河北地区隐性乳房炎的流行病学调查

为了研究河北地区隐性乳房炎的发病情况,试验采用乳房炎体细胞数间接测定法(BMT)和细菌培养技术对河北地区6个牛场的720份奶样进行隐性乳房炎筛查和病原微生物诊断。结果表明:720份乳样中有182份为隐性乳房炎乳样,发病率为25.3%;金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、无乳链球菌和溶血葡萄球菌为引起河北地区奶牛隐性乳房炎发病的主要病原菌,其中金黄色葡萄球菌所占比例最大,为20.9%。     

兰州地区奶牛乳房炎流行病学及病原菌调查

为了开展兰州地区奶牛乳房炎流行病学及病原菌的调查研究,试验应用LMT诊断液对兰州地区4个中等规模奶牛场的344头泌乳牛的1 237个乳区进行了隐性乳房炎检测,并对临床型乳房炎乳样进行了病原菌的分离鉴定。结果表明:奶牛隐性乳房炎的头阳性率为58.43%,乳区阳性率为36.86%;临床型乳房炎的头发病率为5.52%,乳区发病率为2.91%;主要病原菌检出率为无乳链球菌30.0%、大肠杆菌27.1%、金黄色葡萄球菌21.4%。说明兰州地区奶牛乳房炎发病率较高,病乳中无乳链球菌、大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的检出率较高。     

陕西神木奶牛隐性乳房炎病原菌的分离鉴定及药敏试验

为了了解奶牛隐性乳房炎的主要病原菌及其对抗生素的敏感程度,从而为奶牛隐性乳房炎的有效防治和合理用药提供有利的理论依据。本研究采用兰州奶牛隐性乳房炎检测试剂(ILMT)方法对神木县某奶牛场51头奶牛200份奶样进行隐性乳房炎检测,选取强阳性乳样进行细菌分离鉴定,经革兰染色,生化试验鉴定,对主要病原菌采用纸片扩散法进行药物敏感性试验。结果表明,隐性乳房炎发病率为31.37%(16/51),乳区阳性率为17.5%(35/200);引起奶牛隐性乳房炎的病原菌主要有葡萄球菌,链球菌,肠杆菌3大类,且有两种病原菌的混合感染,其中耶尔森菌属和表皮葡萄球菌为主要病原菌;对3大类病原菌都敏感的抗生素药物有环丙沙星、四环素、头孢哌酮、庆大霉素、万古霉素5种药物,目前在临床上可选用此类药物治疗奶牛的隐性乳房炎。     

奶牛乳汁体细胞数的快速检测及其临床意义

本文用新型便携式体细胞计数仪C-Reader对奶牛乳汁体细胞数(SCC)进行快速、精确地检测,同时对乳样中的病原菌进行分离鉴定,旨在指导奶牛乳房炎的诊断、预防及治疗。选用北京及河北地区10个奶牛场的111头奶牛共428份奶样,进行SCC计数。SCC20万/mL的奶样占63.6%,SCC介于20万/mL～50万/mL的奶样占13.1%,SCC50万/mL占23.3%。检测的111头奶牛中,60头奶牛患有隐性乳房炎,头发病率54.1%,乳区发病率23.3%。隐性乳房炎SCC变化范围50.6万/mL～984.3万/mL。对隐性乳房炎乳样进行致病菌分离培养,其阳性率高达82.0%。共鉴定出100株致病菌,其中金黄色葡萄球菌64株,表皮葡萄球菌11株,大肠杆菌8株,链球菌10株,其他菌7株。结果表明,C-Reader计数仪能够快速准确地检测北京及河北地区的奶牛隐性乳房炎,其病原菌以金黄色葡萄球菌为主。     

冀东地区奶牛隐性乳房炎病原菌的分离鉴定

通过LMT法、乳汁pH检验法和体细胞直接计数等方法相结合,对冀东地区3个大型奶牛场、8个奶牛养殖户选取的1 021头奶牛进行隐性乳房炎流行病学调查与病菌分离鉴定。结果表明,隐性乳房炎发病率为60.63%(619/1021),乳房炎阳性乳样品中细菌分离率达88.21%(546/619)。从543头隐性乳房炎患牛的阳性乳区乳样中分得细菌共4类14种菌82株,其中葡萄球菌36株,占43.90%;链球菌33株,占40.24%;肠杆菌类8株,占9.76%;棒状杆菌5株,占6.10%。冀东地区奶牛隐性乳房炎主要病原菌为金黄色葡萄球菌和无乳链球菌。     

宁波市奶牛乳房炎发病及综合防治试验研究

为了解宁波地区奶牛乳房炎发病及主要病原菌构成,采用乳房炎诊断试剂(HMT)对宁波市8个奶牛场307头泌乳牛的1249个乳区进行了隐性乳房炎流行情况调查,采集HMT反应阳性(++)及强阳性(+++)乳区奶样进行细菌分离与鉴定;用纸片扩散法检测主要病原菌对常用抗菌药物敏感性,并选择具代表性牧场进行乳房炎综合防治试验。结果显示,宁波市奶牛隐性乳房炎的头阳性率为71.3%,乳区阳性率为33.5%。主要病原菌的检出率依次为:凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌47.1%、无乳链球菌20.4%、停乳链球菌17.3%、金黄色葡萄球菌5.1%和乳房链球菌3.9%。主要病原菌对青霉素、氨苄青霉素、庆大霉素、复方新诺明和链霉素等药物有不同程度的耐药性,对头孢类及苯唑青霉素敏感。综合防治措施的实施可以明显降低桶奶总细菌数,改善牛奶品质。     

大连地区奶牛隐性乳房炎主要病原菌的分离鉴定及药敏试验

为了明确引起大连地区奶牛隐性乳房炎的主要病原菌及其发病情况,对大连市不同地区的256头黑白花泌乳奶牛进行调查研究,对奶牛隐性乳房炎奶样进行病原菌的分离鉴定及药敏试验。结果表明,检出奶牛隐性乳房炎阳性率为65.63%、乳区阳性率为51.95%;病原菌以金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)、链球菌(Streptococcus)和大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)为主,占检出细菌总数的83.33%;体外药敏试验筛选出了对主要病原菌高度敏感的药物,能有效地治疗奶牛隐性乳房炎。     

奶牛隐性乳房炎病原菌的分离及药敏试验

选择某牛场50头临床健康奶牛,采用CMT法进行隐性乳房炎检测,其中28头奶牛患有隐性乳房炎,发病率为56%;在被检的200个乳样中患有隐性乳房炎的乳区84个,乳区阳性率为42%。对阳性乳样进行细菌分离鉴定,从28头患有隐性乳房炎的奶牛的84个乳样中检出13种共98个菌株,其中葡萄球菌44个,占44.90%;金黄色葡萄球菌32个,占32.65%;链球菌20个,占20.40%;大肠埃希菌11个,占11.22%。由葡萄球菌、链球菌和大肠埃希菌引起的乳房炎占整个比例的75.51%。表明引起奶牛隐性乳房炎的病原菌以葡萄球菌、链球菌和大肠埃希菌为主,而且单纯由某一种病原菌引起的病例较少,多数是由2～3种甚至是3种以上的病原菌引起,混合感染率为83.33%。药敏试验结果表明,临床使用较多的青霉素和链霉素对奶牛乳房炎的主要病原菌有较强的耐药性,而对庆大霉素、丁胺卡那霉素、环丙沙星和林可霉素等药物则较为敏感。     

上海地区奶牛乳房炎主要病原菌的分离鉴定及耐药性分析

为了获得上海地区奶牛乳房炎病原菌及其药物敏感性的系统资料并为指导临床合理用药和提高奶牛乳房炎防治效果提供理论依据,本研究对在上海郊区4个奶牛场采集的临床型和隐性乳房炎患牛的126份奶样进行细菌培养、分离鉴定和药敏试验.共分离到萄葡球菌,无乳链球菌,大肠杆菌3种主要病原菌107株,其中金黄色葡萄球菌74株,占分离菌株的69.16%;无乳链球菌27株,占分离菌株的25.23%;病原菌单独感染率为48.78%,其中金黄色葡萄球菌的单独感染率达39.02%;病原菌混合感染率占51.22%,多为金黄色葡萄球菌和无乳链球菌混合感染.主要病原菌对头孢拉定、环丙沙星、庆大霉素敏感,对大多数抗菌素产生了不同程度的耐药性,对氨苄青霉素产生了完全耐药性.     

浙江省主要奶牛养殖区奶牛隐性乳房炎病原菌调查

对浙江省四个主要奶牛养殖区金华、杭州、宁波以及台州的30个奶牛场中846头泌乳牛的3178个乳区进行了奶牛隐性乳房炎病原菌调查.首先用HMT乳房炎诊断试剂检查乳区奶样,采集HMT反应为阳性(++)和强阳性(+++)的乳区奶样进行细菌分离鉴定,对分离到的金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)进行药敏试验.结果表明,浙江省奶牛隐性乳房炎的头阳性率为54.3%,乳区阳性率为28.0%.主要病原菌的检出率依次为凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(Coagulase negative staphylococci)34.0%、无乳链球菌(Streptococcus agalactiae)27.0%、金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)12.2%、停乳链球菌(Streptococcus dysgalactiae)13.0%、乳房链球菌(Streptococcus uberis)6.2%等.药敏试验结果表明,对青霉素、氨苄青霉素敏感的金黄色葡萄球菌分离株只有20.3%,对四环素和红霉素的敏感率也较低(34.8%和47.8%).多重耐药现象比较普遍,主要是对青霉素、氨苄青霉素、四环素、红霉素同时耐药.     

奶牛乳腺炎的细菌学研究

在对山东7个地区14个奶牛场临床型和隐性乳腺炎调查的基础上采集234头临床乳腺炎病牛乳样、241个隐性乳腺炎乳样并分别做了细菌学检查,结果表明:泌乳期临床型乳腺炎病原菌以凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、链球菌、酵母菌和棒状杆菌为主;干奶期临床型乳腺炎病原菌以大肠杆菌、链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌和酵母菌为主;隐性乳腺炎病原菌以凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌链球菌、酵母菌、假单胞菌和棒状杆菌为主;厌氧菌在隐性乳腺炎、干奶期乳腺炎和干奶期乳腺炎乳样的捡出率分别为 5．82％,4．17%,10．16％;隐性乳腺炎、干奶期乳腺炎细菌的共感染率较高,与泌乳期乳腺炎病原菌的差异极显著(P<0．01),隐性乳腺炎与干奶期乳腺炎病原菌共感染率差异不显著(P >0．05)。     

Isolation and Identification of Pathogenic Bacteria Causing Bovine Subclinical Mastitis in Eastern Hebei Province

In this study, the milk samples of 1 021 cows in eight dairy farms in Eastern Hebei Province were collected and detected with LMT reagent and somatic cell count for subclinical mastitis. Pathogenic bacteria in subclinical mastitis positive milk samples were isolated and identified.The results showed that 60.63%(619/1 021) of the sampled cows were diagnosed with subclinical mastitis, and mixed infections accounted for 88.21%(546/619) of the cases. In addition, 82 strains of 14 species were isolated from the subclinical mastitis positive milk samples, including 36 strains of Staphylococcus(43.90%), 33 strains of Streptococcus(40.24%), 8 strains of Enterobacteriaceae(9.76%) and 5 strains of Corynebacterium(6.10%), respectively. The results proved that Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae are the main pathogenic bacteria causing bovine subclinical mastitis in Eastern Hebei Province.     

新疆克拉玛依地区奶牛隐性乳房炎病原菌的分离鉴定

用兰州乳房炎检测试剂(Lanzhou mastitis test,LMT)对克拉玛依规模化奶牛场进行了奶牛隐性乳房炎流行病学调查。结果显示,该地区奶牛隐性乳房炎的发病率为70.43%(543/771)。对543份阳性牛乳样品进行了病原菌的分离鉴定,结果发现,阳性乳样品中细菌分离率达89.13%(484/543),葡萄球菌、链球菌、肠杆菌和棒状杆菌为主要致病菌,且多为几种致病菌的混合感染。     

Clinical mastitis in dairy cattle in Ontario: frequency of occurrence and bacteriological isolates.

The objective of this study was to describe the frequency of occurrence of clinical mastitis in dairy herds in Ontario. The study group consisted of 65 dairy farms involved in a 2-year observational study, which included recording all clinical mastitis cases and milk sampling of quarters with clinical mastitis. Lactational incidence risks of 9.8% for abnormal milk only, 8.2% for abnormal milk with a hard or swollen udder, and 4.4% for abnormal milk plus systemic signs of illness related to mastitis were calculated for 2840 cows and heifers. Overall, 19.8% of cows experienced one or more cases of clinical mastitis during location. Teat injuries occurred in 2.1% of lactations. Standard bacteriology was performed on pretreatment milk samples from 834 cows with clinical mastitis. The bacteria isolated were Staphylococcus aureus (6.7%), Streptococcus agalactiae (0.7%), other Streptococcus spp. (14.1%), coliforms (17.2%), gram-positive bacilli (5.5%), Corynebacterium bovis (1.7%), and other Staphylococcus spp. (28.7%). There was no growth in 17.7% of samples, and 8.3% of samples were contaminated. Clinical mastitis is a common disease in dairy cows in Ontario; approximately 1 in 5 cow lactations have at lease one episode of clinical mastitis. There is, however, considerable variation in the incidence of clinical mastitis among farms. The majority of 1st cases of clinical mastitis occur early in lactation, and the risk of clinical mastitis increases with increasing parity. Environmental, contagious, and minor pathogens were all associated with cases of clinical mastitis.     

Epidemiological and bacteriological aspects of mastitis associated with yellow-jacket wasps (Vespula germanica) in a dairy cattle herd

The German wasp, Vespula germanica has been observed to injure teats of dairy cows, causing lesions that are associated with clinical and subclinical mastitis. The presence of skin lesions on the teats, caused by the wasps, was recorded in a dairy cattle herd located in the Samaria foothills during July-October 1999. Wasp-inflicted injuries were found in 43.6% (58 of 133) of the adult cows and 1.4% (one of 71) of the first-calving cows. They were located in 42.4% of cows (n = 25) on all quarters, 18 cows (30.5%) had lesions on the front quarters and 27.1% (n = 16) of cows on the hind quarters only. Clinical and subclinical mastitis were diagnosed in 61% (36 of 59) and 28.8% (17 of 59), respectively, of the injured adult and first-calving cows. The most common bacterial isolates from the mastitic cows were Staphylococcus aureus 45.1% (n = 14), Streptococcus dysgalactiae 16.1% (n = 5), Streptococcus spp. 19.4% (n = 7) and others 13.9% (n = 5). The loss of milk production was estimated at 300 kg milk for each cow injured by wasps and exhibiting clinical mastitis. An increase in the bulk-milk somatic cell count, from 186 x 103 at 1 month prior to the outbreak to a peak of 1200 x 10(3) in the post-outbreak month, was noted. The culling rate reached 13.6% (eight of 59) of the affected cows. In summary, the considerable economic losses caused by the wasp infestation resulted from decreased milk production and a decline in milk quality, culling of affected cows, and increased demand for use of drugs and veterinary care.     

奶牛乳房炎类型与病原菌感染之间相关性的研究

通过对 2 858份不同类型乳房炎奶样的细菌学检验 ,结果分得细菌共 2 4种 31 38株 ,其中分离鉴定出与乳房炎有密切关系的病原菌 1 2种 1 96 8株 ,病原菌检出率为 6 2 .72 %,各种类型乳房炎常见病原菌的区系分布总的趋势是一致的 ,绝大部分是以无乳链球菌为主 ,其次是停乳链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌和乳房链球菌等。但不同类型之间、同一类型不同等级之间及隐性乳房炎泌乳期和干奶前之间奶样的细菌分布和细菌种类有所不同。乳房炎的轻重与病原菌检出率呈正相关。奶牛乳房即使在健康的状态下也存在着带菌现象     

川渝地区奶牛隐性乳房炎调查和主要病原菌分离鉴定及药敏试验

用LMT法对川渝地区134头泌乳奶牛的491个乳区进行隐性乳房炎发病情况调查,并对阳性乳样进行主要病原菌的分离鉴定及药敏试验。结果显示,被检奶牛患隐性乳房炎头阳性率为70.90%,乳区阳性率为35.64%,175份阳性乳样的细菌检出率为90.86%,病原菌单独感染率为10.69%,混合感染率为89.31%;共分离到金黄色葡萄球菌、链球菌和大肠杆菌3种主要病原菌134株,其中金黄色葡萄球菌93株,占分离菌株的69.40%,链球菌34株,占25.37%,大肠杆菌7株,占5.23%;主要病原菌对呋喃妥因、新生霉素、头孢菌素类和喹诺酮类药物敏感性较好,对大多数抗菌药物产生不同程度的耐药性,对青霉素和链霉素则完全不敏感,耐药程度接近100%。     

新疆石河子地区某规模化奶牛场乳房炎患病率调查

对新疆石河子地区某规模化奶牛场的712 头澳系荷斯坦泌乳牛进行乳房炎患病率调查。调查结果显示,40 头奶牛患临床型乳房炎,患病率为5.62%。从剩余的未表现出临床乳房炎症状的672 头奶牛中随机选出180 头奶牛,共682 个乳区（720 个乳区中有38 个瞎乳头）,分别进行兰州乳房炎检测（LMT）和乳样体细胞数（SCC）检测。经LMT诊断发现,180 头奶牛中有56 头患隐性乳房炎,患病率为31.11%;经SCC检测发现,180 头奶牛中有60 头患隐性乳房炎,患病率为33.33%。数据分析发现：各乳区患乳房炎阳性率差异不显著（P>0.05）,说明各乳区阳性率之间没有必然规律;6岁以上奶牛的乳房炎患病率与2~3岁、4~5岁的患病率相比差异显著（P<0.05）,说明6岁及以上奶牛乳房炎的患病率要高于2~3岁、4~5岁奶牛;6胎及以上的奶牛乳房炎患病率与其他胎次之间差异极显著（P<0.01）,说明6胎及以上奶牛的乳房炎患病率要远高于1胎、2胎、3胎、4胎、5胎奶牛。     

Teat lesions and their relationship to intramammary infections on small-scale dairy farms in Kiambu district in Kenya

Mammary gland quarters of 139 lactating dairy cows from small-scale dairy herds were examined visually and by palpation for teat lesions and by California mastitis test (CMT) and bacterial culture for subclinical mastitis. Teat lesions were observed in 97 teats. These included teat chaps (39.2%), teat papillomas (23.7%), teat erosions (22.7%), teat fistulae (5.1%), inverted teats (5.1%) and blocked teats (4.2%). According to the CMT, the prevalence of subclinical mastitis was 33.4% in all the mammary gland quarters, 71.0% in quarters with teat lesions and 24.5% in quarters without teat lesions. There was a significant (P < 0.01) association between teat lesions and the prevalence of subclinical mastitis. The mammary gland quarters with teat lesions were 7.2 times more likely to have a positive CMT (P < 0.01) and 5.6 times more likely to have bacterial organisms (P < 0.01) isolated from them than those without any teat lesions. The bacterial organisms most frequently isolated from the CMT-positive milk samples from both the mammary gland quarters with teat lesions and those without teat lesions were Staphylococcus aureus (50.0%), Streptococcus spp. (34.8%) and Arcanobacterium pyogenes (6.2%).     

乳房炎源生鲜乳中病原微生物的污染现状及防控措施

主要介绍了乳房炎患病牛乳中病原微生物污染情况、耐药情况及防控措施。总结出乳房炎患病牛乳中的病原微生物种类较多, 主要有大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、链球菌和克雷伯菌, 不同地区乳房炎乳样中的病原微生物不同, 产生的耐药性和耐药基因存在差异。旨在为减少因滥用和乱用抗生素导致药物残留和耐药性产生、降低乳房炎患病牛乳中病原微生物的污染以及科学、合理用药提供参考。