恢复情况,结合恢复12d时葡萄叶片的LSI值,将设施葡萄寡照灾害分为无灾0级(L1寡照1d,L2寡照1~3d),轻度灾害Ⅰ级(L1寡照2~3d,L2寡照4~7d),中度灾害Ⅱ级(L1寡照4~7d,L2寡照8~9d),重度灾害Ⅲ级(L1寡照7d以上,L2寡照9d以上)4个等级。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.