苹果叶片基因组DNA提取方法研究

研究比较了常规和改进CTAB法在苹果基因组DNA提取中的效果。结果表明,改进的CTAB法优于常规方法,且省时、省料,基因组DNA能被限制性内切酶完全消化,用苹果自交不亲和基因的通用引物可以扩增出相应品种的特异性条带。     

基于CE-AFLP的5个美洲黑杨新品种指纹图谱分析

以5个美洲黑杨新品种(丹红杨、南杨、中林2025杨、中红杨和全红杨)为实验材料,利用CE-AFLP(毛细管电泳-AFLP)技术,采用EcoR I+3/Mse I+3和Pst I+2/Mse I+3引物组合构建指纹图谱,并进行遗传多样性分析.结果表明:从36对引物组合中筛选出12对扩增条带数目多、稳定且清晰的引物进行扩增,共获得条带数877条,多态性条带数315条,平均多态率为35.92％.采用UPGMA法进行聚类分析,相似系数为0.74～1.00;丹红杨与南杨之间的差异较大;在相似系数0.98时,中林2025杨与中红杨和全红杨分为两类,11条稳定特异的条带可以作为鉴别它们的依据;全红杨和中红杨之间未监测到稳定清晰的特异条带,初步认为2个品种在基因组水平上没有明显差异.     

四种竹子的RAPD指纹图谱的初步研究

本实验以RAPD技术对考顺竹、凤尾竹、绿竹、白绿竹四个品种用20种已知序列的10nt引物进行PCR反应扩增。其中有17种可扩增出DNA条带,构成RAPD指纹图谱。各种引物PCR扩增的DNA条带数目在0—6条之间,大小在0．3—2．0kb之间。各种竹子的17种引物扩增的DNA条带总数在23—44条之间。四种竹子两两之间的相似系数在36—73％之间。     

构树SRAP分子标记

建立构树DNA提取方法及最佳SRAP-PCR反应体系,用SRAP分子标记研究构树种质资源的遗传多样性.结果表明:SRAP扩增的清晰条带大小在100～1 000 bp,用17对引物对21份材料扩增出439条带,其中多态性条带319条,占72.6%,Shannon信息指数(I)均值为0.227 5,物种水平的Nei基因多样性(H)均值为0.133 6,表明构树的遗传多样性不高.聚类分析结果显示与地理分布有相关性.同时发现一些特异性条带,可以转化为SCAR标记,这为构树的遗传图谱构建、遗传育种等研究提供了参考.     

油松DNA的提取及RAPD标记技术试验初报

本试验利用RAPD技术,对陕西陇县八渡林场油松种子园14个无性系进行遗传分析.试验确立了提取油松嫩梢DNA方法,提取的DNA可用于RAPD扩增;通过对RAPD反应体系的优化,建立了油松扩增的反应体系和反应程序;用筛选出的8个引物对14个油松无性系进行扩增.共扩增出23个条带,其中具有多态性的条带为14条,占总扩增条带数的60.8%,结果表明:检测到了14个油松无性系具有较丰富的DNA多态性.     

桉树4个种遗传多样性的ISSR分析

以桉树的赤桉、巨桉、细叶桉和粗皮桉4个种18个种源为研究材料,根据优化的ISSR-PCR反应体系和扩增条件,从100条引物中筛选出12条扩增条带特异、条带数适中、背景清晰、重复性好的引物,总计扩增出120条清晰可重复的DNA条带,其中93条是多态性条带。每个引物可扩增的多态条带长度范围为300~2 500 bp,数目在4~11条,平均为7.75条,多态带百分率为77.5%。通过软件POPGENE 1.31、MVSP 32软件和NTSYS-pc软件对所得数据进行分析,从而得出4个种18个种源的遗传相似系数,并绘制分子聚类图和主坐标分析图,结果表明,遗传一致度的变化范围在0.387 1~0.914 0之间,遗传距离的变化范围在0.089 9~0.949 1之间,种间遗传相似性差异较大,种内遗传相似性极高。     

西种竹子的RAPD指纹图谱的初步研究

本实验以ＲＡＰＤ技术对考顺竹，凤尾竹，绿竹，白绿竹四个品种用２０种已知序列的１０ｎｔ引物进行ＰＣＲ反应扩增，其中有１７种可扩增出ＤＮＡ条带，构成ＲＡＰＤ指纹图谱，各中引物ＰＣＲ扩增的ＤＮＡ条带数目在０－６条之间，大小在０．３－２．０ｋｂ之间，各种竹子的１７种引物扩增的ＤＮＡ条带总数在２３－４４条之间，四种竹子两两之间的相似系数在３６－７３％之间。     

利用RAPD标记进行银杏雄株无性系的识别

利用RAPD分子标记技术对来自10个省份的银杏雄株10个无性系的研究表明,12对引物共扩增出了96条带,多态性条带41条,占总带数的42%,扩增片段长度为300~2 000 bp,10个银杏雄株无性系间表现出较丰富的多态性;利用12对引物的41个分子标记完全可以对10个不同银杏雄株无性系进行识别,谱带清晰,因此利用RAPD技术进行银杏雄株无性系识别是可行的。     

南苍术与苍术素相关的ISSR-SCAR分子标记筛选

为了探索鉴别茅山地区野生南苍术中高苍术素含量植株的分子学方法,为快速筛选高苍术素含量的植株提供理论依据,在茅山地区野外采集30株南苍术,提取根茎中挥发油,根据液相色谱法测定的挥发油中苍术素含量,筛选出5个高含量和5个低含量的单株,分别构建高含量和低含量植株DNA混合池,用于南苍术与苍术素相关的ISSR-SCAR标记研究。结果显示,在所选的29条ISSR引物中,引物ISSR-846(5’-CACACACACACACACART-3’)可以在苍术素含量高的南苍术中扩增出片段长度为948 bp的特异性条带。针对该特异性条带的序列,设计了正向引物(5’-AAGAGATCATTGGTATTAAAATTAAGTGTTATTAGTAG-3’)和反向引物(5’-CATAGATTCAATGGCAATCCTCACATCAACTTCAGATTCA-3’),验证发现,设计的ISSR-SCAR引物仅能在茅山南苍术高苍术素含量个体中扩增出条带,其他含量个体均未扩增出条带。认为本研究筛选的位点特异性引物,可用来快速鉴别高苍术素含量的南苍术植株。     

几个桉树优良无性系的ISSR指纹图谱分析

利用ISSR-PCR方法对尾叶桉广林4号、巨尾桉广林5号、巨尾桉广林9号3个优良桉树品种(无性系)及粗皮桉的34个个体进行了基因组多态性分析,从100个ISSR引物中筛选出4个多态性引物用于正式扩增,共扩增出63条DNA条带,其中多态性DNA条带54条,占其总扩增带数的85.7 %,平均每个引物扩增的DNA带的数目为13.5条.实验不仅检测到3组无性系之间、无性系和实生苗之间的特异性条带,还根据ISSR扩增结果,利用UPGMA法构建了3个桉树品种(无性系)及1个桉树外缘种的聚类树状图,在一定程度上反映了其种间的遗传关系.     

What factors affect national-scale deer population dynamics in the Republic of Ireland?

Research into deer population dynamics has mostly focused on community or landscape scales in the Republic of Ireland. However, in order to propose national deer management strategies to confront the increasing deer populations in recent years, a larger scale analysis of deer populations is necessary. In this inter-county, national study, generalised linear mixed models were utilised to examine the relationship between the harvest rate (defined as the numbers harvested per 100?ha in this study) data and factors identified in past research as contributing to deer population dynamics on a county basis, where annual county-level deer harvest records were used to reflect deer populations by species. The procedures were repeated for each species and significant factors and their impacts were identified for each county. The results suggested that multiple factors affect deer population dynamics; for instance, increases in forest cover tended to result in increases in deer populations of all species, and the presence of red and sika deer populations in a county had a positive influence on hybrid deer populations. National migration maps for each deer species were produced, as well as predictions of future population trends. The outcome of this study can be used to guide the development of a national deer management strategy and the prioritisation, on a regional basis, of deer control measures.     

Conifer leader browsing by roe deer in English upland forests: Effects of deer density and understorey vegetation

At moderate to high densities ungulates can impact negatively on forest crops and these may be managed by lethal control. In production forestry an understanding of the relationship between ungulate density, habitat-related factors and the incidence of tree damage may promote more efficient ungulate damage management than by lethal control alone. In plantation forests in the north east of England, the incidence of conifer leader browsing by roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) was positively associated with an index of deer density (at the site scale) and planted crop tree density (at the feeding patch scale) and was negatively associated with the relative abundance of palatable understorey vegetation (at the site scale). An interaction between the deer density index and palatable understorey browse abundance was positively associated with leader browsing. Coefficients from the optimal model were used to construct a browse probability surface across a matrix of values of deer dung density and palatable understorey vegetation abundance. This illustrated a very different relationship between dung density and conifer leader browsing probability across the various levels of palatable understorey vegetation abundance. From this we hypothesise that in areas of limited palatable understorey vegetation abundance, higher levels of culling may be required to achieve reductions in the incidence of conifer leader browsing than would be necessary in areas with moderate to high palatable understorey vegetation abundance. Improvements to understorey vegetation in concert with roe deer population control may enhance the efficiency of deer damage management in upland areas with nutrient-poor soils.     

韩国原麝分布区50年间的变迁

在南朝鲜于1999年的2月至12月间,根据有关文献,调查问卷和对原麝的种类,粪便,及其在有雪和无雪的季节里的野外踪迹的调查,作者概述了50年中原麝的数量和分布区的变化。结果表明:从50年代至1999间,原麝(Moschus moschiferus parvipes)的分布区呈明显缩减之势。由于在原麝分布区中大规模地进行公路及林道的建设,导致了其生境片断化和丢失。而且牟取利润的非法猎捕也是造成原麝的种群数量和分布区缩减的主要原因,在高海拔地区的林道也常被盗猎者所利用。为保护韩国原麝资源,急待严格禁止非法猎捕行为。原麝生活习性方面的研究,为合理的保护和管理原麝提供了重要的基础信息。图1参9。     

A successful case-history reconciling Forestry and Red Deer Management

This paper describes how red deer are managed in extensive plantationsin Steiermark in Austria. This is an area of steep hillsidescovered with conifer woodland up to 4,000 feet, and dissectedwith narrow tributary valleys where there are small meadows.Several of these tributary valleys with their meadows supportwintering populations of deer which are hefted to them. In springto autumn the deer move widely throughout the forests and onthe high mountain plateaux but return each year to their ownwintering grounds. Here they are caught and enclosed in fencedareas each containing about one deer to one acre. When theyare in the enclosures, the deer are fed about five to six poundsgood hay, one pound maize, plus two pounds potatoes or silageper deer per day and salt licks are constantly provided. Inaddition, a smaller number of deer are wintered on high pastureswhich are not enclosed and these are fed half rations. The totalcost per deer per annum is about £17 for each deer inthe enclosures and about £8 for the deer fed on the highplateaux. This is expensive, but this system has almost completelyeliminated damage to trees which was formerly a very expensiveitem in the management of the whole complex. Details are givenof the financial returns from this method of deer management;it is claimed that the heavy winter feeding has paid off notonly in eliminating tree damage but also in an improved calvingrate, and better antlered stags.     

Development of a method for forest cafeteria tests for evaluating chemical deterrents against bark stripping by sika deer (Cervus nippon yesoensis)

Damage caused by sika deer (Cervus nippon yesoensis) is a serious problem in commercial and environmental (non-harvested) forests in Hokkaido, northern Japan. Cafeteria tests in forests may be useful for evaluating the efficacy of chemical deterrents against bark stripping by deer. To develop a method for forest cafeteria tests in the continuous snow cover period, two experiments were carried out. In the experiments, logs were produced from tree trunks, and used as carriers of chemical deterrents. Carriers were installed in forests and fed to deer. The first experiment was to find suitable sites and installation methods for carriers. Criteria for the local suitability and the installation methods were as follows: a) Sites where deer are active should be selected; b) Carriers should be installed along actively used deer trails; c) Installation sites of carriers should be changed in response to deer movement; d) Carriers should be produced from tree species that deer naturally prefer; and e) Each carrier should be partially buried in the snow. The second experiment evaluated the feasibility of a cafeteria test method based on the results of the first experiment. The method was used for 13 sets of the cafeteria test, in which the deterrent effectiveness of 5 chemicals (wood tar, rosin, wood vinegar, and 2 pyroligneous liquors) was examined. We obtained results from all the sets. The chemicals tested did not deter bark stripping by deer. Nevertheless, the method used in the present study was practical for the cafeteria tests.     

Early-stage impacts of sika deer on structure and function of the soil microbial food webs in a temperate forest: A large-scale experiment

Modification of forest vegetation caused by an overabundance of mammalian herbivores has been reported in temperate and subarctic regions all over the world. However, the indirect effects of these herbivores on the structure and functions of soil decomposer systems are not fully understood, especially in temperate forests. We investigated the early effects of sika deer invasion on soil decomposer systems in a Japanese temperate forest using two large-scale experimental enclosures with low and high densities of deer (LD: 25 ha, 4 deer km⁻²; HD: 6.25 ha, 16 deer km⁻²) including control plots without deer (WD). Three years after deer introduction the understory cover of dwarf bamboo (Sasa nipponica) declined due to deer browsing in both enclosures. At the same time, measurements were made of the soil microbial community, soil nematode community, soil nitrogen (N) mineralization rate, and carbon (C) and N content in dwarf bamboo leaves. In LD, soil microbial biomass was lower from WD, probably due to the decrease of fresh aboveground litter from dwarf bamboo. Surprisingly, there were no cascading effects on total abundance of soil nematodes and soil total N mineralization potential which were unaffected by deer in the LD treatment, while soil NH₄⁺-N content was lower and soil nematode community structure was different (abundance of 4 families was higher and that of 3 families was lower, but the functional structure was not different) from WD. Specifically, the responses to deer introduction varied between microbes and nematodes, and the change of balance in the microbial food webs may have altered N mineralization processes. In contrast, in the HD treatment, all the variables measured were not significantly different from those of WD treatment. Intensive browsing by deer may have cancelled out the effects of the decrease in aboveground litter input on the soil decomposer systems through other pathways, such as a transitory increase in belowground litter input caused by induced changes in allocation patterns of bamboo. No changes in total N mineralization potential, leaf N, and composition of understory vegetation in both enclosures indicated that deer introduction did not facilitate nor retard N cycling regardless of deer density. This study showed that sika deer browsing can affect soil decomposer systems at an early stage of invasion even at low density, which contrasts with previous studies on the subject. Linking our findings of early-stage effects of deer on soil decomposer systems to longer-term dynamics of understory vegetation and tree regeneration will be needed to evaluate the adequacy of deer management practices with respect to the sustainability of soil nutrient supplies.     

Deer prevent western redcedar (Thuya plicata) regeneration in old-growth forests of Haida Gwaii: Is there a potential for recovery?

The current increase in deer populations in many forests has fostered a growing concern about their impact on forest ecology. Sitka black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus sitchensis) were introduced to Haida Gwaii (British Columbia, Canada) in the late 19th century, and they have dramatically affected the regeneration of woody species in both old- and second-growth forests since then. The lack of recruitment in western redcedar (Thuja plicata) in old-growth forests has been attributed to deer. The objectives of this study were to (1) experimentally confirm that deer browsing causes a lack of western redcedar recruitment and (2) assess the potential for and speed of recovery after a prolonged exclusion of deer. We installed a set of 20 enclosures and monitored them over a period of 8 years from 1997 to 2005. We compared temporal changes in redcedar cover and in the survival and growth of marked seedlings in plots that were or were not accessible to deer. Redcedar cover in the vegetation layer accessible to deer was generally low (from 3 to 5%) but higher inside the enclosures (an average difference of 2.3%). Protected seedlings survived better, were higher, presented more leafed shoots, and had less stems than unprotected individuals, features that suggest that deer were key to the lack of regeneration. However, growth was very slow (protected marked seedlings grew 2.5 cm on average in 8 years) and, under the current conditions, the time required for a protected seedling to escape deer would probably take over two decades. This very slow growth rate under closed canopy conditions probably reflects a gap-phase regeneration strategy and/or sensitivity to competition with other woody species. The combination of a very slow growth with a high palatability and a lack of physical defences, in contrast to the other dominant conifers in this ecosystem, probably explain why redcedar regeneration can be eliminated from old-growth forest by abundant deer populations.     

梅花鹿生态学研究进展

对我国梅花鹿从其种群生态、栖息地、食性、活动习性等生态学研究进行了概述,指出目前国内学者对梅花鹿生态学的研究主要集中在栖息地的研究,并且阐明栖息地的减少与恶化是梅花鹿的种群濒危的主要原因之一。如何提高梅花鹿种群的密度与数量是今后梅花鹿研究的主要方向。     

Impact of deer on temperate forest vegetation and woody debris as protection of forest regeneration against browsing

A 3-year field experiment with paired exclosure (fenced areas, excluding deer) and control plots (unfenced areas, free access to deer), with two treatments with and without woody debris, was carried out at two sites in a temperate forest in eastern France. The aim of the experiment was to assess the effect of browsing by roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and red deer (Cervus elaphus) on the diversity and richness of plant species and to test the effectiveness of using woody debris to protect seedlings and saplings from deer browsing. In presence of deer, both plant species richness and diversity were reduced the first year of the study, but this negative impact of deer then disappeared after 3 years. Deer browsing mostly affected species composition of plant communities. We observed a decrease in the abundance of preferred species such as Carpinus betulus, Rubus fructicosus, Rubus idaeus, Anemone nemorosa and Epilobium angustifolium, and palatable species such as Acer spp., Carex spp., Festuca spp. and Mycelis muralis, whereas unpalatable species such as Lamium spp., or species particularly resilient to browsing such as grasses (Brachypodium spp. and Luzula spp.) increased in abundance. The use of woody debris as protection against browsing by deer did not limit damage to seedlings and saplings of the main commercially valuable species, Abies alba and Quercus spp. Instead of limiting deer impact, use of woody debris seemed to increase the negative effect of deer browsing on regeneration in control plots relatively to those without protection.     

Is deer herbivory directly proportional to deer population density? Comparison of deer feeding frequencies among six forests with different deer density

The intensity of deer herbivory, rather than simply the deer population density, directly affects the forest ecosystem, but a linear relationship between these two factors has generally been assumed. To assess their relationship, we investigated deer population density and tree sapling vegetation in six forests with different deer density on Yakushima Island, Japan. The feeding frequency was used as an index of deer herbivory. Palatable saplings showed high feeding frequency and became rare in deer-abundant areas, while unpalatable saplings showed low feeding frequency and increased with increasing deer density. In addition, feeding frequency on sapling vegetation did not continue to increase with increasing deer population and was limited to only 0.24-0.32 in deer-abundant areas (more than 20 deer/km²). These data suggest that deer shift their main food items from living palatable saplings to other alternatives such as litter fall rather than living unpalatable saplings. Clearly, the nonlinear relationship between deer density and deer herbivory on forest vegetation could result from a change in the food eaten by deer, and it is therefore necessary to assess the impacts of deer based on not only the size of the deer population but also the intensity of direct herbivory.